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“Tao characters, the spiritual character of ancient Chinese scholars who aspired to the Tao, cultivated themselves for the Tao, and took responsibility for the Tao, is the excellent traditional cultural resource that we can rely on for the construction of the teaching staff today. Its value to the construction of teachers, ethics is embodied in the following aspects: firstly, the aspiration to the Tao is the basic premise for teachers to foster morality and cultivate people and develop teachers, morality; secondly, in order to become a person with good self-cultivation and professional ethics, teachers should take self-cultivation as the fundamental way to cultivate morality, and strive to achieve self-reliance, self-discipline, unity of knowledge and practice, perseverance, accumulation of merits, self-glorification and self-respect; finally, inheriting and carrying forward the ideal feelings of the scholars in Chinese history is the indispensable belief ethics for teachers to become great masters and make achievements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The late Qing and early Republic of China witnessed a critical social transition period when the scholastic group had to shoulder the responsibility of studying and transmitting the old and new learning on the one hand and make a living under that social background full of good and evil on the other hand and hence suffered multiple fissions the previous had never had. Were one to know the social identity, behavioural reaction and psychological adaptation a scholar then tasted, it is necessary to carry out detailed case studies. To that understanding, the paper studies DAN An who noted down in his diary his experiences to go to Kaifeng for the Metropolitan Examination in 1903 and went back to administrate in his home country, a process that reveals the bitter life of a modern Chinese scholar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Han and Wei Dynasties, the scholastic class lives in a fierce conflict between officialdom and literary statuses, the anxiety hence giving rise to their literary ideas. Officialdom in fact belongs to the fundamental status of the scholastic class, undertaken by Confucian scholars and the officials out of scholars since the Western Han and forming rich and powerful families out of numerous officials and Confucians of generations in the Eastern Han. In such a social condition are they confronted with a discord choice: both to be officially oriented to helping with the empery cause on the one hand and to be scholastically amused with their belles-letters on the other. In consequence, their literary discourses embody such a dual characteristic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relying on the Gaomiao Alliance and the scholars who came from Sanfu to join them, Wei Xiao Group was becoming stronger and turned to be an important local separatist regime in the early Eastern Han Dynasty. It was known to all that Wei Xiao's final intention was to set up an autonomous region. In the sixth year of Jianwu, Emperor Guangwu took two unreasonable routes to attack Shu, however, what he intended to attack was not Gongsun Shu's regime, but Wei Xiao's force in the right part of Long. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Foreign Literature Studies is the property of Foreign Literature Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)