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Tree trunks with thick bark can be expected to serve as the potential water storage capacity. Moisture content is one of the most important indicators to monitor the physiological condition of tree trunks in the development of agriculture and forestry. Therefore, it is crucial to accurately obtain the thickness and relative dielectric constant of the layered medium in tree trunks. The growth and health status of trees can be evaluated to optimize the water management strategies. To this end, this study aims to invert the dielectric parameters of tree trunk layered structure using radar detection. Non-invasive detection was realized for the internal structure of tree trunk. The electrical characteristics of different layers were obtained for the medium layers in the tree trunk. According to Snell's law, the physiological structure of tree trunks were combined to construct the propagation model of radar signals in the layered structure of tree trunks. Electromagnetic properties of different media layers in tree trunks were considered, such as the thickness and relative dielectric constant differences of bark, sapwood, and heartwood. These key parameters were then evaluated using radar echo signals. In addition, the accurate inversion was also performed on the dielectric parameters of tree trunks using sparse decomposition. K-SVD dictionary training was combined to process and analyze radar signals. A software defined radio (SDR) platform was used to build a tree trunk detection radar system in the experiment. The accuracy of detection was further improved to easily adjust the operating frequency of the radar, and then modify the signal processing under different environments. Layer stripping algorithm was selected to invert the dielectric constant and thickness of the layered structure in the tree trunks. The echo signals detected by radar were collected to evaluate the performance of the improved model. A comparative experiments were conducted on the radar detection under two conditions: aliasing and no aliasing in the echo signal. In the absence of aliasing, the inversion errors of the relative dielectric constant and layer thickness of the tree trunk were within 2.93% and 3.5%, respectively; In the case of echo aliasing, the inversion errors of relative dielectric constant and thickness were 7.52% and 7.61%, respectively. The experimental results show that the robustness and practicality were achieved to accurately estimate the thickness and relative dielectric constant of the layered medium in tree trunks under different signal environments. Application prospects were also offered to promote the plant physiology. The finding can provide the accurate data support to monitor the tree health status. Effective technical references can also be provided to promote the garden management and water control in the sustainable agriculture and forestry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A poplar is one of the most important tree species in the northern temperate regions. There is the great difference in the growth state of poplar with different planting density and its response mechanism to climate factors. Tree ting characteristics (TRC) and tree measurement factors can provide the scientific basis for the sustainable management of forestry and the decision-making on countermeasures against meteorological change. This study aimed to clarify the response mechanism of poplar with the different planting densities to climatic factors using non-destructive measurement technology. A systematic analysis was implemented on the tree growth and response to meteorological factors under specific climatic conditions in the northern Jiangsu Plain. The research object was taken as the multi-density poplar plantation in the Chen Wei Forest field of Suqian City, Jiangsu Province, China. Resistograph resistance instrument was used to non-destructively measure the tree ring characteristics of 224 standard trees in four planting plots of poplar plantation. Six parameters were obtained, including ring width (RW), early wood width (EW), late wood width (LW), ring density (RD), early wood density (ED), and late wood density (LD). Five types of models were used to fit the growth model of ring width. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to cluster the ring characteristics of four planting configurations. Pearson correlation analysis was used to investigate the correlation between annual meteorological factors and tree ring metrology characteristics under different planting configurations. The results show that: 1) There was the significant influence in the tree measurement factors. The stand density increased with the decrease of row spacing. The form factors and form quotients of chest height gradually increased, and the stem shape was straight and full. 2) The logistic model was better fitted the radial growth of poplar with four planting configurations. The R² values reached above 0.94 for all models, indicating the better prediction on the growth of tree rings. 3) The principal component analysis showed that the trees with the same planting density but different planting configurations (3m×8m and 5m×5m, 4.5m×8m and 6m×6m) were clustered into the same category, where the contribution rate of tree-ring density and width factor were 49.1% and 28.9%, respectively. 