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Consumerism is not only a kind of values, but also a practice which emphasizes possession. As a combination of concept and behavior, consumerism has at its core over-possession and over-consumption by which people obtain their social and cultural identities. In order to understand the consumerism in current China, the political-economic conditions and the consumption practice should be both taken into account, and moreover, normal material requirements should be distinguished from over-possession. Only in this way can a valid conclusion be reached. Compared with those in the western societies, China' s consumerism is produced and shaped by its special historical conditions and social basis. It does not take place mainly among the masses, but among the elite class who enjoy high incomes. However, this trend is spreading from the high-income stratum to the middle-income stratum and even influences the whole society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the effect of electroacupuncture on proprioception in cynomolgus monkeys after unilateral anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury., Methods: Twenty-seven cynomolgus monkeys were randomized equally into 3 groups, namely unilateral ACL injury with electroacupuncture group, unilateral ACL injury model group and blank control group. One week after modeling, the monkeys in electroacupuncture group were treated daily for 12 weeks with electroacupuncture at the acupoints Wei Yang, Yin Gu, Xi Yangguan and Qu Quan. At 4, 8, and 12 weeks during the treatment, the changes in the somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and motor nerve conduction velocity (MCV) of the nerves of the ACL were examined with neural electrophysiological method; the changes in the morphology and the total and variable number of the proprioceptors in the ACL were observed with gold chloride staining. RESULTS; In the mokeys in the model group, the incubation period of the SEPs and MCV on the injured side of the knee were significantly extended and the amplitudes were decreased with the passage of time (P<0.05). Intervention with electroacupuncture significantly reduced the incubation period and increased the amplitudes of the SEPs and MCV (P<0.05). The total number of the proprioceptors in the ACL was significantly decreased and the variable number of the proprioceptors in ACL was increased with time in the monkeys in the model group (P<0.05); electroacupuncture intervention obviously slowed the reduction rate of total number of the proprioceptors (P<0.05) but without affecting the variable number of the proprioceptors (P>0.05). CoONCLUSION: ACL injury causes attenuation of the proprioception on the injury side, and electroacupuncture intervention can produce a positive effect on the proprioception in cynomolgus monkeys.

Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effects of the conditioning regimen with busulfan plus cyclophosphamide (BU+CY) or total body irradiation plus cyclophosphamide (TBI+CY) on haploidentical stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in hematologic malignancy., Methods: The clinical outcomes of 77 HSCT recipients with hematologic malignancy from January 2001 to December 2010, including 21 AML, 33 ALL, 19 CML and 4 MDS were retrospectively evaluated. Among them, 65 patients obtained complete remission (CR) and 12 non-remission (NR) before transplantation; 39 patients received conditioning regimen with BU+CY, and 38 with TBI+CY., Results: There were no statistically significant differences in hematopoietic reconstitution, disease free survival (DFS), and transplant- related mortality (TRM) between two groups. The estimated 3- years overall survival (OS) was 56.4% for BU+CY and 31.6% for TBI + CY (P=0.0283). The overall relapse rate was similar between two groups (15.4% vs 34.2%; P=0.1538). However, the accumulative probability of relapse at 1-year was significantly lower in BU+CY than that in TBI+CY group (2.56% vs 26.67%; P=0.0116). The incidence of grade II-IV graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was similar between two regimens (20.5% in BU+CY group and 18.4% in TBI+CY group; P=0.8168). The incidence of chronic GVHD (cGVHD) was higher in the TBI+CY group than that of BU+CY group (84.6% vs 41.1%; P=0.0007). The extensive GVHD obtained the similar outcome (30.8% vs 10.5%; P=0.0416)., Conclusion: Patients using BU+CY as conditioning regimen before transplant could obtain a better 3 year OS and lower short-term relapse rate. The TBI+CY conditioning regimen could significantly increase the incidence of cGVHD without increasing the acute GVHD. BU+CY conditioning regimen could be used for HSCT, but the attention should be paid to prevent the related hemorrhagic cystitis.

Objective: To investigate the effects of different fluid resuscitation regimes on lung injury and expression of pulmonary aquaporin 1 (AQP1) and AQP5 in rats with uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock., Methods: Sixty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned to the following five groups: control group (C group), no fluid resuscitation group (NF group), lactated Ringer's solution group (LRS group), 7.5%NaCl group (HS group) and hydroxyethyl starch group (hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4, HES group). A four-phased uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock model was reproduced. Uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock phase began with blood withdrawal extended over 15 minutes, in which animals were subjected to massive hemorrhage [mean arterial pressure (MAP)=40 mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)] for 60 minutes and followed by intratracheal lipopolysaccharide 2 mg/kg and continuous bleeding with amputation of the tail. Then, animals were partially resuscitated with LRS of 3 times the volume of shed blood (LRS group), followed by a bolus dose of 4 ml/kg body weight of 7.5%NaCl (HS), or hydroxyethyl starch (a volume equal to that of the shed blood), respectively, during different fluid resuscitation regimes. After that, comprehensive resuscitation phase of 60 minutes began with hemostasis, and transfusion of all the shed blood plus same amount of normal saline. Observation phase was continued for 3.5 hours. At the end the experiment, the lung tissue was sampled to measure wet-to-dry lung weight ratio (W/D), and the expression of AQP1 and AQP5 were determined with immunohistochemistry. The paraffin-embedded lungs were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for pathological analysis., Results: When compared with NF and LRS groups, the lung W/D ratio was significantly decreased, and the shock induced decreased expression of AQP1 and AQP5 in lung tissue were attenuated in HES group, but these beneficial effects were blunted in the HS group., Conclusion: Uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock may induce lung injury and pulmonary edema as well as down regulation of the expression of AQP1 and AQP5 in rats. Resuscitation with hypertonic fluids, especially with HES, can reduce lung damage and pulmonary edema in this kind of shock. The cause may be due in part to maintenance of the expression of AQP1 and/or AQP5 in the lung. Pulmonary AQP1 and AQP5 play an important role in fluid transportation.

