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Gegen Qinlian Decoction (GQD) is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine formula for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance (IR). The effects of GQD treatment on intestinal flora and its metabolism, however, are yet to be understood. In this study, the effects of GQD treatment on the fecal metabonome of high fructose-induced IR rats were investigated with a 1H NMR-based approach. The IR model was established by feeding the rats with 10% fructose solution for 8 consecutive weeks. The animals in the GQD treatment group were gavaged with GQD daily (18.2 g/kg/day) from the 5th to 8th week. Compared with control group, The IR rats showed significantly increases in water/food intakes, body weight and IR index at the ends of the 4th and 8th week. The fasted plasma glucose (FPG) level of the IR rats increased by the end of the 8th week. The GQD treatment lowered the IR index and normalized fecal metabonome by increasing the levels of propionate, acetate, succinate, taurine and glycerol, while decreasing the levels of n-butyrate, alanine and glutamate. These results indicated that the GQD treatment induced positive changes in amino acid metabolism, fatty acid oxidation and gut microbiota metabolism in the IR rats.

Consumers' psychological contract is dynamically changing, prone to many factors in the process of service delivery. Based on the literature review, this paper analyzes the impact of consumer participation and perceived service quality upon consumers' psychological contract. Using an empirical study of the haircut industry, the results show that consumer participation and perceived service quality affect consumers' psychological contract, and the effect of consumer participation on consumers' psychological contract is partly moderated by perceived service quality. Comparing the path coefficients, the effect of consumer participation on transactional consumers' psychological contract is stronger than the effect of consumer participation on relational consumer psychological contract, and the effect of perceived service quality on relational consumers' psychological contract is stronger than the effect of perceived service quality on transactional consumers' psychological contract. The results could enrich the theory of influencing factors on consumers' psychological contract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hawthorn has the efficacy of eliminating turbidity and lowering the blood lipid level, and it is used for treating hyperlipidemia in clinic. However, the bioactive components of hawthorn are still unclear. In this study, the spectrum-effect relationship was employed to screen the bioactive components of hawthorn in the treatment of hyperlipidemia, and then the bioactive components screened out were verified in vivo. Furthermore, the quality control method for hawthorn was developed based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS). The hyperlipidemia model of rats was built, and different polar fractions of hawthorn extracts and their combinations were administrated by gavage. The effects of different hawthorn extract fractions on the total cholesterol(TC), triglycerides(TG), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-C) in the serum of model rats were studied. The orthogonal projections to latent structures(OPLS) algorithm was used to establish the spectrum-effect relationship model between the 24 chemical components of hawthorn and the pharmacodynamic indexes, and the bioactive components were screened out and verified in vivo. Finally, 10 chemical components of hawthorn, including citric acid and quinic acid, were selected to establish the method for evaluating hawthorn quality based on LC-MS. The results showed that different polar fractions of hawthorn extracts and their combinations regulated the TG, TC, and LDL-C levels in the serum of the model rats. The bioactive components of hawthorn screened by the OPLS model were vitexin-4″-O-glucoside, vitexin-2″-O-rhamnoside, rutin, citric acid, malic acid, and quinic acid. The 10 chemical components of hawthorn, i.e., citric acid, quinic acid, rutin, gallic acid, vitexin-4″-O-glucoside, vitexin-2″-O-rhamnoside, malic acid, vanillic acid, neochlorogenic acid, and fumaric acid were determined, with the average content of 38, 11, 0.018, 0.009 5, 0.037, 0.017, 8.1, 0.009 5, 0.073, and 0.98 mg·g~(-1), respectively. This study provided a scientific basis for elucidating the material basis of hawthorn in treating hyperlipidemia and developed a content determination method for evaluating the quality of hawthorn.

This study was aimed at identifying the bioactive components of the crude and stir-baked hawthorn for invigorating spleen and promoting digestion, respectively, to clarify the processing mechanism of hawthorn by applying the partial least squares(PLS) algorithm to build the spectrum-effect relationship model. Firstly, different polar fractions of crude and stir-baked hawthorn aqueous extracts and combinations of different fractions were prepared, respectively. Then, the contents of 24 chemical components were determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The effects of different polar fractions of crude hawthorn and stir-baked hawthorn aqueous extracts and combinations of different fractions were evaluated by measuring the gastric emptying rate and small intestinal propulsion rate. Finally, the PLS algorithm was used to establish the spectrum-effect relationship model. The results showed that there were significant differences in the contents of 24 chemical components for different polar fractions of crude and stir-baked hawthorn aqueous extracts and combinations of different fractions, and the gastric emptying rate and small intestinal propulsion rate of model rats were improved by administration of different polar fractions of crude and stir-baked hawthorn aqueous extracts and combinations of different fractions. The bioactive components of crude hawthorn identified by PLS models were vitexin-4″-O-glucoside, vitexin-2″-O-rhamnoside, neochlorogenic acid, rutin, gallic acid, vanillic acid, citric acid, malic acid, quinic acid and fumaric acid, while neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, rutin, gallic acid, vanillic acid, citric acid, quinic acid and fumaric acid were the bioactive components of stir-baked hawthorn. This study provided data support and scientific basis for identifying the bioactive components of crude and stir-baked hawthorn, and clarifying the processing mechanism of hawthorn.

