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In this paper, the reliability for a repairable system under G-mixed redundancy strategy is investigated. The system consists of four components and a repairman, in which the multiple vacation policy of the repairman is adopted so that the human resources can be fully utilized. The phase-type (PH) distribution is used to describe various random variables in the model. A system reliability model with better commonality is developed, and some reliability indexes of the system are obtained in both transient and stationary regimes by employing matrix-analytic method. Finally, the applicability of the model is verified by numerical examples, and the system reliability under G-mixed redundancy strategy is compared with that under K-mixed redundancy strategy. The results show that the proposed reliability model under G-mixed redundancy strategy is significantly higher than that under the K-mixed redundancy strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In order to improve the quality of tourism, in view of the development of health care tourism mode and path in Dandong area, combined with the actual local tourism resources, the author puts forward hot spring health, forest health and leisure vacation health care tourism modes. In order to promote the development of health care tourism model in Dandong, it is necessary to take effective measures in implementing the government’s unified planning, improving the construction of health tourism infrastructure, and striving to build a health tourism brand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In order to promote the high-quality development of tourism industry in Liaoning Province under the normalization of epidemic prevention and control, the tourism demand of residents in Liaoning Province was investigated by questionnaire to determine the change and development trend of tourism demand. The results show that in the next year, residents in Liaoning Province pay more attention to travel safety and costs, tend to leisure vacation tourism products, and are more fond of to health tourism than before the epidemic. The travel mode of self-driving tour and the organization mode of self-help tour have been widely concerned. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the safety and health supervision of tourism destinations, introduce products that meet the new consumption demand and innovate tourism products and publicity modes, so as to help the revitalization and upgrading and achieve high-quality development of tourism industry in Liaoning Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

From the perspective of traveling experience, the scenic byway is no longer the only tourist transit or tourism passage as experiencing scenic byways has become a new travel motive, which reflects the spatial mobility of tourism industry elements. Regarding "on the road" traveling experience as the major travel motivation of tourists, this paper believes that the scenic byway system performs the function of direct expression of tourists traveling experience rather than the traditional tourism highway system that transits tourist flow. Recognizing the scenic byway system as a special derived form of tourism destination, the paper analyzes the rationality of scenic byway system as a new linear experience space and expounds the theoretical analysis of this derived form of tourist destination. Their characteristics are summarized using relevant domestic and international case studies. Taking the Tongling- Huangshan section of the Beijing-Taiwan Expressway in southern Anhui as an example, this paper explores the necessity and importance of developing the scenic byway in the region, proposes the construction components of linear tourism experience space and summarizes the differences in development connotation. The introduction of the linear experience space profoundly expands the existing tourism research on the scenic byway system and provides a new direction for tourist destinations development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Southern Yangtze University: Humanities & Social Sciences Edition is the property of Jiangnan Daxue and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, a k-out-of-n:G repairable system with a repair facility and one repairman who takes multiple vacations is studied. By using the Markov analysis method, we obtain the recursive expressions for the stationary state probabilities of our repairable system. Furthermore, some important performance characteristics such as the steady-state availability of the system, mean time to the first failure, failure frequency of the system, the probability for the repairman being busy, the steady-state unavailability of the repair facility, the expected number of failed components and the expected waiting time of failed components are derived. Finally, we present a special case of 6-out-of-10:G repairable system and study the influence of the vacation rate of repairman and the failure rate of repair facility on several performance characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tourism industry in China has been transformed and improved by the creation of tourist resorts ; such resorts otter specialized areas in which tourists can enjoy various vacation activities. While developmental models have long been a hot topic in both domestic and international research on tourist resorts, extant literature has rarely theoretically discussed and explained changes in developmental models. The locus of this article is on the case study of Yalong Bay National Tourist Resort (YBNTR) in Sanya, Hainan Province. The resort is one of China' s longest established and most famous tourist resorts. The developmental models of YBNTR have experienced a number of changes, shown as follows. The initial stage (1988 ~ 1995) featured local government (that is, the Sanya municipal government) in an all-dimensionally dominant position. This stage then changed, seeing the main developer (Yalong Development Company Limited) as the dominant actor for more than a decade (1995 ~ 2008). However, the current stage (2008-present) again places the local government in the dominant position, but in coordination with the main developer (Yalong Development Company Limited). This study also confirms that the evolution of the developmental models of YBNTR displays path dependence. Two approaches are discussed in this article to better understand path dependence in institutional changes, namely 'Road Juncture' and 'Trodden Path'. The 'Road Juncture' approach is adopted here to integrate with the theory of Institutional Cost. Thus, an explanatory proposition for the formative mechanism of path dependence in developmental model changes is constructed and explained. It is also demonstrated in this study that within the key time junctures of deciding the developmental model for YBNTR, the influential actors such as local government (the Sanya municipal government), developers (the Yalong Development Company Limited) and nearby communities (the villages of Liupan and Bohou) were theoretically provided with many choices. However, the existence of transaction costs (or within the context of this research, the institutional costs) have structured the potential options of the influential actors in the following two ways: on the one hand, the opportunity costs of giving up the previous developmental model and its institutional arrangements should be fully calculated and taken into account; and on the other hand, the potential added costs of adopting a new developmental model should also be fully and carefully calculated and considered. In addition, institutional legacy, the bargaining capacity of the interest groups (for example, the main developer, nearby villagers and municipal governments) have also influenced the institutional costs and institutional returns in different directions and to varying extents, and have therefore conditioned and restricted the future directions and trajectories of developmental model changes. By adopting a case study approach and a theoretical integration strategy, the findings derived from this study can otter important contributions to explain institutional changes in Hainan in particular, and in transitional China in general, while also expanding and deepening previous theories on path dependence in institutional changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of globalization, tourism industry is developing rapidly. As a result, the culture changes in tourist destinations are increasingly significant, which has become a public concern. However, existing studies mostly focus on the socio - cultural impacts of tourism development, lacking theoretical explanations. American scholar, George Ritzer, developed a theoretical framework of "nothingness" and " somethingness" to analyze the growing globalization. "Being nothing" is an important concept in sociology, which is defined by George Ritzer as "a social form without specialties and substance". He believes that the notion of "being nothing" is rapidly expanding in our social life under the background of globalization, including the field of tourism. This means the state of " being nothing" and/or "something" can be used to explain the phenomenon of culture changes in tourism destinations. Lijiang ancient town, UNESCO's world cultural heritage site, has attracted many tourists from all over the world. However, its original culture has experienced some changes. Taking ancient town's bars as an example, the appearance of the bars is the beginning of the petty culture which does not belong to Lijiang's original culture. This is an impact of tourism on the original culture. The ancient town's bars are expanding with the development of tourism, and bar streets are formed as a result. In the bar street, most bars have become a place for visitors to seek romance with other visitors, converting the original culture of encounters to somewhat deviant visitor behavior. This is another impact on the original culture. The changes of Lijiang's original culture reflect the expansion of the notion of "nothingness", however, the ancient town's bars have become another "business card" of Lijiang, representing the ancient town's tourism culture. Therefore, for cultural tourism destinations, the interaction between "nothingness" and "somethingness" is more complicated. On the basis of interviews and observations from two field research trips, this thesis aims to study the process of culture changes in Lijiang, using the development of its bars as an example. By analyzing the notion of "nothingness" and "somethingness" in the development of bars, the authors try to discuss the driving forces of culture changes in Lijiang, with the following findings; First, the ancient town's bars are "nothing" to Lijiang's original culture, while they are "something" to Lijiang's tourism culture. The bars being both "nothing" and "something" reflects the complication of Lijiang's culture changes after tourism development. Second, the conversion from "nothing" to "something" in the development of bars in Lijiang is the result of the interactions between globalization and localization. Globalization boosts the expansion of bars as "being nothing", while localization adds specificities to the bars as "being something". Finally, tourism development is the root cause of the coexistence of bars being both "nothing" and "something", and of the dynamic conversions between the two modes. Tourism accelerates the speed of globalization. As a result, the local culture is becoming "nothing" gradually. However, seeking heterogeneous experience is a basic motivation of tourists; this means tourism destinations should maintain local characteristics. The motive for satisfying tourists' demand turns "nothing" into another kind of "something". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial system in tourist destinations is a complicated and sensitive system, which could be easily influenced by various factors inside and outside space, especially by the changes of market factors. The paper, based on an in-depth analysis of traditional tourist spatial system driven by external tourist demand, its shortage and forming mechanism, reconstructs a new tourist spatial system under more balanced condition of internal and external demand, combining with the real changes of constant rise of local tourist demand under the strategic backdrop of national leisure and expanding domestic demand. This system is of such connotations as good spatial external environment, smooth and high efficient information flow, easily and smoothly developed tourist destination, convenient and multi-level tourist passages and internal and external tourist markets with balanced and complementary trend so as to supplement and improve traditional tourist spatial system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourist seasonality is universal feature of tourist activities and a hard nut to crack for the operation of theme parks. The paper, taking theme parks in Shenzhen Overseas Chinese Town (Happy Valley, Window of the World and Splendid China & Cultural Village) as an example, makes an analysis of the seasonality of tourist flows during peak seasons and its affecting factors by selecting tourist data between Spring Festival golden week in 2002 and Spring Festival golden week in 2008. The study indicates that time concentration of tourist flows in theme parks is pretty low; in the theme parks with increased proportion of short-range market and repeat visitors; the concentration degree of tourist flows is being reduced with each passing year. Different types of theme parks present different market structure and climate requirements and there exists distinct difference in the fluctuation of tourist flows during golden weeks. The peak days appear in the first half of vacation, and the peak period of tourist flows is usually short. Based on this and combining studies in the past, the paper sums up general regulation for peak days during golden weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]