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Glioma is often recurred after standard treatment due to its complex biological characteristics and the presence of glioma stem cells (GSCs). High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) can regulate the malignant progression of glioma through a variety of ways as an oncogene. This article reviews the relationship between HMGB1 gene and the prognosis of glioma patients, tumor pathological grading, GSCs, and the ways including non coding RNA pathway, autophagy pathway, tumor microenvironment, etc., in which HMGB1 gene regulates glioma, so as to provide the reference for the treatment of glioma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver fibrosis is a key step in the progression of chronic liver diseases to liver cirrhosis and even liver cancer. In recent years， a large number of studies have shown the necessity of intervening in the process of liver fibrosis, and various anti-liver fibrosis drugs and active ingredients have been discovered. Non-coding RNAs also play an important role in the process of liver fibrosis, and searching for upstream non-coding RNAs that can regulate signaling pathways can provide new insights for anti-liver fibrosis treatment. This article introduces the process of liver fibrosis mediated by the TGF-β, Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/ Akt/mTOR, NF-κβ, Hippo, and MAPK signaling pathways, lists the latest anti-liver fibrosis drugs or active components in each signaling pathway, and summarizes the research advances in anti-liver fibrosis targets and drugs mediated by related non-coding RNAs, so as to provide new research ideas and treatment methods for anti-liver fibrosis treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA), a kind of non-coding RNAs with a length of about 24-31 nucleotides, is specifically expressed in animal germ cells. The production process of piRNA can be divided into two parts: transcription in the nucleus and post-processing in the cytoplasm. piRNA can silence transcriptional genes, and regulates mRNA with the help of PIWI family proteins, and further regulates reproductive function. In male reproductive function, piRNA can control spermatogenesis by RNF8, glutathione peroxidase 5 and other proteins with the help of PIWI family proteins, resulting in azoospermia, oligozoospermia, asthenospermia and other diseases affecting male reproductive function. In the initial study of piRNA, researcher generally believed that piRNA had little effect on female reproduction. However, recent studies on golden hamsters found that piRNA/ PIWI also played an important role in the regulation of female reproductive function. The production of piRNA and its correlation with reproductive function were reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver fibrosis is the initial stage of the development of various chronic liver diseases into liver cirrhosis and is a reversible process. As a subset of extracellular vesicles that can carry active substances such as proteins, lipids, and RNA, exosomes are involved in intercellular signal communication and have attracted more and more attention in recent years. Studies have shown that non-coding RNAs in exosomes play an important role in the development and progression of liver fibrosis. This article discusses the mechanism of action of exosome long non- coding RNAs (including MALAT1, H19, GAS5, MEG3, PVT1, and P21), exosome short non-coding RNAs (including micro-RNA, small nucleolus RNA, PIWI-interacting RNA, and small interference RNA), and exosome circular RNA in the development and progression of liver fibrosis, and it is concluded that exosomes from different sources (such as hepatocytes and cholangiocytes) carrying non-coding RNAs mainly affect the activation, proliferation, migration, and transformation of hepatic stellate cells. In-depth studies of exosome non-coding RNAs in the future are expected to find potential new targets for the treatment of liver fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MicroRNA (miRNA) is a small non-coding RNA expressed endogenously, which can regulate approximately 30% gene expression via posttranscriptional function. Many studies indicate that miRNA plays a critical role in regulating the proliferation, migration and invasiveness of trophoblast. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is such a kind of non-coding RNA with length more than 200 nucleotides, which can regulate the proliferation, migration and invasiveness of trophoblast through epigenetic effect, the regulation of cellular cycle and cell differentiation. Moreover, the regular transduction of cellular signal pathway can keep the normal invasiveness of trophoblast to prevent it grows and invades without restriction like the tumor cells. Different RNA or signal pathway has different targets, which results in the change of invasiveness of trophoblast in different procedure. This paper aims at illuminating the effects and mechanisms of miRNAs, lncRNAs and related signal pathway on the invasiveness of trophoblast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) plays an extremely important role of regulation in many pathophysiological processes of organism, whose dysfunction is much related to the development and progression of tumors. It has become a research hotspot of many disease mechanisms recently due to its large number, variety and polytropic function. Endometrial carcinoma is one of the most common malignant tumors in female reproductive system, which has much relation with lncRNA. The research of lncRNA in endometrial carcinoma is becoming more and more. With the progressing of techniques and methods of the research, it will help reveal the development and progression of endometrial carcinoma to explore the regulation mechanism of lncRNA to endometrial carcinoma. It can also provide a new pathway to the primary diagnosis and treatment of this disease, and is likely to become a novel marker related to prognosis or a target of drug treatment. This article will summarize the research progression of lncRNA in endometrial carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, a number of animal experiments and epidemiological studies focused on the "Developmental Origins of Health and Disease(ＤＯＨａＤ)" theory have revealed that the DNA methylation, histone modification, the transcriptional regulation of non -coding RNA and other epigenetic modifications may play important roles in the development of embryonic-derived disease. Abnormal methylation of nr3c1 and 11β-hsd-2 gene affects the development of fetal nervous system, resulting in postnatal neurobehavioral depression, schizophrenia and other mental disorders. Histone deacetylase HDAC3 in the development of the second ventricle is correlated to the onset of human congenital heart disease, including morphological defects in the second ventricular development and extracellular matrix abnormalities. This review summarizes the research advances in epigenetic changes based on the development of embryonic-derived disease in order to provide reliable theoretical and experimental evidences for the prevention, clinical diagnosis and treatment of some embryonic -derived diseases [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) is a group of small RNAs about 30 nucleotides length that isolated from mammalian reproductive cells, which could bind to the Piwi proteins and regulate its corresponding function. piRNA mainly participates in the process of development of germ cells, silence of transposon, formation of heterochromatin, DNA integrity of germ cells, and so on. It contributes to steady heredity of hereditary substance. As small interfering RNA (siRNA), microRNA (miRNA) and piRNA is a kind of non-coding small RNAs founded in recent years. However, they are different in functions, gene distributions and characteristics. piRNA is essential for physiological modulation of spermiogenesis. The research of piRNA was further investigated, such as structural features, distribution and interactions with PIWI proteins. Furthermore, establishment of piRNA database will facilitate scientific research of piRNA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have shown that some long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are expressed abnormally in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue, and the expression of H19 gene in lncRNAs in HCC tissue is significantly higher than that in normal tissue. After the knockout of H19 gene, the proliferative and invasive abilities of HCC are significantly reduced. This article briefly introduces lncRNAs and H19 gene, the detection method for lncRNAs, and the value of H19 in the diagnosis of HCC and points out that H19 may be used in a method for the diagnosis of HCC. Further studies on the expression of H19 in HCC and rapid, simple, and economic detection of lncRNAs including H19 play important roles in the diagnosis of HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]