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The transformation of emission rights to real right attempts to prove the real right of emission right by searching for means of ownership of matriarchal rights, but it actually subverted the relationship between matriarchal rights and son's rights, and wavers the foundation of property system in civil law, which regards the ownership as the very core. Its charming theoretical building based on environmental capacity, one term in environmental science, became eclipsed because of the special condition of air environment capacity resources and the application of other more workable law concepts in reality. As a strategic means to control pollution, the existing laws of various countries neither make clear nor shun the legal property of property right of emission rights, but approve its property right characteristics within administrative permission, such as exclusiveness and exchangeability. The putting forward of new property theories make people reconsider the legal feature of dumping rights: first, it owns the reasonable core of property interest and the exterior property of administrative permission, and bridges over the fields of public powers and private rights; second, to protect emission rights, we need to prevent the improper invasion of public rights, and also important is a fair initial allocation of emission rights by the government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the value of high-resolution three-dimensional black-blood magnetic resonance imaging (3D-BB-MRI) in quantitative measurement of carotid atherosclerotic plaque by comparison with two-dimensional black-blood magnetic resonance imaging (2D-BB-MRI)., Methods: Forty patients were scanned with routine 2D and oblique-sagittal 3D-BB-MRI. The original oblique-sagittal 3D images were reformatted to an axial 2D-like dataset. Two experienced radiologists identified the interested slice in consensus for every patient (unilateral carotid artery) in 2D-BB-MRI images and matched the axial reformatted 3D images with 2D black-blood images. Plaque thickness (PT), lumen area (LA) and total vessel area (TVA) were measured, and lumen stenosis (LS) and normalized wall index (NWI) were calculated., Results: There was no measurement difference between 2D-BB-MRI and reformatted 3D-BB-MRI (P>0.05), and these two methods had a good correlation (r<0.9). The Bland-Altman chart showed that 2D-BB-MRI and 3D-BB-MRI were in good agreement in the measurement of PT, LA and TVA., Conclusion: 3D-BB-MRI and 2D-BB-MRI have no obvious difference in quantitative measurement of the carotid plaques. 3D-BB-MRI can demonstrate the vessels and plaques by multiplanar reconstruction and thus have better performance in evaluating carotid atherosclerosis compared with 2D-BB-MRI.

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility by oblique sagittal T(1)-weighted (QIR-FSE) black-blood sequence for measurement of the carotid bifurcation angle., Methods: Twenty-three patients undergoing carotid magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were divided in normal group and plaque group. Carotid bifurcation angle was measured by both 2D-TOF and oblique sagittal T(1)W (QIR-FSE) black-blood sequence, and the measurement was repeated after 3 months to evaluate the reproducibility. The measurement results using 2D-TOF and oblique sagittal T(1)W (QIR-FSE) black-blood sequence were compared to assess the consistency of the two sequences. Four different angles of each carotid artery were measured from different locations on oblique sagittal T(1)W. The ratio of the bilateral carotid bifurcation angle (Right/Left) was compared., Results: Ten patients in each group were enrolled after excluding 3 patients. Strong correlations were found between the results of the first and the second measurements for both 2D-TOF and oblique sagittal T(1)W sequences. No significant difference was found between the two sequences in the ratio of bilateral carotid bifurcation angle (right/left), nor in the 4 angles from different locations., Conclusion: Oblique sagittal T(1)-weighted (QIR-FSE) black-blood sequence can be used to measure the carotid bifurcation angle.