4) Poplars with the similar planting density showed the similar responses to meteorological factors. By contrast, the poplars with the high planting density (400 plants /hm²) were more sensitive to air temperature than those with the low planting density (278 plants /hm²); 5) There were significant differences in the response of radial growth of standing trees to climate factors under the four planting configurations. The growth of ring width was depended on the wind speed YS, indicating a significant positive correlation (the correlation of early wood width EW reached 0.85 in the planting area with configuration of 6m×6m). There was a negative correlation between the ring density and the annual meteorological factors, among which the average annual relative humidity YRH showed a significant correlation in the four planting configurations, and the maximum was −0.82 in the 3m×8m planting configuration. 6) The seasonal response was found in the monthly meteorological factors. In spring, the temperature factor was negatively correlated with the ring characteristics, while the precipitation factor was negatively correlated with ring density, and the humidity factor was positively correlated with ring width. The correlation between wind speed and ring characteristics was the greatest, especially in spring, with the sparse planting configuration, the correlation between wind speed and ring characteristics increased gradually. Nondestructive measurement of tree ring characteristics can provide the radial data of tree-ring of multi-density poplar plantation. The ring width and ring density index of the poplar plantation shared a strong correlation with the meteorological factors under different afforestation densities in the study area. The finding can provide the great potential to reveal the effect of meteorological change on the growth and development of plantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultivation and utilization of forest resources, profit distribution, and sustainable development of forestry all contribute to clarifying the forest ownership and establishing a reasonable and effective forest right system. Anhui Province, with its vast territory and complex terrain, had a relatively low forest coverage rate before 1949. To improve the ecological environment and promote the sustainable development of forestry resources, various regions in Anhui started large-scale afforestation and forest nursery activities during the land reform period after the founding of New China. They undertook reforms to establish a forest tenure system, allocating forests to households and granting forest farmers ownership, usage rights, income rights, and disposal rights over the forests and timber. Though the issue of forest rights was extremely complex and involved a wide range of considerations, leading to continuous contradictions and disputes, under the correct leadership of the provincial party committee and various levels of party organizations, Anhui relied on the masses and adopted various effective measures to mediate forest disputes, clarify forest ownership, and form a diverse forestry system comprising state-owned forests, rural collectively-owned forests, and individual private forests owned by farmers. These efforts aimed to facilitate the recovery and development of forestry production, promote effective forestry management, and foster unity and mutual assistance among the people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background-It is of great significance to understand the afforestation policies in various stages and the reasons for their changes, and to sum up experiences and draw lessons from them, which will promote the greening of land and green development, improve ecological security and people's well-being in the new era. (2) Methods-The policies and regulations on afforestation were collected through field investigations, interviews and files access, and then the evolution logic between policies was explored by using historical method. (3) Results-Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, afforestation has gone through four stages: the period of afforestation by the whole people to serve the national construction ( 19491978), the period of afforestation by the Three-North shelter forest program to serve the reform and opening up (1978-1998), the period of natural forest protection and returning farmland to forest to serve the ecological construction (1998-2012) and the period of systematic governance to serve the ecological civilization (20122022). In the past 73 years, there have been three afforestation upsurges: the first upsurge was in 1956-1959, the second upsurge was in 1981-1986, and the third upsurge was in 2000-2005. The total forest coverage increased by 15. 42%, and the total forest stock increased by 7. 893 billion m3. From 1949 to 1978, the objective of afforestation was to serve the national construction, and its focus was in the areas severely affected by storms, sand, floods and droughts, in order to safeguard farmland and increase grain output. The forest coverage increased by 3. 4 percentage points and the forest stock decreased by 1. 34 billion m3. Since the reform and opening up, China attached equal importance to economic development and ecological protection, launched large -scale shelterbelt projects in ecologically fragile areas, and developed economic forests and timber forests in areas with good hydrothermal conditions. The forest coverage increased by 4. 55 percentage points and the forest stock increased by 1. 