Search

The Triassic Baikouquan Formation glutenite in the Junggar Basin of western China is rich in tight oil resources. Due to the presence of gravels with varying composition and strength in the glutenite, the mechanical characteristics of the glutenite are significantly affected by the shape, size, and physical properties of the gravels, which in turn affects the fracture complexity and fracturing reconstruction effectiveness of the glutenite reservoirs. In view of this, a method for generating random irregular polygonal gravels was established based on the reservoir characteristics of Baikouquan Formation, Junggar Basin. A mechanical numerical model of the glutenite was created based on particle discrete element method to study the influence mechanism of typical gravel content and distribu-tion on the meso-mechanical characteristics of glutenite. The results show that low-strength gravels have a weak shielding effect on fracture propagation, with most cracks exhibiting a "penetrating gravel" pattern. In contrast, high-strength gravels exhibit a stronger shielding effect, leading to more "bypass gravel" fracture patterns. With increased confining pressure, the compressive strength of the rock significantly increases, along with peak strain energy and slip energy, both showing a linear increase with strain energy being particularly pronounced. In glutenite reservoirs with different gravel combinations, there is a strong linear relationship between the number of shear microcracks and the confining pressure. The glutenite reservoirs with high confining pressure and high-strength gravels exhibit more obvious plastic and ductile characteristics, along with evident secondary failure phenomena. With the decrease of low-strength gravels or the increase of high-strength gravels, the elastic modulus of the glutenite increases, enhancing its resistance to deformation. However, the influence of confining pressure on the elastic modulus of glutenite is minimal across different gravel combinations. The formation and development of macroscopic failure zones in glutenite are largely controlled by the internal meso-structure and are greatly affected by confining pressure and gravel type (mechanical strength).

[Introduction] This article aims to study the issue of the melting capacity and reactive output capacity of the full bridge modular multi-level converter (MMC) type DC (Direct Current) melting ice device under different operating modes. [Method] Calculation of current AC (Alternating Current) component, DC component, rms value and peak value of bridge arm converter of full-bridge MMC type DC ice melting device, selection of number of bridge arm modules, IGBT (Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor) power module support capacitance calculation, bridge arm reactor inductance calculation, start-up loop resistance calculation were elaborated; The maximum reactive power output capacity of the device under the set ice melting capacity and the maximum ice melting capacity of the device under the set reactive power output capacity were analyzed in detail, and the coupling relationship and decoupling calculation between the ice melting capacity and the reactive power output capacity were explored. [Result] Research has shown that there is a coupling relationship between the melting capacity and reactive output capacity after the parameters of the melting device are determined. [Conclusion] The reason is that the bridge arm current contains both AC and DC components, and the AC component is determined by both the melting mode and reactive compensation mode, while the DC component only depends on the line melting current.

Objective To investigate the effects and mechanisms of different doses of fingolimod (FTY720) on non-antibody-mediated transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). Methods A TRALI mouse model was constructed using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) pre-stimulation and platelets (Plt) of different storage days for second strike. The success of the modeling was determined by protein concentration in lung tissue homogenates, myeloperoxidase (MPo) activity, lung wet/dry weight ratio (W/D ratio), lung tissue damage score and pathological sections. Ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) contents in platelets of different storage days were detected. FTY720 was administered 1 h after LPS injection to investigate the role of FTY720 in TRALI. The expression levels of vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were analyzed by WB. Results Mice infused with stored 5-day Plt (d5Plt group) exhibited typical signs of TRALI, and the differences in lung tissue homogenate protein concentration (6 546.38±409.50) μg/mL, MPO activity (49.38±4.43) U/L, W/D ratio 4.79±0.21, and lung tissue damage score 7.24±0.38 from the rest of the groups were statistically significant (P

