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【Objective】 Rotating winter wheat and summer maize is a common cultivation method in northern and central China. Their water consumption and the occurrence of water deficit vary with prediction. Taking Shangqiu in easter Henan province as an example, this paper investigates the relationship between them with meteorological factors. 【Method】 The analysis was based on meteorological data measured from 1954 to 2019, and crop index data measured from 1999 to 2019 at the National Agro-ecological System Observation and Research Station of Shangqiu. The evapotranspiration used in the analysis was those measured from 2011 to 2018 from a large lysimeter. Statistics and the Mann-Kendall trend test were used to analyze the changing in crop water requirement and water deficit; the dominant analysis was used to elucidate the influence of the meteorological factors on water requirement of the two crops. 【Result】 On average, the annual effective precipitation has been increasing over the past 65 years, at a rate of 3.09 mm/10a during the wheat growing season and 5.23 mm/10a during the maize growing season, despite that in wet years the effective precipitation during the wheat season declined. In contrast, the annual crop water requirement showed a decline (P

【Background and objective】 Evapotranspiration from managed and natural ecosystems is an important process in hydrological cycle but not trivial to measure at large scales. The eddy covariance developed over the past decade is a technique to measure atmospheric turbulent fluxes which can be used to estimate evapotranspiration and fluxes of other gases. Calculating evapotranspiration from the measurements of eddy covariance is complicated, and the aim of this paper is to experimentally investigate the areas in a farmland system that contribute to the fluxes measured from an eddy covariance. 【Method】 Atmospheric fluxes were measured from October 2019 to June 2020 using the closed-path eddy covariance system installed in a winter wheat field at Xinxiang comprehensive experimental station in Henan province. Distribution and variation of the measured flux sources were analyzed using the footprint models and FFP and KM methods. 【Result】 ①Southwest-northeast wind was the dominant wind during the experimental period, following by northeast-southwest wind. ②The results calculated under different growth stages and atmospheric conditions revealed that the areas that contributed to the fluxes measured from the device were larger under stable atmospheric conditions than under less stable atmospheric conditions. The direction and length of the areas were affected by wind direction and speed. ③The results calculated by the FFP and KM models showed a linear relationship between the source areas with SKM=0.93SFFP-1962.5 and R2=0.96, and that, in the general, the areas calculated by the KM method were greater than that calculated by the FFP model. 【Conclusion】 The flux source areas calculated by the FFP and KM methods differed, and the wind direction and speed were the main factors affecting the flux source distribution. For our experiment, the winter wheat was the main contributor to the fluxes measured from the eddy covariance system.

【Objective】 Analyzing the temporal and spatial distribution of crop water demand and irrigation water demand.This study provides basic data and technical support for irrigation water management and the implementation of the strictest water resources management system in Xinjiang. 【Method】 We constructe the NDVI multi temporal sequence was based on the GF-1 satellite data. Used the supervised classification method to extract the crop planting structure in Aksu River Oasis. Combined with penman Monteith formula and GIS spatial analysis function, the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of crop water demand and gross irrigation water demand in Oasis were analyzed. 【Result】 Under the multi temporal NDVI sequence, the maximum likelihood method was the best, with an overall accuracy of 93.08% and Kappa coefficient of 0.913, which could meet the requirements of large area classification. The results showed that the grain crops (rice, corn, wheat) were mainly distributed in Wushi and Wensu in the upper reaches of the basin, economic crops (cotton) were mainly distributed in Aksu, Alar and some farms of the first agricultural division, and fruit trees were mainly distributed in Aksu and Awati. The temporal and spatial distribution of crop water requirement and irrigation amount in the watershed is quite different. In terms of time, the water demand in spring and summer accounted for about 70% of the annual water demand; in terms of space, the water demand and irrigation amount in the area near Wensu county were significantly higher than those in other areas. At the same time, the water demand of the same crop is also different in different regions. The range of water demand of cotton is 704.4～808.8 mm, and the difference of water demand in different regions is about 100 mm in crops. 【Conclusion】 The method of combining multi temporal NDVI and supervised classification based on GF-1 data can realize the extraction of crop planting structure in large area. There are obvious differences in crop irrigation requirement in space and time in oasis area of Aksu basin. The spatial distribution map of crop water demand and irrigation amount can provide reference for the formulation of irrigation schedule and the optimization of agricultural water resources pattern.