Based on the previous research results of our group and literature research, the chemical components, mechanisms, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of Zingiberis Rhizoma Carbonisata were summarized to determine the quality markers(Q-markers) of Zingiberis Rhizoma Carbonisata and Zingiberis Rhizoma. Our research group has clarified the differential components of Zingiberis Rhizoma Carbonisata and Zingiberis Rhizoma, the meridian-warming hemostatic effect of Zingiberis Rhizoma Carbonisata, the related targets and pathways of the effect, the endogenous biomarkers of Zingiberis Rhizoma Carbonisata, and the hemodynamic processes of Zingiberis Rhizoma Carbonisata and Zingiberis Rhizoma. Moreover, based on high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(HPLC-DAD-ESIMS), a method for determining the content of Q-mar-kers was established. In conclusion, the study finally determined that gingerone, 6-shogaol, and diacetyl-6-gingerol were the Q-mar-kers of Zingiberis Rhizoma Carbonisata decoction pieces, and 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, and 10-gingerol were Q-markers of Zingiberis Rhizoma decoction pieces. The result is expected to provide a reference for the establishment of quality standards for Zingiberis Rhizoma Carbonisata decoction pieces and Zingiberis Rhizoma decoction pieces.

The volatile oil of Curcumae Rhizoma has many active components,which are the key to the quality of Curcumae Rhizoma. Exploring the difference between volatile oil of different kinds of Curcumae Rhizoma facilitates the quality control and rational application of resources. In this study,GC-MS was applied to realize online qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of the chemical composition spectrum of volatile oil from Curcuma wenyujin( CW),C. phaeocaulis( CP),and C. kwangsiensis( CK). Forty components were identified and their fingerprints were compared and evaluated. Hierarchical cluster analysis( HCA),principal component analysis( PCA),and orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis( OPLS-DA) were adopted to analyze the overall and outlier data. The results showed that the whole data could be divided into three kinds according to each analysis mode,and the volatile components of Curcumae Rhizoma vary greatly among species. PCA explored the difference between outliers and the mean value of the group and found that some volatile oils from CW may be greatly affected by the origin. By OPLS-DA,the samples from Zhejiang were able to gather,but those from Guizhou remained isolated,indicating the influence of growing environment on Curcumae Rhizoma metabolites. Based on VIP results combined with the heat map,characteristic volatile oil components of Curcumae Rhizoma from different varieties were screened out: curdione and linalool for CW; 2-undecanone for CP; humulene,γ-selinene,and zederone for CK. The GCMS method established in this study describes Curcumae Rhizoma samples comprehensively and accurately,and the characteristic components screened based on chemometrics can be used to distinguish Curcumae Rhizoma from different varieties and give them unique pharmacodynamic significance,which is fast,convenient,stable,and reliable and supports the rational application of Curcu-mae Rhizoma resources. It is found that the region of origin has great influence on CW,which is worthy of further study.

This study aimed to establish a rapid and accurate method for identification of raw and vinegar-processed rhizomes of Curcuma kwangsiensis, in order to predict the content of curcumin compounds for scientific evaluation. A complete set of bionics recognition mode was adopted. The digital odor signal of raw and vinegar-processed rhizomes of Curcuma kwangsiensis were obtained by e-nose, and analyzed by back propagation(BP) neural network algorithm, with the accuracy, the sensitivity and specificity in discriminant model, correlation coefficient as well as the mean square error in regression model as the evaluation indexes. The experimental results showed that the three indexes of the e-nose signal discrimination model established by the neural network algorithm were 100% in training set, correction set and prediction set, which were obviously better than the traditional decision tree, naive bayes, support vector machine, K nearest neighbor and boost classification, and could accurately differentiate the raw and vinegar products. Correlation coefficient and mean square error of the regression model in prediction set were 0.974 8 and 0.117 5 respectively, and could well predict curcumin compounds content in Curcuma kwangsiensis, and demonstrate the superiority of the simulation biometrics model in the analysis of traditional Chinese medicine. By BP neural network algorithm, e-nose odor fingerprint could quickly, conveniently and accurately realize the discrimination and regression, which suggested that more bionics information acquisition and identification patterns could be combined in the field of traditional Chinese medicine, so as to provide ideas and methods for the rapid evaluation and stan-dardization of the quality of traditional Chinese medicine.