Keratoconus is characterized by the progressive thinning and protrusion of central cornea. Dysregulated collagen metabolism is one of the causes of this disease. In this study, the effect of acetazolamide on collagen synthesis in keratoconus fibroblasts and its mechanism were explored, which could provide a reference for the clinical treatment of keratoconus. The cultured keratoconus fibroblasts were treated with 100 μmol/L acetazolamide solution. The expression of collagen metabolism-related genes was then analyzed by qPCR. The collagen content was detected by ELISA and Western Blot. The intracellular ROS content was analyzed by fluorescent probe DCFH-DA. The changes of MDA content and the total antioxidant capacity were detected by spectrophotometry. It was suggested that after acetamide treatment, the expression of COLs and LOXs, of which coded enzymes paticipated in collagen synthesis and crosslinking, were significantly up-regulated, while the expression of collagen degradation genes including MMP2, MMP3, and MMP9 were significantly down-regulated. The contents of type I collagen and total collagens were both reduced by acetamide treatment. In addition, the total antioxidant capacity of cells and the expression of the antioxidant enzyme gene NQO-1 were significantly up-regulated, while the contents of ROS and MDA were significantly decreased. The results indicated that acetazolamide could induce the synthesis and inhibit the degradation of collagens in keratoconus fibroblasts by reducing the intracellular oxidative stress levels.

BackgroundLong-term exposure to sodium arsenite leads to its accumulation in the liver and liver injury as a result. Previous studies showed that mesenchymal cells play an important role in hepatic fibrosis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) is considered to be a main source of mesenchymal cells.ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of sodium arsenite at different doses on liver fibrosis and EMT-related protein expressions in SD rats.MethodsTwenty-four healthy weaned SD rats, half male and half female, were randomly divided into four groups according to body weight, with 6 rats in each group. The four groups were control group (gavage with 10.0 mL·kg−1 physiological saline), 2.5 mg·kg−1 sodium arsenite group, 5.0 mg·kg−1 sodium arsenite group, and 10.0 mg·kg−1 sodium arsenite group. All rats were gavaged 6 d per week for 36 weeks and weighed once a week, the serum and liver tissues of rats were collected and weighed, then the organ coefficient was calculated. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson's trichrome staining were used to determine the pathological changes of hepatic fibrosis in rats. The serum secretion levels of hyaluronic acid (HA), laminin (LN), procollagen Ⅲ N-terminal propeptide (PⅢNP), and collagen Ⅳ (COL-Ⅳ) in rats were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The protein expressions of HSCs activation-related proteins, such as α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), as well as EMT-related markers, such as E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin, and Snail, were detected by Western blotting.ResultsCompared with the control group, the 10.0 mg·kg−1 sodium arsenite group showed decreased body weight (P

The biomechanical properties of the cornea are of great significance to corneal refractive surgery and postoperative corneal deformation, development, and pathology. In this paper, a geometric model of the cornea of myopia was established on the basis of the topographic data of a three-dimensional anterior segment analyzer, and the detection process of the visualized corneal biomechanics analyzer was simulated. Compared with the actual clinical detection results, the corneal elastic modulus and elastic modulus of 20 cases of myopia were calculated inversely. The mean value is 0.822 MPa±0.146 MPa. The calculated elastic modulus of myopia can provide a reference for the establishment of the finite element model of myopia, which is expected to provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent more accurate simulation of corneal refractive surgery and prediction of postoperative corneal mechanical properties.

Synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) is an important method to obtain surface deformation information. Due to the limitations of InSAR data acquisition and the accuracy errors produced in the data processing, the identification of hidden dangers also needs to be combined with the analysis of geological hazards themselves, so a method based on InSAR technology combined with the disaster-pregnancy background in the study area is proposed. This study took the Badong section of the Three Gorges Reservoir area as the study area, and ALOS-2 PALSAR radar images were used to obtain the spatial distribution and change rate of deformation in the study area by using time-series InSAR technology. Combining the disaster-prone background of the study area, four indicators of the susceptibility level, slope, engineering rock group and distance from the disaster catalogue point are used as indicators for the identification of hidden dangers of geological disasters. As a result, 19 suspected hidden disaster areas were identified comprehensively, and then the suspected hidden geological disaster areas were verified in the field one by one. The success rate of verification and identification was 78.9%, proving that the method combining the disaster pregnancy background and InSAR results is feasible and can play an important role in regional disaster identification.