To investigate the intrinsic mechanism of alternative splicing (AS) participated in drought tolerance in plants, the effects of macrolides pladienolide B (PB, one of the AS inhibitors) were studied using the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (C4-PEPC) rice (PC) and "Kitaake" (WT) rice lines in pot experiments and hydroponics experiments, respectively. The changes of photosynthetic parameters, total soluble sugar and sugar components contents, some main antioxidant enzyme activities and antioxidant contents, Ca2+, NO, H2O2, ABA contents, transcript levels of sucrose nonfermenting-1 (SNFl)-related protein kinases (SnRKs), arginine/serine-rich proteins (SR proteins), and PEPC both in C4 and C3 type of the functional leaves in rice lines were measured. Agronomic traits of the WT and PC were recorded in the mature period. In pot experiment, compared with the natural drought treatment alone, the treatment of 0.5 µmol L-1 PB with drought at booting stage had a significant decline on agronomic traits of the tested rice. Among them, plant height, panicle number per plant, filled grain number per panicle, and grain yield per plant in PC were significantly higher than those of WT. In the hydroponics experiment with 0.5 µmol L-1 PB combined with 10% mmol L-1 polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG-6000) to simulate drought stress, compared with PEG treatment, net photosynthetic rate, relative water content, total soluble sugar content, proline content, SOD activity, POD activity, CAT activity, and PEPC activity were significantly increased in PC than those of WT. Similarly, the contents of sucrose, glucose, fructose, and Ca2+ of leaves in PC lines were significantly higher than those of WT. It was noteworthy that the relative gene expression levels of C4-PEPE, Osppc2a, SnRK2s (SAPK8 and SAPK9), SnRK1s (OsKla, OsK24, and OsK35), and SR proteins (SR33, SR40, RS29, RS2Z21, and RS2Z38) under PEG+PB treatment were significantly lower than those under PEG treatment. It was further verified by using 10 mmol L-1 EGTA experiments [Ethylene glycolbis (aminoethylether)-tetra-acetic acid, a chelate solution of calcium ions] that Ca2+ were involved in the drought response by regulating the transcript levels of SR proteins genes in rice. In addition, the Ca2+ content in PC lines was significantly correlated with soluble protein content, ABA content, and RS33 transcript level, respectively. In conclusion, AS participated in drought response by regulating the expression of SR related genes through sugar signal both SnRK1s and SnRK2s, and calcium ion as well, which played a positive role in drought tolerance in rice. Compared with WT, PC had a stronger positive effect, which was closely related to its high endogenous Ca2+ content and the contents of sucrose, glucose, fructose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese liquor was made from sorghum, corn, wheat, rice, and glutinous rice with high starch content as raw materials, and was prepared through multiple processes. The amount of starch in the raw material was directly related to the liquor yield. In order to effectively shorten the time for detecting starch content in grain and reduce human error during operation, a fast method for detecting starch content was established. In the sample pre-treatment stage, fast microwave digestion instead of reflux acid hydrolysis is used to speed up starch hydrolysis and improve the completeness of hydrolysis. In the sample detection stage,instrumental detection instead of artificial micro-boiling titration is used which improves the ease of experimental operation. In this paper, the starch content of a variety of brewing grains was tested using the rapid starch detection method, and compared with the results of the national standard method GB 5009.9—2016. There were no significant differences between the results of the two detection methods. The rapid starch detection method can be applied to the detection of total starch content in a variety of brewing grains,greatly shorten the detection time, reduce the artificial operation error, and have good repeatability and reproducibility. The linear regression and correlation coefficient ≥ 0.999 7.