Objective: To investigate the changes in pulmonary transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1)/smad2 signaling pathway in pulmonary injury as a result of hemorrhagic shock followed by lipopolysaccharide challenge., Methods: Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned to the following two groups: sham operation group (sham group, surgery, no hemorrhage and no resuscitation), and two-hit model group (HS group), each n=12. Three-phased uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock model was reproduced in rats. Hemorrhagic shock phase I began with blood withdrawal over 15 minutes, i.e. animals were subjected to massive hemorrhage [mean arterial pressure (MAP)=35-40 mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa) for 60 minutes], followed by intratracheal lipopolysaccharide 2 mg/kg (two-hit model). Ninety minutes after blood shedding, resuscitation phase II of 60 minutes began with hemostasis, return of all the blood initially shed, plus fluids. Observation phase III was 210 minutes. After phase III, blood gas analysis with carotid artery blood was performed. Lung tissue was sampled to measure values of wet-to-dry lung weight (W/D) ratio and pulmonary microvascular permeability. Immunohistochemistry and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to assess the expression of TGF-beta1 protein and mRNA, and the protein content of the smad2 was determined by Western blotting., Results: Compared with sham group, MAP was significantly lowered after 60 minutes in phase I, and lactic acid content was increased significantly, while partial pressure of oxygen in artery (PaO2), blood pH, HCO(-)3, arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) and negative base excess (BE) showed a significant decrease in HS group. Concomitantly, values of pulmonary microvascular permeability and W/D ratio were significantly increased in HS group (all P<0.01). In sham group, weak TGF-beta1 staining was detected in the alveolar epithelial cells. However, intense positive immunostaining for TGF-beta1 was observed in alveolar epithelial cells, pulmonary interstitial inflammatory cell as well as macrophage cells of alveolar space of the HS group. Lung tissue in HS group demonstrated a marked increase in TGF-beta1 mRNA and smad2 protein expression in the lung tissue compared with those of sham group (all P<0.01)., Conclusion: The expression of TGF-beta1/smad2 signaling pathway may play an important role in regulation of pulmonary permeability and development of pulmonary edema in acute lung injury induced by uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock followed by lipopolysaccharide challenge.

Color vision is a major component of vision function. Examination of color vision mostly relies on subjectivity at present. It is important to establish an objective method of color vision examination that would have particular clinical significance and forensic medicine value. With the development of new technology, the examination of visual electrophysiology has become a basic method of clinical diagnosis and investigation. Electroretinogram (ERG) could discriminate different cone cells and color abnormality. Visual evoked potential (VEP) generated characteristic negative wave after stimulation with different colors. Different visual electrophysiology detection methods were reviewed and in particular important new advancement of color vision research of ERG, F-VEP and P-VEP were introduced. The application prospect of color vision research in the clinical forensic medicine was also discussed. It is likely that color vision research study and visual electrophysiology will provide objective evaluation of retina and brain function.

Objective: To study the diagnostic value of CT/HRCT for the coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) with large opacities., Methods: Sixty-two patients with CWP were examined with both chest radiograph and CT/HRCT scan. Comparison was done., Results: Large opacities were found in 19 patients in the chest radiograph of 62 patients with CWP. The detection rate was 30.6%. Thirty large opacities were found using chest radiograph. Forty-three patients with large opacities were found using the CT/HRCT. The detection rate was 69.4%. One hundred and twenty-three large opacities were found using CT/HRCT. Ninety-three more large opacities were found by CT/HRCT than by chest radiograph. The total detection rate of large opacities by CT was 4.1 times than by chest radiograph. Both differences were statistically significant (chi2 = 18.58, P < 0.01). CT/HRCT found all patients with large opacities detected in the chest radiograph. Seventeen patients with Stage III large opacities (>or= 1.0 cm x 2.0 cm) were found by the chest radiograph. The detection rate was 27.4% (17/62). Twenty-seven large opacities were found using chest radiograph. Thirty-four patients with Stage III large opacities were found using the CT/HRCT. The detection rate was 54.8%. The found Stage III large opacities added up to 67. The found Stage III large opacities by CT/HRCT were 40 more than using chest radiograph. Both differences were statistically significant (chi2 = 9.63, P < 0.01). CT/HRCT was reliable to show the morphology, the inside structure, the tiny lesion and the special location of the large opacities of CWP. It could provide more important information for differential diagnosis., Conclusion: CT/HRCT is significantly better than the chest radiograph in the diagnosis of complicated CWP. It can find the large opacities that the chest radiograph can not. It has a great diagnostic and practical value as an assistant examination method. CT/HRCT could be considered as the reference and evidence for staging progression in diagnosis of pneumoconiosis.