01 billion m3. At the turn of the century, China transformed its economic development mode to reduce resource consumption and promoted the sustainable development of forestry through such measures as returning farmland to forests, natural forest protection projects, classified management and ecological compensation. The forest coverage increased by 5. 08 percentage points and the forest stock increased by 5. 06 billion m3. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, concepts such as systematic governance, the "Two Mountains Theory" and the life community have been developed, some key projects have been continuously promoted, and more attention has been paid to urban and rural greening, carbon sinks trading, rest and health, forest culture, etc. The forest coverage increased by 2. 39 percentage points and the forest stock increased by 3. 063 billion m³. (4) Proposals-First, we should take into account the actual social, economic and ecological conditions, keep pace with The Times, and constantly adjust the afforestation policy. Second, the ecological projects are an effective way to implement afforestation policies. We should actively carry out a national survey of forest and grass resources, make overall planning and develop new forestry ecological projects according to local conditions, and consolidate and expand the achievements of national afforestation. Third, relying on science and technology, systematic governance and total factor input are important guarantee for the modernization of afforestation policies. Therefore, in order to solve the problems of insufficient total forest, poor forestland layout and low quality and efficiency, the following policy recommendations are put forward: First, speed up the scientific afforestation process, set off a new afforestation upsurge. Second, make use of the law of the relationship between forest and water, adjust and optimize the forestland layout, and promote the coordinated economic and ecological development of the eastern, central and western regions. Third, adhere to systematic governance, promote the forest chief system and scientific afforestation, in order to promote the high-quality development of forestry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background-China's forestry industry has achieved sustained and rapid development from 1987 to 2019. The total forestry output value increased from 21. 461 billion yuan to 458. 91 billion yuan. Studying the technical efficiency of forestry production and its development characteristics of regional differences is helpful to measure the status of forestry production and management and reform the forestry policies in the future. (2) Methods-This paper used the annual data of 30 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) from 1987 to 2019, which were obtained from the National Statistical Yearbook and the results of forest resources inventory. A time-varying dynamic threshold panel stochastic frontier model was constructed to measure the technical efficiency of forestry production in 30 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China from 1987 to 2019, and the technical efficiency of forestry production was analyzed in the context of the evolution process of forestry policies and regional heterogeneities. In addition, this paper analyzed the changes of forestry production technology level and average output elasticity of forestry production input factors in the four stages during the evolution of China's forestry policies from 1987 to 2019. (3) Results-Under the guidance of systems, policies and economic environments, the technical level of China's forestry production increased from 3. 06 to 99. 72, and the technical efficiency of China's forestry production showed obvious stage characteristics. In the stage of strengthening forest protection, the technical efficiency of forestry production decreased first and then increased slightly. In the stage of sustainable development, the technical efficiency of forestry production continued to decline. In the ecological construction stage, the technical efficiency of forestry production fluctuated and increased. In the new stage of ecological construction, although the technical efficiency of forestry production was low in the initial stage, it continued to increase. The differences between resources endowments and local policies led to the obvious regional characteristics of the technical efficiency of Chinese forestry production in the process of policy evolution. For a long time, the technical efficiency of forestry production in South China and North China was relatively high, the highest was 0. 69 and 0. 72, respectively. The technical efficiency of forestry production in the municipalities was at the medium level, with the highest being 0. 58. In the past 20 years, the technical efficiency of forestry production in northeast forest areas had been rising, the highest was 0. 51. The main purpose of forestry in non-suitable forest areas was ecological protection, and the technical efficiency of forestry production was always at a low level, the highest was 0. 37. Capital and labor contributed a lot to forestry output, but irrational input gradually appeared. In the first two stages of the policies evolution, the average elasticity of capital output in forestry was 2. 33 and the average elasticity of labor output in forestry was 5. 89 in some areas, but in the latter two stages, the average output elasticity of both not only declined gradually, but also made a negative contribution. Especially in areas with higher technical level, the average elasticity of capital output in forestry was -1. 