BackgroundArsenic is a well-known environmental toxicant. Hepatic fibrosis could occur dueto excessive or long-term exposure to arsenic, while associated molecular mechanisms remain undefined. Mitogen-inducible gene 6 (Mig-6) exhibits a protective effect on numerous diseases or cancers. However, the specific role of Mig-6 in the mechanisms of arsenite-induced hepatic fibrosis remains indistinct.ObjectiveTo investigate the specific role of Mig-6 in the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and the deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) induced by sodium arsenite (NaAsO2).MethodsHuman hepatic stellate cells (Lx-2) were treated with 0, 1.875, 3.75, 7.5, and 15 μmol·L−1 of NaAsO2 for 24 h, or with 7.5 μmol·L−1 NaAsO2 for 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. Additionally, Lx-2 cells were transfected by pcDNA3.1(+)/Mig-6, then treated with 7.5 μmol·L−1 NaAsO2 for 24 h; a blank control group, a pcDNA3.1(+)-control group, a pcDNA3.1(+)/Mig-6 group, and an arsenic (7.5 μmol·L−1 NaAsO2) group were also set up. After transfection, the cells and culture supernatants were collected, and the protein levels of Mig-6, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in Lx-2 cells were identified by Western blotting analysis; moreover, the secretion levels of main ECM components in supernatants such as hyaluronic acid (HA), laminin (LN), collagens IV (COL-IV), and procollagen-III (PIIINP) were tested by ELISA. ResultsThe Mig-6 expression decreased in the 3.75, 7.5, and 15 μmol·L−1 NaAsO2 groups (0.561±0.095, 0.695±0.048, and 0.401±0.030) compared to the control group (1.000±0.000) in Lx-2 cells (P

Oxidative stress and inflammatory factors are closely related to keratoconus. As an important gene expression regulator, MiRNAs participate in the physiological and pathological process of keratoconus. In this study, in order to investigate whether MiRNAs can regulate the expression of matrix remodeling-related genes in keratoconus fibroblasts by targeting IL-1β, potential MiRNAs(miR-21-5p, miR-24-3p, miR-26b-3p, miR-27b-5p, miR-181d-5p, miR-383-3p, MiR-548d-3p, miR-4700-3p) that may be related to IL-1β targeting were predicated by using bioinformatics methods. Hydrogen peroxide was added to human keratoconic corneal fibroblasts in vitro. quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of MiRNAs and IL-1β mRNA at 0, 6, 12, and 24 h. IL-1β was found to be a target of MiR-548d-3p by using a dual luciferase reporter assay. After transfection of MiR-548d-3p mimics into human keratoconus fibroblasts, it was found that under oxidative stress, MiR-548d-3p mimics significantly down-regulated the gene expression of IL-1β, decreased the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-3, and increased the expression of collagenI-α2. These results indicate that MiR-548d-3p may promote corneal matrix synthesis and attenuate matrix degradation by down-regulating the expression of IL-1β, which retards keratoconus progression under oxidative stress. This might provide a new potential target for keratoconus treatment.

IL-8 is highly expressed in tears of keratoconus patients, but its mechanism is still unclear. Abnormal collagen synthesis and degradation are one of the pathogenesis of keratoconus. In this study, the effect of IL-8 on collagen synthesis in corneal fibroblasts and its molecular mechanism were discussed to provide reference for clarifying the pathogenesis of keratoconus. siRNA interference system was established and the expression of IL-8 in corneal fibroblasts was silenced by siRNA. The expression changes of genes related to collagen synthesis and degradation as well as other pro-inflammatory factors after IL-8 silence were analyzed by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR. The content of total collagen and the activity of MMP-2 were detected by ELISA and gelatin zymography, respectively. Western blot was used to analyze the expression changes of the key proteins of related signal pathway. The results show that the total collagen content and the expression of collagen synthesis genes (COL1A2, COL3A1, COL5A3 and COL6A1) increased significantly after IL-8 silencing, while the expression and activity of MMP-2 which participated in collagen degradation decreased. In addition, silencing IL-8 reduced the gene expression of IL-6, IL-1β, and VEGFA/VEGFR2, as well as the protein expression of AKT and ERK1/2 in downstream signal pathway. IL-8 regulated the expression of VEGF and other pro-inflammatory factors. It negatively regulated the collagen synthesis and participated in MMP-2 mediated collagen degradation in corneal fibroblasts through PI3K/AKT and ERK signaling pathways.