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance(~1H-NMR) is used to investigate the effect of Renshenjian Decoction on serum and urine metabolism of type 2 diabetic rats with insulin resistance induced by high-sugar and high-fat diet combined with low-dose streptozotocin(STZ). After the successful establishment of the insulin resistance model of type 2 diabetes, administration for 35 days, the serum and urine of rats were taken. Once the ~1H-NMR data have been collected and processed, PCA and OPLS-DA were used to analyze them. The results show that: compared with the blank group, the contents of methionine, taurine, α-glucose and β-glucose in the serum of the model group increased significantly(P<0.001), while the contents of 3-hydroxybutyric acid, lactic acid and unsaturated fatty acids decreased significantly(P<0.01). In the model group, the contents of trimethylamine oxide, glycine, α-glucose, β-glucose, taurine and phosphocholine in urine increased significantly(P<0.05), while the contents of creatine, lactic acid, acetic acid and citric acid decreased significantly(P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the contents of 3-hydroxybutyric acid and unsaturated fatty acids in serum of rats in the treatment group increased significantly(P<0.05), while the contents of taurine, α-glucose and β-glucose decreased significantly(P<0.01). In the treatment group, the contents of lactic acid, taurine and creatine in urine increased significantly(P<0.05), while the contents of trimethylamine oxide, glycine, α-glucose, β-glucose and phosphocholine decreased significantly(P<0.01). The results show that Renshenjian Decoction can regulate metabolic disorder and promote the metabolic phenotype to return to the normal range. It displayed therapeutic effect on type 2 diabetic rats with insulin resistance and provided a certain scientific basis for the biological basic research of Renshenjian Decoction by improving insulin resistance in diabetes mellitus.

Serum metabonomic profiles of the model of focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion is established with the suture-occluded method by Longa to study the effect of ginsenosides. In this study, 48 rats were randomly divided into six groups: sham-operated group, pathological model group, positive drug group(6 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)) and high, medium, low-dose ginsenosides groups(200, 100, 50 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)). They are given intragastric administration respectively with same amount of 0.5% CMC-Na,nimodipine and ginsenoside for 5 days. At 2 h after the final administration, the model was established with the suture-occluded method, and free radical-scavenging activity changes of ginsenoside were observed by maillard reaction, and Longa was possible used as a renoprotective agent-occluded method. At the end of 24 h after the reperfusion, the hemolymph of rats in each group was collected, and the ~1H-NMR spectrum was collected after being treated by certain methods, and analyzed by principal component analysis(PCA). Compared with sham-operated group, pathological model group showed significant increases in the levels of lactate, glutamate, taurine, choline, glucose and methionine, but decreases in the levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate and phosphocreatine/creatine in serum. After treatment with ginsenosides, lipid, 3-hydroxybutyrate and phosphocreatine/creatine were increased in the serum of ginsenosides group rats, but with decreases in lactate and glutamate. The results showed that ginsenosides could regulate metabolic disorders in rats with focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion, and promote a recovery in the process of metabolism. It's helpful to promote the metabolic changes in rats with focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion via ~1H-NMR, and lay a foundation to develop ginsenosides as a new drug to treat ischemic cerebral paralysis.

Target discovery is the core of elucidating the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine( TCM),and it is also the key to correlate the chemical composition and pharmacological action of TCM. The traditional target screening methods such as the activitybased probe profiling,affinity chromatography,and protein microarray are commonly used in the past,however,which are limited in TCM due to the complexity of small molecules existed in the herbal medicine. The label-free small molecule probe is a recently well-applied technology in the target discovery of natural products,which is characterized by discovering the small molecule-protein ligation without any structural modification at the ligands,and is therefore suitable to the complex chemical constituents in TCM. Furthermore,this method is conducted on the basis of proteome,which is advanced in the discovery of new or multiple target proteins of TCM. Owing to the potential of label-free probe in the target discovery of TCM,its analytical principle,application status,and general protocol were reviewed in this paper. The label-free probe technology is anticipated to accelerate the mechanism-uncovering of TCM.

The PK-PD correlation models by using pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics were applied to study the material basis of Naomaitong,a clinical empirical prescription for the treatment of cerebral apoplexy,in inhibiting the death of PC12 nerve cells induced by Na_2S_2O_4 and Glu. In this experiment,PC12 cell death models induced by Na_2S_2O_4 and Glu were established respectively.With LDH lateral leakage and NO content as pharmacodynamic indexes,PK-PD model was established by SVM algorithm to evaluate the effective components of Naomaitong in inhibiting neural cell death. The results showed that the positive correlation of emodin methyl ether-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,aloe emodin,chrysophanol,rhein,emodin,ginsenoside Rg1,ginsenoside Rc,3'-methoxypuerarin and ligustilide was significant,obviously improving the LDH release and NO content. The results indicated that the contribution of Radix Puerariae Lobatae Radix and Rhei Radix et Rhizoma in Naomaitong could protect the nerve cell death induced by Na_2S_2O_4 and Glu respectively. PK-PD model was used to screen the neuroprotective components in Naomaitong,revealing the possible pharmacodynamic material basis of Naomaitong in the treatment of cerebral ischemia injury.