The importance of accurately estimating crop water requirement for irrigation forecast and agricultural water management has been widely recognized. Although it has been broadly adopted to determine crop evapotranspiration (ETc) via meteorological data and crop coefficient, most of the data in whether forecast are qualitative rather than quantitative except air temperature. Therefore, in this study, how to estimate ETc precisely only using air temperature data in forecast was explored, the accuracy of estimation based on different time scales was also investigated, which was believed to be beneficial to local irrigation forecast as well as optimal management of water and soil resources. Three parameters of Hargreaves equation and two parameters of McClound equation were corrected by using meteorological data of Xinxiang from 1970 to 2010, and Hargreaves equation was selected to calculate reference evapotranspiration (ET0) during the growth period of winter wheat. A model of calculating crop water requirement was developed to predict ETc at time scales of 1, 3, and 7 d intervals through combining Hargreaves equation and crop coefficient model based on air temperature. Results showed that the correlation coefficients between measured and predicted values of ETc reached 0.883 (1 d), 0.933 (3 d), and 0.959 (7 d), respectively. The consistency indexes were 0.94, 0.95 and 0.97, respectively, which showed that forecast error decreased with the increasing time scales. Forecasted accuracy with an error less than 1 mm·d-1 was more than 80%, and that less than 2 mm·d-1 was greater than 90%. This study provided sound basis for irrigation forecast and agricultural management in irrigated areas since the forecasted accuracy at each time scale was relatively high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on mean meteorological data of ten days in 17 observation stations from 1961 to 2012, the reference crop evapotranspiration was computed using Penman-Monteith formula recommended by FAO. The water requirement of winter wheat in Henan Province was calculated by adopting crop coefficients and the growth stage of winter wheat from the "National Irrigation Experiment Database", and the temporal and spatial distribution, variation and affecting factors in recent 51 years were analyzed by means of time-series analysis and gray relational grade analysis. The results showed that the average water requirement of winter wheat was 345-492 mm in Henan Province from 1961 to 2011, and it was lowest at Lushi station and highest at Mengjin station. The average water requirement of winter wheat was lowest from 1980 to 1989 and highest from 1961 to 1969 at most stations. The water requirement of winter wheat showed a tendency to increase with years at the 7 stations (Xinxiang, Luanchuan, Kaifeng, Xixia, Nanyang, Xinyang and Gushi), while it indicated a tendency to decline in the other 10 stations. The water requirement of winter wheat in North Henan was higher than in South Henan, and had a high span variation in West Henan. During the growing period of winter wheat, the average daily maximum and minimum temperatures showed a tendency to increase with years, while the average daily wind speed and relative humidity, and the sunshine hours had a tendency to decline. In Henan Province, the water requirement of winter wheat was mainly affected by the average daily maximum temperature and the sunshine hours, and least influenced by the average daily relative humidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment with girdling applied on the main stem and fruit branch during the early or flourishing stage of flowering and boll-setting was conducted to investigate the effects of different girdling treatments on the growth, yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of cotton. The results showed that compared with the control (CK), leaf area index (LAI) of girdling treatments reduced significantly and the maximum LAI of girdled cotton occurred 5-15 days in advance. Girdling reduced the shedding rate of squares and bolls significantly, and the shedding rate of squares and bolls with girdling applied on the main stem at the flourishing stage was 15. 8% lower than that of CK. In contrast with CK, the seed-cotton yield and WUE increased by 24. 4% and 26. 7% with girdling applied on the main stem at the flourishing stage, and increased by 13. 9% and 16. 7% with girdling applied on the fruit branch at the early stage, respectively. However, the girdling on the fruit branch at the flourishing stage improved the seed-cotton yield and WUE insignificantly. The seed-cotton yield with girdling on the main stem at the early stage had not significant difference and its WUE reduced slightly compared with CK. It has been concluded that the girdling applied on the main stem at the flourishing stage of flowering and boll-setting could effectively reduce the abscission rate of squares and bolls, improve yield and WUE significantly, and realize the effective unity of high production and water-saving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanical cranes used widely in industrial and scientific research,but the traditional mechanical cranes can only achieve horizontal balance. A new type of space-position full-balanced mechanical crane composed of multi-parallel quadrilateral rods is presented. It doesn’t need to add other power sources to complete the horizontal and vertical decoupling motion,offset the total load basically,and reach the whole space-position equilibrium. The velocity characteristics are analyzed by the method of velocity instantaneous center,and the simulation verification is carried out by using the ADAMS. The input force performance analysis of the full-balanced mechanical crane is carried out by using the principle of virtual work and simulated by using Matlab,and the full-balanced capacity of space position of the mechanical cranes is verified. The device provides a theoretical basis for the design of smart handling machinery.