In order to investigate the role of oxidative stress in the development of keratoconus, human keratoconic corneal fibroblasts (hKCFs.) were cultured and subjected to 100 μmol/L H2O2 in vitro. The expression of gene of antioxidant enzymes, inflammatory cytokines, MMPs, TIMPs, Collagen I and LOXLs was determined by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR. Our results show that the expression of SOD-2, HO-1, NQO-1, ICAM-1, IL-1β/-6/-8 and MMP-1/-3 was significantly up-regulated, and the the expression of Collagen Ⅰ-α2, TIMP-1/-2/-3, LOXL-1/-3/-4 was down-regulated in hKCFs under oxidative stress. This finding suggests that oxidative stress may lead to the release of more inflammatory factors from hKCFs, imbalanced expression of MMPs and TIMPs, collagen degradation or cross-linking disorders, thus causing corneal stroma thinning and promoting the occurrence and development of keratoconus.

For the robust adaptive beamforming problem of the gen l signal models, a robust beamforming algorithm based on the worst-case performance optimization with positive semi-definite constraints was proposed. A simple robust adaptive beamformer was derived by modeling and transforming. Not only an approximate closed-form solution to the optimal weight vector was derived with low complexity, but also the performance improvement could be obtained. The final simulation attests its effectiveness and correctness.

Objective To explore the regulation and clinical significance of miR-486 in patients with sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and secondary polycythemia. Methods Twenty-five healthy subjects who visited Outpatient Department and Health Examination Center of Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital from May 2020 to April 2021 were elected as the control group, and thirty cases of OSAHS patients with secondary polycythemia diagnosed by polysomnography and laboratory examination were selected as the OSAHS+SP group. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) miR-486, Sirt1 and GATA-1 expression were measured by RT-qPCR, and the concen- tration of plasma Sirt1 was measured by ELISA. In addition, RT-qPCR was used for the miR-486,Sirt1 or expression in K562 cells after the IH treatment, miR-486 over-expression or miR-486 inhibition. The Sirt1 expression was measured by RT-qPCR and Western blot. GATA-1 mRNA expression was checked by RT-qPCR in Sirt1 inhibited K562 cells. Results 1)Body mass index, red blood cells, hemoglobin (HB) and sleep apnea index(AHI) in OSAHS+SP group were significantly higher than those of control group(P＜0.001); 2)The expression of miR-486, Sirt1, and GATA-1 were significantly increased and plasma Sirt1 concentration was significantly decreased in OSAHS+SP patients PBMC(P＜0.001); 3)PBMC miR-486 and GATA-1 expression were positively correlated with AHI and HB(P＜0.05). PBMC Sirt1 expression and plasma Sirt1 level were negatively correlated with plasma Sirt1 concentration in OSAHS+SP group(P＜0.05); 4)IH promoted the expression of miR-486(P＜0.01) and inhibited Sirt1 expression in K562 cells(P＜0.01). RT-qPCR and Western blot showed that over-expression of miR-486 decreased Sirt1 expression(P＜0.01), whereas miR-486 inhibition increased the expression of Sirt1(P＜0.001). The GATA-1 expression was increased after the inhibition of Sirt1(P＜0.01). Conclusions miR-486 regulates the biological process of OSAHS patients with secondary polycythemia by targeting at Sirt1.

The health condition of hot-rolling back-up rolls plays a key role in controlling the strip profile quality and rolling stability. The characteristics of nonlinearity, strong coupling, and the use of limited samples complicate the prediction of the back-up roll health state. The current back-up roll replacement strategy of each steel mill is generally determined according to a certain rolling time or rolling kilometer, and such a maintenance mode is based on experience. In actual experience, due to different strip specifications in each rolling cycle, the degrees of wear on the back-up rolls are different. Regular maintenance methods may easily lead to excessive wear of the back-up rolls and reduce the quality of the strip shape at the end of the unit, or premature roll replacement wastes the back-up roll performance. This paper proposed a construction method for the back-up roll virtual health index and a Copula function–based model for predicting the health condition of complex working conditions. The health condition of a pair of back-up rolls was characterized by combining roll bending and shifting data, and the back-up roll condition was divided by the K-means clustering method. The Copula prediction model was constructed using the process data under each working condition, and finally, according to the actual rolling schedule, the arrangement order combines the prediction results of the working conditions. The production performance data of a 1780-mm hot rolling line were used to verify the results. The results show that the proposed Copula-based prediction model can accurately and effectively predict the health condition of the back-up roll according to the rolling schedule; thus, it can serve as the basis of a more scientific strategy to guide the replacement and maintenance of the back-up roll.