05 and the average elasticity of labor output in forestry was -0. 90. Thus, the input of capital and labor was irrational. (4) Conclusions and Discussions-First, improve the multi-channel investment systems such as forestry human capital, forestlands circulation and forestry service systems. Second, strengthen the implementation the strategy of revitalizing forestry through science and education, accelerate the knowledge updating of forestry workers, promote the cooperation between government and colleges and cultivate high-quality forestry talents. Third, implement the strategy of sustainable forestry development, improve the efficiency of forestry production factors allocation, and strengthen the implementation of returning farmland to forests and forestlands ecological governance. Fourth, explore the advantages of local forestry and the development potential of undergrowth economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology (1008-0864) is the property of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The construction of forestry ecological environment monitoring is an urgent need for the healthy and sustainable development of forestry ecology. It is also the key to the protection of forest resources, the construction of ecological civilization and the improvement of forestry pest control system. Rapid, accurate and effective identification of forest pests can curb the spread of pests and diseases, promote the comprehensive management of forest pests and diseases, and reduce the harm to forestry production and ecological environment construction. In this paper, a deep learning method is proposed. Using the current powerful object detection algorithm YOLOv5 to achieve the detection and identification of forest pests. Overlapping and occluded objects often appear in pest images, so DIoU_NMS algorithm is used to select the target box to enhance the detection and identification accuracy of sheltered pests. Experimental results show that the proposed model can effectively identify nine forest pests in the dataset, with a precision of 0. 973, recall of 0. 929 and mean Average Precision (mAP) of 0. 942. Compared with YOLOv3 and Faster-RCNN, mAP is 0. 04 higher than YOLOv3 and 0. 087 higher than Faster-RCNN. It shows that the model has high recognition accuracy, good real-time performance and strong robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Forest Products Industry is the property of China Forest Products Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background--Forestry construction is the fundamental problem related to the sustainable development of economy and society. A new round of collective forest rights system reform gives farmers a relatively complete property rights structure. This paper explores the impact of property rights stability on farmers" investment in forestry infrastructure, which is very necessary to further deepen forest rights reform and sustainable development of forestry. (2) Methods--Based on the field survey data of 283 farmers in Nanping, Sanming and Longyan rural fixed observation points in Fujian Province, Logit model is used to verify the impact of property rights stability on farmers" investment in forestry infrastructure from three dimensions of factual stability, legal stability and perceived stability. Then, Tobit model is used to verify the impact of forest property rights stability on farmers" investment intensity of forestry infrastructure. Finally, heterogeneity analysis is conducted for farmers of different forest scales. Results--The results show that the stability of forest property rights in the three dimensions of fact, laws and perceptions does have an incentive effect on the farmers" investment in forestry infrastructure, and the stability of forest property rights in the dimensions of law and perception (5%) has a greater impact on the farmers" investment in forestry infrastructure than that in the fact dimension (10%). The stability of property rights deeply affects the input factors of farmers" investment in forestry infrastructure. The input of labor factors is more affected by property rights (1%), and the input of capital factors is more affected by external factors (10%). In addition, it is also affected by farmers" age, the family economic income, the village economy and the forest area. Among them, farmers" age and the average annual income of the family have a negative effect, while the village economy and the forest area have a positive effect. There is a great difference among farmers of different forest scales. The investment of large-scale forestry farmers in forestry infrastructure is much more affected by property rights stability than that of small-scale farmers. Moreover, capital factors in large-scale forestry farmers have a certain substitution effect on labor factors. Conclusions and Discussions--First, attach importance to the stability of legal and factual property rights, strengthen the protection of confirmed forest lands, have a good management and supervision of the right certificates, and build the "Sunlight Land" information platform. Second, pay attention to farmers" subjective perception of forest property rights, strengthen the publicity of forestry reform policies and legal knowledge of land property rights, strengthen farmers" consciousness of forestry production, and guide farmers to protect their