Objective: To investigate whether IL-10 gene modification on immature dendritic cells (iDC) could induce autoimmune tolerance in rat experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM)., Methods: EAM was induced by cardiac myosin immunization on day 0 and day 7 in rats. A total of 2 x 10(6) mature DC (mDC), iDC, pcDNA3 transfected iDC, pcDNA3-IL-10 transfected iDC or PBS were injected intravenously at 5th immunization day. Three weeks later, echocardiography and HE staining were performed to observe the cardiac function and myocardial inflammation. Th1/Th2 cytokines were detected by ELISA and MHC-II molecules, costimulatory molecules were identified by flow cytometry. In vitro T lymphocyte proliferation assay and adoptive transfer of DCs were performed to determine the antigen specific tolerance induced by IL-10 gene modification on iDCs., Results: EAM rats treated with pcDNA3-IL-10 transfected iDC showed improved cardiac function and reduced inflammatory cells infiltration into myocardium. Moreover, lower Th1 and higher Th2-type response was induced, MHC-II and costimulatory molecules down-regulated and antigen specific immunological responses towards cardiac myosin inhibited in pcDNA3-IL-10-iDC treated EAM rats., Conclusion: Treatment with IL-10 gene modified iDCs could ameliorates EAM by inducing Th2 polarization and down-regulation of MHC-II molecules and costimulatory molecule expressions.

Objective: To determine the lung protection of continuous pulmonary artery perfusion with oxygenated blood during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)., Methods: Thirty patients undergoing mitral valve replacement were randomly divided into the control group (n=15) and the lung perfusion group (n=15). The patients in the lung perfusion group were perfused oxygenated blood continuously to the pulmonary artery during CPB. The patients in the control group were performed the routine procedure of mitral valve replacement. Record the CPB time, aortic cross-clamp time, mechanical ventilation time and ICU monitoring time. The patients' oxygen index (OI) and lung static compliance (Cstat) were measured before the surgery, at 0 h after the CPB and at 0, 6 h after the surgery. Right lung biopsy specimens were obtained at 30 min after the CPB to observe the histological changes. Results The mechanical ventilation time and ICU monitoring time were shorter in the lung perfusion group than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The patients' OI and Cstat were higher after surgery in the lung perfusion group than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Tissue examination showed lung parenchyma edema and inflammatory cells accumulated in the control group, while no remarkable pathological changes occurred in the lung perfusion group., Conclusion: Lung injury exists after the surgery by CPB. Continuous pulmonary artery perfusion with oxygenated blood during CPB can decrease the lung injury.

Objective: To explore the spatial distribution character of dengue fever and the change of Aedes' population, so as to provide macroscopical decision-making evidences of prevention and supervision on dengue fever., Methods: (1) Collecting data on morbidity of dengue and supervision on vector's population in the corresponding period. (2) Drawing digitized map of Chaozhou in scale of 1:50,000, including elements of boundary, residential areas, road and traffic, altitude, water systems etc. (3) Measuring the latitude and longitude of center position of surveillance safes on the scene. (4) Processing spatial analysis by the ArcGIS 8.5 software., Results: Distribution of Aedes showed spatial cluster in Chaozhou, while its density was related to the distance to the watersides. The closer to the watersides, the higher the density was. Map on spatial distribution showed that although the Aedes epidemic situation changed yearly, but primarily be kept in high, middle, low regions. Cross-validation effects of the distribution maps were satisfactory., Conclusion: Geographic information system was promising in analyzing data on dengue fever, and better than other routine research methods.

Objective: To establish digitized virtual Chinese No.1 female (VCH-F1) image database., Methods: A 19 years old female cadaver was scanned by CT, MRI, and perfused with red filling material through formal artery before freezing and em- bedding. The whole body was cut by JZ1500A vertical milling machine with a 0.2 mm inter-spacing. All the images was produced by Fuji FinePix S2 Pro camera., Results: The body index of VCH-F1 was 94%. We cut 8 556 sections of the whole body, and each image was 17.5 MB in size and the whole database reached 149.7 GB. We have totally 6 versions of the database for different applications., Conclusions: Compared with other databases, VCH-F1 has good representation of the Chinese body shape, colorful filling material in blood vessels providing enough information for future registration and segmentation. Vertical embedding and cutting helped to retain normal human physiological posture, and the image quality and operation efficiency were improved by using various techniques such as one-time freezing and fixation, double-temperature icehouse, large-diameter milling disc and whole body cutting.