This research aims to develop an UHPLC method, based on core-shell column(i.e. superficially porous particles), for simultaneous determination of eight isoflavonoids including formononetin,(6αR,11αR)-3-hydroxy-9,10-dimethoxypterocarpan, calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,(3R)-7,2-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyisoflavone, calycosin, ononin,(6αR,11αR)-9,10-dimethoxypterocarpan-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and(3R)-7,2-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyisoflavan-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside in Astragali Radix. The analysis was performed on an Agilent Poroshell EC-C_(18 )column(2.1 mm×100 mm, 2.7 μm) with 0.2% formic acid solution(A)-acetonitrile(B) as mobile phase for gradient elution. The flow rate was 0.5 mL·min~(-1), with column temperature of 40 ℃ and the wavelengths were set at 260 and 280 nm. According to the results, all calibration curves showed good linearity(R~2>0.999 8) within the tested concentration ranges. Both the intra-and inter-day precisions for 8 isoflavonoids were less than 0.80%, with the mean recovery at the range of 94.71%-104.6%. Thus, the newly developed UHPLC method using core-shell column owned the advantages in terms of rapid analysis, low column pressure and less solvent consumption, thus enabling the usage of conventional HPLC systems. Meanwhile, quantitative evaluation was carried out for 22 batches of commercial Astragali Radix. It has been found that great variations occurred for the content of the individual isoflavonoids among different batches; in contrast, the total content of total 8 isoflavonoids(>0.1%) was stable in most samples, indicating that it was reasonable to involve all isoflavonoids as the chemical markers for the quality control of Astragali Radix.

The system model of Chinese herbal medicine process is the basis for improving the precision of pharmaceutical process and ensuring the stable transmission of quality between different sections of the process. By taking the wet granulation-tableting process as the research object and using the Panax notoginsengs sapions (PNS) as a model drug, multi-block partial least squares method (MBPLS) was used in this article to build the system model of Chinese herbal medicine process, analyze the mass transmission rules in the process and improve the understanding on pharmaceutical process system of Chinese medicine. According to the process flow, the quality attributes of raw materials, granules and tablets collected in the process were divided into different data blocks, and the MBPLS method was used to establish system model. The R²Y and Q²Y of MBPLS model were 89.1% and 65.5%, respectively, indicating that the performance of the MBPLS model was good. By analyzing the parameters of MBPLS model, it was determined that the physical quality attributes of PNS raw materials and quality attributes of PNS granules were the key factors to affect the quality of PNS tablets. The particle size, bulk density and tapped density of PNS raw materials were the critical quality attributes which caused the quality variations of PNS granules and PNS tablets. MBPLS can quantify the contributions of each unit to the product quality by dividing the quality attributes into different units. It was helpful to analyze the interactions between the process units of Chinese herbal medicine and it could be applied to build system model of other Chinese herbal preparations processes., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Pancreas metabonomic profiles of the type 2 diabetic rats' induced by streptozotocin(STZ) and high-sugar, high fat diet on the treatment of Renshenjian decoction(RSJD) after 8 weeks were investigated.In this study, 48 Rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal control (NC), Pathological model (PM), Renshenjian decoction(RSJD 3.76 g·kg⁻¹) and glimepiride control (GC 0.04 mg·kg⁻¹). They are induced insulin resistance model of type 2 diabetes mellitus by streptozotocin(STZ) after 4 weeks' high-sugar, high fat diet except for NC. After sucessful modeling, they are given intragastric administration respectively with same amount of saline, RSJD and glimepiride in 4 weeks. At the end of the 8th week, the pancreatic tissue of rats in each group was collected, and the ¹H-NMR spectrum was collected after being treated by certain method, and analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA). Compared with NC's rats, we found PM's a significant elevation in the level of leucine/isoleucine, valine, lactic acid, creatine but reduction in the level of inose and less obvious changes in the level of creatine, cholic acid, taurine in pancreatic extract. After having been recieved RSJD, reduction level in leucine/isoleucine, valine, alanine, creatine, choline, taurine are also found in pancreatic extract of RSJD's rats, together with the increase of creatinine and tryptophan levels. The results showed that RSJD could regulate the level of amino acids in pancreas of IR rats, promoting a recovery in the process of metabolism. It's helpful to simulate the metabolic changes of IR rats via ¹H-NMR for a further understanding to study the mechanism how RSJD treat IR rats., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Objective: To explore the curative effect of epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKIs) combined with Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) versus single EGFR-TKIs for Advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)., Methods: A total of 59 NSCLC patients with EGFR mutation were divided (2:1) into treatment group and control group. Patients in treatment group (39 cases) take EGFR-TKIs plus TCM and control group (20 cases) take EGFR-TKIs. Analysis the progression-free survival (PFS), disease control rate (DCR) and treatment-related adverse events of two groups., Results: The DCR of the treatment group and control group was 94.1% and 84.2% respectively ( P =0.24). In the total population, PFS was 12.1 months in treatment group and 9.1 months in control group [hazard ratio ( HR ) 0.46; 95% CI 0.23-0.9; P =0.025]. Among patients with exon 19 deletion (19-del), PFS between treatment group and control group was 10.5 months and 9.5 months respectively ( P =0.17). For patients with exon Leu858Arg point mutation (L858R), PFS was significantly longer with treatment group than withcontrol group (median 13.2 months vs. 7.8 months; HR 0.32, 95% CI 0.10-0.97; P =0.046). Grade 3-4 treatment-related adverse events were less common withtreatment-group (8.33 %) than control group (15.00%) ( P =0.65)., Conclusion: For NSCLC patients with EGFR mutation, EGFR-TKIs combined with TCM has a certain effect to prolong PFS, especially for the patients with L858R., (Copyright© by Editorial Board of Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Science Edition).)