Objective To assess the clinical effect of cognitive behavior therapy on the oral treatment of preschool children with dental anxiety.Methods 86 children aged 3-6 years with dental anxiety were divided into experimental group and control group randomly. Children in experimental group were treated with cognitive behavioral therapy. Children in control group were treated with the Tell-Show-Do behavioral therapy. Through the observation of children’s cooperation and evaluation of Frankl treatment index, treatment effect of cognitive behavioral therapy applied in preschool children with dental anxiety was evaluated.Results In experimental group, 38 children can cooperate with treatment, while 5 children can’t cooperate. In control group, 24 children can cooperate with treatment, while 19 cases can’t cooperate. Children in the experimental group is significantly more cooperative (χ2 = 11.328, P

Gastrointestinal smooth muscle layer contains two kinds of interstitial cells with special differentiation, i.e., interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor α-positive (PDGFRα + ) cells. The ICC and PDGFRα + cells contact with smooth muscle cells (SMCs) by gap junctions and regulate contractive function of the SMCs. Therefore, these three kinds of cells constitute a functional syncytium, i.e., the SMC, ICC and PDGFRα + cells syncytium (SIP syncytium). Various neurotransmitters, humoral factors, endogenous bioactive molecules, as well as drugs regulate gastrointestinal motility through the SIP syncytium. In this review, we introduce the concept of SIP syncytium and summarize functions of the syncytium, as well as its physiological and pathological significances.

The importance of accurately estimating crop water requirement for irrigation forecast and agricultural water management has been widely recognized. Although it has been broadly adopted to determine crop evapotranspiration (ETc) via meteorological data and crop coefficient, most of the data in whether forecast are qualitative rather than quantitative except air temperature. Therefore, in this study, how to estimate ETc precisely only using air temperature data in forecast was explored, the accuracy of estimation based on different time scales was also investigated, which was believed to be beneficial to local irrigation forecast as well as optimal management of water and soil resources. Three parameters of Hargreaves equation and two parameters of McClound equation were corrected by using meteorological data of Xinxiang from 1970 to 2010, and Hargreaves equation was selected to calculate reference evapotranspiration (ET0) during the growth period of winter wheat. A model of calculating crop water requirement was developed to predict ETc at time scales of 1, 3, and 7 d intervals through combining Hargreaves equation and crop coefficient model based on air temperature. Results showed that the correlation coefficients between measured and predicted values of ETc reached 0.883 (1 d), 0.933 (3 d), and 0.959 (7 d), respectively. The consistency indexes were 0.94, 0.95 and 0.97, respectively, which showed that forecast error decreased with the increasing time scales. Forecasted accuracy with an error less than 1 mm x d(-1) was more than 80%, and that less than 2 mm x d(-1) was greater than 90%. This study provided sound basis for irrigation forecast and agricultural management in irrigated areas since the forecasted accuracy at each time scale was relatively high.

Based on mean meteorological data of ten days in 17 observation stations from 1961 to 2012, the reference crop evapotranspiration was computed using Penman-Monteith formula recommended by FAO. The water requirement of winter wheat in Henan Province was calculated by adopting crop coefficients and the growth stage of winter wheat from the "National Irrigation Experiment Database", and the temporal and spatial distribution, variation and affecting factors in recent 51 years were analyzed by means of time-series analysis and gray relational grade analysis. The results showed that the average water requirement of winter wheat was 345-492 mm in Henan Province from 1961 to 2011, and it was lowest at Lushi station and highest at Mengjin station. The average water requirement of winter wheat was lowest from 1980 to 1989 and highest from 1961 to 1969 at most stations. The water requirement of winter wheat showed a tendency to increase with years at the 7 stations (Xinxiang, Luanchuan, Kaifeng, Xixia, Nanyang, Xinyang and Gushi) , while it indicated a tendency to decline in the other 10 stations. The water requirement of winter wheat in North Henan was higher than in South Henan, and had a high span variation in West Henan. During the growing period of winter wheat, the average daily maximum and minimum temperatures showed a tendency to increase with years, while the average daily wind speed and relative humidity, and the sunshine hours had a tendency to decline. In Henan Province, the water requirement of winter wheat was mainly affected by the average daily maximum temperature and the sunshine hours, and least influenced by the average daily relative humidity.