rights. Third, actively promote the "Three Rights Separation" of collective forest lands, encourage the transfer and replacement of forest lands, cultivate new forestry management subjects, realize the concentration of forestry production resources, promote large-scale management and improve the construction of forestry infrastructure. Fourth, activate financial elements of forestry production, develop "Forest Bank", "Forest Insurance" and other businesses to provide necessary financial support and guarantee for the construction of forestry infrastructure, and guide diversified subjects to participate in investment supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background--The sixth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee points out that ecological civilization construction is a fundamental project concerning the sustainable development of the Chinese nation. Protecting the ecological environment means protecting productive forces, and improving the ecological environment means developing productive forces. Forestry productivity is an indispensable part of productive forces. Forestry is the main force of ecological civilization construction in the new era. Forestry plays a unique and critical role in the ecological civilization construction. The high-quality development of forestry is inseparable from the scientific guidance of Xi Jinping's ecological civilization thought. Only by thoroughly implementing Xi Jinping's ecological civilization thought and fully implementing it in various forestry system reforms and system construction can forestry development be changed from "quantity" to "quality" a new leap forward. Methods--This paper systematically analyzes the development course of the CPC's promotion of forestry ecological construction by using historical analysis method, and makes a normative analysis and judgment on how the CPC promotes forestry ecological construction. Through the analysis of existing literatures and national policy documents, we can understand the new concept of high-quality forestry development contained in Xi Jinping's ecological civilization thought, and explore the practical path of high-quality forestry development guided by Xi Jinping's ecological civilization thought. Results--First, there were four stages in the process of the CPC's promotion of forestry ecological construction. The New Democratic Revolution period (1921-1949): initiate local people to plant trees and begin to pay attention to the system to ensure forestry development; Socialist Revolution and Construction period (1949-1978): develop forestry in a planned way and protect forest ecology; The new era of Reform and Opening up and socialist modernization construction (1978-2012): Green forestry reform with "ecological focus"; the new era of socialism with Chinese Characteristics (2012-present): the sustainable development of forestry turns into a new stage of high-quality development. Second, the idea of sustainable forestry development contained in Xi Jinping's ecological civilization thought is as follows: "Demand-oriented theory": carry out further afforestation to meet people's green demands; "Value-oriented theory": adhere to the green development of industry, make ecological forestry benefit people; "Goal-oriented theory": promote high-quality development of forestry and enhance ecological civilization level. Therefore, coordinating the construction of ecological civilization and the high-quality development of forestry, and striving to write the chapter of forestry, can build a green road and build a solid foundation of ecological culture for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Conclusions and Discussions--The practical path of promoting high-quality development of forestry under the guidance of Xi Jinping's ecological civilization thought: First, promote afforestation in a scientific way and improve the quality of forests; Second, get through the transformation path of "Two Mountains" and promote the development of forestry industry chain; Third, deepen forestry reform comprehensively and pour a new driving force for high-quality forestry development; Fourth, implement "Forestry Going Global" strategy, promote domestic and international dual circulation; Finally, set up a forestry science and technology service platform and promote the development of forestry productivity through science and technology innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced development is being promoted toward the conservation and utilization of global biodiversity, with the rich biodiversity resources playing a key role in seizing the commanding heights of biotechnology. Therefore, it is of important value and significance to study and conserve the diversity of rare and endangered spermatophytes in Guizhou, China. Based on the investigation of rare and endangered spermatophytes, we selected 103 important scientific value, development and application prospect species, such as Camellia luteoflora, C. kweichowensis, etc. We studied the catalogue of plant species diversity, ex-situ conservation, seed biological characteristics, population dispersion dynamics, seedling breeding, and application of cultivation experiments, using a combination of several methods, namely tracing the original plant from the origin of the type specimen, investigation of the existing distribution area and population dispersion characteristics, endangered species assessment, mixed seed collection and ex-situ conservation, biological