Angiogenesis is a dynamic, multi-step process. It is known that about 70 diseases are related to angiogenesis. Both the experimental and the literature reports showed that Sophora flavescens inhibit angiogenesis significantly, but the material basis and the mechanism of action have not been clear. In this study, molecular docking was used for screening of anti-angiogenesis flavonoids from the roots of S. flavescens. One handred and twenty-six flavonoids selected from S. flavescens were screened in the docking ligand database with six targets(VEGF-a,TEK,KDR,Flt1,FGFR1 and FGFR2) as the receptors. In addition, the small-molecule approved drugs of targets from DrugBank database were set as a reference with minimum score of each target's approved drugs as threshold. The LibDock module in Discovery Studio 2.5 (DS2.5) software was applied to screen the compounds. As a result, 37 compounds were screened out that their scores were higher than the minimum score of approved drugs as well as being in the top of 10%. At last the mechanism of flavonoids anti-angiogenesis was preliminarily revealed, which provided a new method for the development of angiogenesis inhibitor drugs., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

To observe the effect of processed Polygonum multiflorum on mRNA expression levels of five subtypes of CYP450 enzymes in rat liver. SD rats were randomly divided into the normal control group, processed P. multiflorum high dose and low dose groups (5.40 g•kg⁻¹ and 1.08 g•kg⁻¹). The rats in administration groups were continuously given with processed P. mutiflorum for 7 days by ig administration, and the rats in normal control group were given with the same volume of distilled water. After successive administration of 7 days, the serum biochemical indications were detected, and Real-time quantitative PCR technology was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of five subtypes of CYP450 enzymes in rat liver. Experimental results showed that AST was decreased significantly in both low and high dose groups. ALT was significantly decreased in low dose group and significantly increased in high dose group. The mRNA expression levels of five subtypes of CYP450 enzymes in rat liver were decreased in high dose and low dose groups in a dose-dependent manner. Especially the high dose processed P. multiflorum could significantly inhibit CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 mRNA expression levels in rats. The study showed that high dose P. multiflorum water extract had hepatotoxicity, and the degree of liver damage was increased with the increase of dose. It shall be noted that 5.40 g•kg⁻¹ water extract of P. multiflorum could significantly inhibit CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 mRNA expression levels in the liver of rats., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

To elucidate the intervention effects of Jiaotai pills(JTP) on p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA)-induced insomnia in rats and its underlying mechanism, the insomnia model was established by single intraperitoneal injection with PCPA in rats. The locomotor activity of rats was observed, and the levels of nerve growth factor(NGF) in hypothalamus, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and serum of rats were determined by using ELISA. Moreover, a proton nuclear magnetic resonance(¹H-NMR)-based metabonomic approach was developed to profile insomnia-related metabolites in rat serum and hippocampus and analyze the intervention effects of JTP on changes in underlying biomarkers related to locomotor activity, NGF and insomnia. According to the results, JTP could significantly suppress the locomotor activity of insomnia rats, and increase the NGF levels in hypothalamus, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and serum of rats with insomnia. The disturbed metabolic state associated with PCPA-induced insomnia in rat serum and hippocampus could be intervened by JTP. Meanwhile, six and five potential biomarkers related to insomnia in rat serum and hippocampus were reversed by administration of JTP. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated that JTP had protective effects against PCPA-induced insomnia in rats, which was probably correlated with regulation of NGF level and metabolism of amino acids, lipids and choline., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Objective: To investigate the mechanism of Yiqi Chutan recipe( YCR) in the treatment of lung cancer with splenasthenic syndrome from the perspective of the endoplasmic reticulum stress( ERS)., Methods: 60 mice were successfully modeled as Lewis lung cancer mice with spleen deficiency, which were randomly divided into model group( normal saline),cisplatin group( 1 mg / kg),low dose( 2 g/kg) YCR group, middle dose( 4 g/kg) YCR group,high dose( 8 g/kg) YCR group and the combined medication group( YCR 4 g/kg + cisplatin 1 mg / kg),with 10 mice in each group. The mice were killed after 14 days,the size and weight of tumor in mice were measured,morphological changes of tumor were observed by HE staining method, the expression of CHOP and DR5 protein in tumor tissue was detected by immunohistochemical method and Western blot method., Results: Compared with model group, the volume and weight of tumor in cisplatin group, middle dose YCR group, high dose YCR group and combined medication group were significantly decreased( P < 0. 01),and the tumor cells in transplanted tumor were large necrosis and the protein expression of CHOP and DR5 were increased significantly( P < 0. 01). The effect in treatment of lung cancer with splenasthenic syndrone in combined medication group was higher( P < 0. 05 or P < 0. 01)., Conclusion: Yiqi Chutan recipe has different degrees of inhibition on lung cancer, the combined use of cisplatin can obviously improve the curative effect. The mechanism may be related to up-regulating the expression of CHOP and DR5 in endoplasmic reticulum stress-related proteins.