An experiment with girdling applied on the main stem and fruit branch during the early or flourishing stage of flowering and boll-setting was conducted to investigate the effects of different girdling treatments on the growth, yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of cotton. The results showed that compared with the control (CK), leaf area index (LAI) of girdling treatments reduced significantly and the maximum LAI of girdled cotton occurred 5-15 days in advance. Girdling reduced the shedding rate of squares and bolls significantly, and the shedding rate of squares and bolls with girdling applied on the main stem at the flourishing stage was 15.8% lower than that of CK. In contrast with CK, the seed-cotton yield and WUE increased by 24.4% and 26.7% with girdling applied on the main stem at the flourishing stage, and increased by 13.9% and 16.7% with girdling applied on the fruit branch at the early stage, respectively. However, the girdling on the fruit branch at the flourishing stage improved the seed-cotton yield and WUE insignificantly. The seed-cotton yield with girdling on the main stem at the early stage had not significant difference and its WUE reduced slightly compared with CK. It has been concluded that the girdling applied on the main stem at the flourishing stage of flowering and boll-setting could effectively reduce the abscission rate of squares and bolls, improve yield and WUE significantly, and realize the effective unity of high production and water-saving.

In order to adjust the dissolved oxygen in the traditional subsurface flow constructed wetlands (SFCWs) and increase the purification efficiency of sewage water, the traditional SFCWs were divided into different sections with enhanced functions. Different kinds of aerobic/anaerobic SFCWs were designed to study the influence of ratio and location of aerobic/anaerobic, artificial aeration and other factors on the nitrogen in effluent. The purification efficiency of the water in this study was compared with that in traditional SFCWs. The results showed that the removal efficiencies of NH4(+)-N and TN in traditional SFCWs were 18.4% and 40.6% but 99.7% and 50.7% in aerobic/anaerobic/aerobic SFCWs with aeration (O-A-O SFCWs with aeration) treatment. Aeration in the front and in the rear, and anaerobic treatment in the middle was used in this treatment. Removal efficiency of NH4(+)-N in O-A-O SFCWs with aeration treatment was 100%, while that of O-A-O SFCWs without aeration was about 50%. The removal efficiencies of NH4(+) -N in new SFCWs with aeration in the front and in the rear were increased by 82.81% and 17.91% but 73.16% in the middle. It shows that aeration can significantly improve the removal efficiency of nitrogen, especially NH4(+)-N. Aeration in the front and back can greatly improve the removal efficiency NH4(+)-N and TN. But aeration resulting to oxygen-rich environment is not conducive to the denitrification, which will be an important factor of limiting the TN removal efficiency.

Aim: (+/-) Ibuprofen sugar derivatives were prepared in order to decrease side-effects and increase bioavailability of (+/-) ibuprofen., Methods: The synthesis of derivatives were performed using 1,2:3, 4-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-galactopyranose, 1,3,4,5-tetra-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-amino-beta-D-gluctopyranose, 3,4 6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-N-acetyl-beta-D-gluctosylamine and 2,3,6,2',3',4',6'-hepta-O-acetyl-beta-D-lactosylamine as glycosyl donors, respectively. Target products (4, 7, 12a, 12b, 13) were obtained after deprotection., Results: Five compounds (4, 7, 12a, 12b, 13) were synthesized as new compounds. The structures of all objective compounds were confirmed by 1HNMR, 13CNMR, HMQC, COSY, IR and MS., Conclusion: It was found that 12a showed better anti-inflammatory activity than (+/-) ibuprofen.