Objective To investigate the effects of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) on angiogenesis and neurofunction recovery of mice with traumatic brain injury(TBI). Methods Mice were randomly divided into sham operation group (sham group), traumatic brain injury group (TBI group, severe TBI model made by controlled cortical impact) and rhEPO treatment group (EPO group, rhEPO intraperitoneal injected at 5 000 IU/(kg·d) for 7 days after the trauma). Each group included 15 mice. Neurological scores were performed at 3, 7, and 14 d using modified neurological severity score(mNSS). Fourteen days after injury, Western blot and immunofluorescence were used to detect the protein expression of eNOS, VEGF and CD31 around ipsilateral cerebral cortex, and the microvessel density (MVD) was detected by CD31+ cells. The lesion volume was measured at 21 d after injury using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) stained specimens. Results 3,7 and 14 d after TBI, mNSS of TBI group was signifi- cantly higher than that of sham group (P＜0.001). 7 and 14 d after TBI, mNSS of EPO group was lower than those of TBI group (P＜0.05). Fourteen days after TBI, the protein expression of eNOS, VEGF and CD31 was higher in TBI group than those of sham group, and the EPO group was higher than those of TBI group. (P＜0.05). 14 d after TBI, the MVD of TBI group was significantly lower than sham group(P＜0.001), and the MVD of EPO group was significantly higher than TBI group(P＜0.001). Twenty one days after injury, the volume of EPO group was reduced compared with TBI group (8.90±1.79) (P＜0.05). Conclusions rhEPO promotes angiogenesis and improves neurological function after TBI of mice.

There are many problems in coalbed methane cementing resulted from the characteristics of coalbed formation, such as low pressure, low permeability and weak cementation. Aimed to solve these problems, evaluation experiments of light weight additive, baseline formula of cement system, low temperature early strength stabilizer, fluid loss additive and dispersing agent were performed. On this basis, the ultra low density cement slurry was developed. Besides, bridging type preflush was researched. The ultra low density cement slurry and bridging type preflush formed the ultra low density cementing technology for coalbed methane. There is no capillary channel in the surface of preferred hollow glass microsphere, so it has good resistance to pressure and shear. The ultra low density cement slurry has many good performances, such as no free liquid, slurry stability, small API filtration loss (≤ 45 mL/30 min), adjustable thickening time and early strength at low temperature. Moreover, the bridging type preflush has good filtration control property (≤19 mL/30 min),effective shut off capacity to the fractures and pores in the No. 3 coalbed core, and good compatibility with ultra low density cement slurry. This ultra low density cementing technology has been applied in two wells for field trial successfully at Qinnan demonstration plot, and the service density is respectively 1.15 g/cm³ and 1.20 g/cm³. Acceptability of cement job quality is 100%,and high quality is above 96%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roads are the main places where urban people are exposed to atmospheric particulate matter from outdoor activities, and certain oxidatively active substances contained in road particulate matter are important components that induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which in turn endanger human health. Here, we explored the characteristics of organic matter composition in water-soluble (WSM) and methanol-soluble fractions (MSM) of road dust in Xi'an and its oxidation potential (OP). Additionally, we investigated the organic fractions and their distribution based on parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and analyzed the correlation between organic matter types and OP. The results showed that the water-insoluble fraction of road dust in Xi'an contained more chromophoric organic matter with an average total concentration of (4.71±1.27)×10 4 R.U., which was 12 times higher than that of WSM[(3.96±1.10)×10 3 R.U.], of which low-oxidizing humic-like substances (HULIS) were the main organic matter (34.8%-43.7% of the total organic matter). The results of cluster analysis showed that the important sources of organic matter in road dust in Xi'an were fuel combustion and industrial production. The mean value of dust oxidative toxicity was (0.34±0.08) pmol·(min·μg) -1 , with the water-insoluble fraction providing 70% of the total oxidative toxicity of dust particles, which was 2.4 times higher than the water-soluble fraction. The main precursors of oxidative toxicity of dust particles were metal elements, and special types of organic substances were also one of the important oxidative toxicity precursors, among which chromophore organic matter was the main cause of OP production in the WSM fraction ( r =0.35, P <0.01), and protein-like organic matter and highly oxidized HULIS in WSM may have been the main two types of organic substances for OP production. However, there was no significant correlation between organic matter concentration in MSM and water-insoluble OP (OP Total -OP WSM ) ( r =-0.04, P >0.1), so the oxidative toxicity of the water-insoluble particulate matter fraction was mainly generated from non-organic matter.