Objective: To investigate the active components and potential mechanism of Puerariae Radix in improving insulin resistance by using network pharmacological method., Methods: Key target proteins related with insulin resistance were selected based on molecular docking technology, and then took the selected components with 31 target proteins of four pathways for docking. Meanwhile, component-target proteins network was established to network analysis by software Cytoscape 3. 2. 1., Results: 19 compounds had close interactions with four pathways such as AMPK. There were 13 compositions can verify through literature, which revealing that active ingredients and potential molecular mechanism of Puerariae Radix in improving insulin resistance, preliminarily., Conclusion: The network pharmacological method is helpful to explore the possible active components in Puerariae Radix and elucidate the mechanism.

To establish a new identification method of Gypsum Fibrosum with FTIR and analyze different kinds of the sulfate mineral medicine with clustering method. With the use of FTIR, identify different kinds of sulfate mineral medicine, such as gypsum fibrosum, gypsum ustum and natrii sulfas , in addition, clustering method and first derivative spectra are used to analyze the intrinsic relationship in these kinds of sulfate mineral medicine. What’s more, 24 batches of Gypsum Fibrosum samples which from different production are analyzed with FTIR; then the spectrum control fingerprint with pattern is established with common peaks; at last the similarity between the simple spectrum fingerprint and the spectrum control fingerprint is calculated with angle cosine value and correlation coefficient. There are distinctions about the wave number, the peak position, the spike and the peak intensity in the infrared spectroscopy and first derivative spectra. Therefore, the sulfate mineral medicine is divided into two main regions with the based on these clusters: put the gypsum fibrosum and gypsum ustum in the same class, the natrii sulfas in the other class. Between 400 and 4 000 cm-1, the experiment showed that 24 batches of samples were more than 0.980 0. Provide a new, rapid and specificity method for identification and standard of gypsum fibrosum and build a successful cluster analysis about the sulfate mineral medicine.

Objective: On the basis of molecular docking,to study the mechanism of Panax ginseng in the treatment of ischemic stroke., Methods: The small molecules of Panax ginseng based on molecular docking technology docked with 20 key targets protein of cerebral ischemia, and multi-component protein target network was established by Cytoscape 3. 1. 1 software. At the same time,the two active molecules of the Panax ginseng of Rb2 and 20( R)-ginsenoside Rg2 were also analyzed by VEGF and Caspase-3,which were the key protein in brain ischemia., Results: There were 31 active molecules of Panax ginseng combined strongly with five or more than five protein targets after molecular docking, and only four active molecules of Panax ginseng combined strongly with ten or more than ten protein targets. The two active molecules of Rb2 and 20( R)-ginsenoside Rg2 in the Panax ginseng had a very strong combination with VEGF and Caspase-3,respectively,and the docking scores were more than 7. 0., Conclusion: Molecular docking technology screening active substances of Panax ginseng plays a practical significance in the treatment of ischemic stroke, which offers the foundation to study the chemical constituents of composite prescription.

Objective: To establish a method of simultaneously determining gallic acid,5-HMF,catechin and paeonol in the different processing degrees of Moutan Cortex charcoal by HPLC,and to compare the difference., Methods: The HPLC separation was carried out on a UltimateTMXB-C18column( 250 mm × 4. 6 mm,5 μm) with a mobile phase of acetonitrile and water containing 0. 5% formic acid. The flow rate was 1. 0 m L / min at 30 ℃ column temperature,and the detection wavelength was 245 nm., Results: The contents of gallic acid and 5-HMF were increased with the extension of processing time,but declined when it reached to a certain extent. And the contents of catechin and paeonol were decreased in the heating process., Conclusion: The differences of compounds content in different processing degree of Moutan Cortex charcoal were greatly. It provides a scientific basis for quality standard of Moutan Cortex charcoal.

Objective: To study the inhibition and mechanism on lung cancer A549 cells xenografts in BALB / c nude mice., Methods: 40 BALB / c mice were selected to establish lung cancer xenografts models with human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells,which were randomized into model group,cisplatin group( 0. 002 g / kg), Yiqi Chutan Formula low-dose group( 3. 0 g / kg),Yiqi Chutan Formula high-dose group( 6. 0 g / kg) and combination group[Yiqi Chutan Formula 6. 0( g / kg) / cisplatin 0. 002( g / kg) ], with eight mice in each group. Yiqi Chutan Formula was given once a day with 0. 2 m L from 8th day after modeling,and successive medication for14 days. After given cisplatin with 0. 2 m L by intraperitoneal injection once a day in 17 th day,and modeling for 5 days. The tumor weight and tumor volume were detected. And the tumor inhibitory rate were calculated. The expression of CNX and XBP1 was detected by immunohistochemistry,Western blotting and and real-time quantitative PCR., Results: Compared with the model group, the tumor weight and the tumor volume were lower in cisplatin group, Yiqi Chutan Formula high-dose group and combination group( P < 0. 01);and the combination group was better than the cisplatin group( P < 0. 01). The results of immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and real-time quantitative PCR showed that, compared with the model group, the expression of CNX and XBP1 were lower in cisplatin group, Yiqi Chutan Formula high-dose group and combination group( P < 0. 01),and the combination group was better than the cisplatin group( P < 0. 05 or P < 0. 01)., Conclusion: Yiqi Chutan Formula can inhibit A549 lung cancer cells in BALB/c nude mice. Combined with chemotherapy drugs, the killing effect on lung cancer can be enhanceed. Its mechanism may be related to down-regulating CNX and XBP1 to inhibit the unfolded protein response to lead to apoptosis.