resource performance tests and resource evaluation. The results were as follows:(1)The 103 species of rare and endangered spermatophytes investigated in Guizhou were subjected to in-situ conservation measures, but so far, the effect on the reduction of endangered threat was not obvious, and rescue ex-situ protection was still necessary. The 103 species comprised 23 critically endangered(CR), 30 endangered(EN), 40 vulnerable(VU), 7 near threatened(NT), and 3 least concern(LC)species. According to the cultivation method of Pn≥Lf·Ee·Am for the ex-situ conservation inbreeding effective population(IEP)of the same geographical provenance, the ex-situ conservation and introductory cultivation experiment was performed in the Guizhou Botanical Garden. Among them, there were 33 national key protected species(3 650 wild plants), with an average survival rate of 95.47%; 70 endemic spermatophyta(11 010 plants), distributed in only a few areas of Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan and Guangxi, with an average survival rate of 95.80%. And the 30 200 m² planting nursery for plants was developed.(2)Using literature collection, big data, combined with GIS information tracking investigation and research, we found the new distribution areas for various species as follows: C. luteoflora was 2.5 km², C. longistyla was 1.5 km², C. delicata was 1.0 km², C. rhytidophylla was 6.0 km², C. rubituberculata was 20 km² and Acer guizhouense was 0.3 km². The data increment of the population in the new distribution area had no obvious impact on the evaluation effect of reducing the degree of endangerment.(3)Experiments on seedling breeding and applications on the following 20 species were performed, such as C. luteoflora, C. kweichowensis, et al. We established a seedling base across 13.4 hm² and bred more than 730 000 seedlings. We demonstrated cultivation across 310 000 plants distributed 140.0 hm² using sustainable forestry greening engineering methods, with the average survival rate of 92.00%-98.00%. The results provide a scientific basis for research on rare and endangered plants and the innovative utilization of germplasm [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preferential flow is widely considered to be a common phenomenon of water movement in soil. Currently, dye tracer can be one of the most efficient ways to characterize the preferential flow using soil-stained images. However, the general image processing software, such as Photoshop, Image Pro Plus, and Image J, cannot specifically extract the soil-stained images with inconsistent chromaticity and low contrast between dyed and non-dyed areas. A larger error occurs normally in the subsequent quantitative analysis for the preferential flow pathways. This study aimed to propose an automatic segmentation for preferential flow pathways using dyed tracer images and to further improve the accuracy and efficiency of quantification. An image processing was performed on the dyeing images of preferential flow, thereby quantitatively analyzing specific parameters. Firstly, brilliant blue dye was used to stain subsurface flow pathways in soil plots from natural secondary forest and hazelnut shrub forest during simulated rainfall events under dry conditions. The dyed tracer images were converted into the hue-saturation-value (HSV) space for the extraction of hue (H) component, in order to improve the contrast of dyed images and highlight the preferential flow path. Fuzzy C-means based on H component and morphology (HM-FCM) was selected to automatically segment the dyeing area. Morphological opening and closing arithmetics were used to fix under- and over-segmentation in the images. Secondly, mathematical statistics were selected to quantificationally analyze multiple indicators of soil preferential flow in the high-precision graphs of natural secondary forest and hazelnut shrub forest. The specific parameters included total dyeing area ratio, matrix flow depth, preferential flow ratio, and fractal dimension. The proposed segmentation well accurately identified the distribution of preferential flow pathways in forest soil and automatically segmented the dyeing area. Furthermore, multiple indicators were achieved for the subsequent evaluation of preferential flow and topological structure. Specifically, the preferential flow in the natural secondary forest occurred earlier than that in the hazelnut forest, whereas, the development degree of preferential flow in the natural secondary forest soil was higher than that in hazelnut forest soil. The dyeing areas of the two forests were generally concentrated in the soil layer of 0-50 cm, where the dyeing area ratio of hazelnut forest was higher than that of natural secondary forest. The water infiltration behaved mostly the uniform flow with less preferential flow. It was found that HM-FCM effectively segmented the soil dyeing areas of two forests. The segmentation accuracy was 87.9% for the images of natural secondary forest, and the harmonic mean was 90.5%, whereas, the segmentation accuracy was 83.3% for the images of hazelnut shrub forest, and the harmonic mean was 80.3%. There were different development degrees in the priority flow (P<0.05). The proposed automatic segmentation can be widely expected to identify the preferential flow and migration in the underground soil of various woodlands for sustainable forestry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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