As flue gas desulfurization (FGD) was one of the most important purification processes of coal-fired boilers, we selected four boilers, which were equipped with wet limestone, furnace calcium injection, ammonia-based, and double-alkali FGDs, to research the influence of FGDs on the flue particulate matter (PM). The flue PM before and after the FGD were sampled using laboratory resuspension and dilution tunnel sampling methods, respectively, and the PM was analyzed for its chemical composition (i.e., ions, elements, and carbon). The results showed that the types of desulfurizers could influence the composition of the flue PM. After passing through the wet limestone, ammonia-based, and double-alkali FGDs, the proportion of Ca, NH 4 + , and Na in PM 2.5 increased from 5.1% to 24.8%, from 0.8% to 7.3%, and from 0.9% to 1.7%, respectively. The influence of wet and dry FGDs on the flue PM were different. The fraction of ions in the PM emitted from the wet FGD were higher than those from the dry FGD. The proportion of SO 4 2- in the flue PM 2.5 increased from 2.0% and 6.7% to 9.6% and 11.9% using the wet limestone and ammonia-based FGDs, respectively, and Cl - increased from 0.4% and 1.2% to 3.8% and 5.2%. In addition, the amount of heavy metals (e.g., Cr, Pb, Cu, Ti, and Mn) in PM 2.5 declined after the wet FGDs. The PM 2.5 emitted from the dry FGD boiler was richer in crustal elements, such as Al, Si, and Fe, than that from the wet FGDs. The wet FGDs also effected the carbonaceous components of the flue PM. After passing through the wet limestone and ammonia-based FGDs, the proportion of elemental carbon in the flue PM 2.5 decreased from 6.1% to 0.9% and from 3.6% to 0.7% respectively, but the organic carbon content did not decrease.

This study aims to establish an UPLC-DAD method for the simultaneous determination of nine active components in phenolic acids, anthocyanins, monoterpene glucosides and flavonoids in the petals of Paeonia lactiflora flowers from different cultivars and processing methods. UPLC analysis was performed on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C&#95;(18) column(2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.8 μm)for gradient elution with a mobile phase consisting of 0.5% formic acid solution(A)-acetonitrile(B)at a flow rate of 0.3 mL·min~(-1).The detection wavelength was determined with a switched wavelength method and the column temperature maintained at 20 ℃, with an injection volume of 2 μL.The contents of the above components in the samples with different sources and treatment methods were obtained. The principal component analysis(PCA)of P. lactiflora flowers was conducted by using SIMCA 14.0 software, and the results showed that the P. lactiflora flowers could be classified into two categories according to cultivars, including P. lactiflora 'Bozhou-shaoyao' as one category with high contents of the above components, P. lactiflora 'Baihuachuanshaoyao' and P. lactiflora 'Honghuachuanshaoyao' as the other category. Dried P. lactiflora flowers could be classified into three categories, including baking-drying, sun-drying and shade-drying, with baking-drying method as the optimal one.The P. lactiflora flowers were not greatly affected by origins, growing altitudes, growing years, or blooming stages.The results of contents determination can be used to guide the cultivar selection, harvest and processing of P. lactiflora flowers.

This study used Super-SBM model considering the undesirable outputs to measure inter-provincial green inclusive efficiency in China, analyzed the spatial and temporal changes and the influencing factors by panel Tobit model during 2000 to 2016. The results showed that green inclusive efficiency considering both social and eco-environmental factors was significantly lower than that only considering social factors. Green inclusive factors had significant impacts on the measurements. From 2000 to 2016, the inter-provincial green inclusive efficiency in China showed a trend of U-shaped evolution with obvious staged characteristics. The absolute and relative differences of green inclusive efficiency between provinces were expanding. China's inter-provincial green inclusive efficiency showed an unbalanced spatial pattern. There were three high-efficient agglomeration areas in the whole country: Beijing-Tianjin, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Pearl River Delta. The low-efficient types were scattered in the southwestern, northwestern, northern China, as well as in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. To comprehensively improve green inclusive efficiency, it should take more measures by promoting the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure, upgrading the level of macro-control of local governments, optimizing the import and export structure, fully considering the role of the market, and improving the level of scientific and technological innovation.