In recent years, network pharmacology has been developed rapidly, and especially, the concept of ″network target″ has brought a new era in the field of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The integrity and systematicness emphasized in network pharmacology comply with the characteristics of holistic view and treatment in Chinese medicine. It can provide deeper insights into the underlying mechanisms of TCM theories, including the illustration on action mechanism of Chinese medicine, selection of pharmacodynamic materials and the combination principles of various Chinese herbs, etc. Therefore, this theory is more suitable for TCM academic characteristics and practical conditions. The key problem in network pharmacology is how to efficiently and quickly identify the interactions between large amounts of drugs and target proteins. As an efficient and high throughput way, drug-target prediction technology can reduce costs, quickly predict the component targets, and provide foundation for the application of TCM network pharmacology. In view of the large amount of compounds and target databases, different prediction methods and technologies have been developed, and used to predict the drug-target interactions. Many virtual screening technologies have been successfully applied to network pharmacology. Based on different prediction principles, drug-target prediction technology can be generally divided into four types： ligand-based prediction, receptor-based prediction, machine learning and combined prediction. In this paper, we are going to review the prediction methods of drug-target interactions and give acomprehensive elaboration of their application in network pharmacology of TCM, hoping to provide beneficial references for various Chinese medicine researchers., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Action mechanism and material base of compound Danshen dripping pills in treatment of carotid atherosclerosis were discussed based on gene expression profile and molecular fingerprint in this paper. First, gene expression profiles of atherosclerotic carotid artery tissues and histologically normal tissues in human body were collected, and were screened using significance analysis of microarray (SAM) to screen out differential gene expressions; then differential genes were analyzed by Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and KEGG pathway analysis; to avoid some genes with non-outstanding differential expression but biologically importance, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) were performed, and 7 chemical ingredients with higher negative enrichment score were obtained by Cmap method, implying that they could reversely regulate the gene expression profiles of pathological tissues; and last, based on the hypotheses that similar structures have similar activities, 336 ingredients of compound Danshen dripping pills were compared with 7 drug molecules in 2D molecular fingerprints method. The results showed that 147 differential genes including 60 up-regulated genes and 87 down regulated genes were screened out by SAM. And in GO analysis, Biological Process ( BP) is mainly concerned with biological adhesion, response to wounding and inflammatory response; Cellular Component (CC) is mainly concerned with extracellular region, extracellular space and plasma membrane; while Molecular Function (MF) is mainly concerned with antigen binding, metalloendopeptidase activity and peptide binding. KEGG pathway analysis is mainly concerned with JAK-STAT, RIG-I like receptor and PPAR signaling pathway. There were 10 compounds, such as hexadecane, with Tanimoto coefficients greater than 0.85, which implied that they may be the active ingredients (AIs) of compound Danshen dripping pills in treatment of carotid atherosclerosis (CAs). The present method can be applied to the research on material base and molecular action mechanism of TCM.

To explore the effective ingredients and mechanism of Ligusticum wallichii in treating brain ischemia. Four brain ischemia-related target proteins were selected in the joint screening for the 45 component in L. wallichii reported in literatures based on molecular docking by reference to the corresponding drugs in the market. According to the docking results, multiple components in L. wallichii, such as phthalides, were superior to the corresponding drugs in the market, suggesting that they may be the major effective components in L. wallichii for treating brain ischemia. The method can be used to study the material base and molecular mechanism of traditional Chinese medicines.

Objective: To study the inhibitory effect of Yiqi Chutan Recipe on the transplanted tumor through endoplasmic reticulum UPR-mediated approach., Methods: 40 lung cancer A549 cells models transplanted in nude mice were established. On the 7th day of inoculation, mice were randomly divided into model group( saline group) , Cisplatin group (0.002 g/kg), Yiqi Chutan Recipe low dose group (3.0 g/kg), Yiqi Chutan Recipe high dose group(6. 0 g/kg)and Yiqi Chutan Recipe (3.0 g/kg)with Cisplatin group (0.002 g/kg). Each aforementioned group had eight mice. Mice were treated by Yiqi Chutan Recipe to gavage one time a day, for 21 days, and by Cisplatin Injection to intraperitoneal injection one time a day, for 7 days. On the 22th day, all mice were executed to death. Then each tumor's weight and volume were measured, and the expression of Caspase-4 and DNA-PK protein were detected through immunohistochemical method and Western blot method., Results: Compared with model group, the tumors' volume and weight of Yiqi Chutan Recipe high dose group and Yiqi Chutan Recipe with Cisplatin group were decreased, but the expressions of Caspase-4 and DNA-PK protein in tumors were increased (P < 0.01). Yiqi Chutan Recipe with Cisplatin Group had the better effect (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Yiqi Chutan Recipe has a certain inhibitory effect on A549 lung cancer in mice and its possible mechanism is relevant to the increase of expression of Caspase-4 and DNA-PK protein.

To establish a phenylketonuria screening model by FTIR/ATR spectroscopy, and to compare the effects of different pretreatment methods, such as baseline correction, smoothing, derivation, Fourier deconvolution, on the model quality. A consensus partial least squares regression method (cPLS) was used to build the quantitative model of phenylalanine in dried blood spots. The effects of different pretreatment methods on the model performance were investigated, using the correlation coefficient (r), root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), mean relative error (MRE) and predictive accuracy (Acc). The nine-point smoothing coupled with the first differential was found to perform the best. Compared with the model by the original spectra, its r, RMSEP, MRE and Acc were improved from 0. 822 7, 115. 8, 0. 395 and 94. 6 to 0. 889 9, 102. 2, 0. 286 and 100, respectively. With the advantages of fast speed, easy process, no reagents consumption and environmental protection, the present method is expected to become a simple and green technology for rapidly screening the neonatal phenylketonuria in a large population.

Objective: To apply molecular docking technology for virtual screening of active molecules of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, and to explore the effective substances., Methods: 21 key targets proteins related with cerebral ischemia with 52 compounds of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma based on molecular docking technology were combined to select active small molecules. Meanwhile, multi-component protein target network was established by software Cytoscape 2. 8. 1., Results: It was identified that 23 of those compounds had strong interactions with no less than 10 targets by virtual screening of molecular docking., Conclusion: The method of virtual screening based on molecular docking can be used to find the active components of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma in treatment of cerebral ischemia. It provides the reference for research on multi-targets of Chinese medicine compound.

Objective: To study the chemical constituents of Armadillidium vulgare., Methods: Compounds were isolated and purified by various column chromatography, spectroscopic methods were used to identify their structures., Results: Seven compounds were isolated from Armadillidium vulgare and identified as vulgarine A (1), o-hydroxylbenzoic acid (2), dipyrrolopiperazine-2,5-dione (3), 4(1-H)-quinolone (4), adenine (5), n-acetyltyramine (6) and 4-methyl-5-thiazoleethanol (7)., Conclusion: Compound 1 is a new alkaloid, compounds 3-7 are all nitrogen containing substances, which are isolated from Armadillidae family for the first time.

Objective: To develop a UHPLC method for determination of 3'-hydroxy puerarin,puerarin, 3'-methoxy puerarin, daid- zin, and daidzein in Puerariae Lobatae Radix from different habitats., Methods: The analysis was carried out on an Agela Venusil MP C18 (100 mm x 2. 1 mm, 3 µm) column. The mobile phase was composed of 0. 1% formic acid and methanol with gradient elution. The de- tection wavelength was set at 250 nm., Results: The standard curves of five components showed a good linearity in 12. 41 ~ 248. 24 ng(r =0. 9999), 58. 82 ~ 1 176. 47 ng(r =0. 9997), 12. 65 ~252. 94 ng(r=0. 9999), 12.14 ~ 242.82 ng(r=0. 9998), and 1. 82 ~ 36.30 ng(r =0. 9997), respectively. The average recoveries were 99. 03% ~ 100. 32%, and RSD values were 0. 26% ~ 1. 37%., Conclusion: This method is simple, quick,reproducible and can be used to control the quality of Puerariae Lobatae Radix.

To collect small molecule drugs and their drug target data such as enzymes, ion channels, G-protein-coupled receptors and nuclear receptors from KEGG database as the training sets, in order to establish drug-target interaction models based on the random forest algorithm. The accuracies of the models were evaluated by the 10-fold cross-validation test, showing that the predicted success rates of the four drug target models were 71.34%, 67.08%, 73.17% and 67.83%, respectively. The models were adopted to predict the targets of 26 chemical components and establish the compound-target-disease network. The results were well verified by literatures. The models established in this paper are highly accurate, and can be used to discover potential targets in other traditional Chinese medicine ingredients.

To investigate the intervention effects of Morinda officinalis How. on 'Kidney-yang deficiency syndrome' induced by hydrocortisone in rats, the metabolic profiles of rat urine were characterized using proton nuclear magnetic resonance and principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to study the trajectory of urinary metabolic phenotype of rats with 'Kidney-yang deficiency syndrome' under administration of M. officinalis at different time points. Meanwhile, the intervention effects of M. officinalis on urinary metabolic potential biomarkers associated with 'Kidney-yang deficiency syndrome' were also discussed. The experimental results showed that in accordance to the increased time of administration, an obvious tendency was observed that clustering of the treatment group moved gradually closed to that of the control group. Eight potential biomarkers including citrate, succinate, alpha-ketoglutarate, lactate, betaine, sarcosine, alanine and taurine were definitely up- or down-regulated. In conclusion, the effectiveness of M. oficinalis on 'Kidney-yang deficiency syndrome' is proved using the established metabonomic method and the regulated metabolic pathways involve energy metabolism, transmethylation and transportation of amine. Meanwhile, the administration of M. officinalis can alleviate the kidney impairment induced by 'Kidney-yang deficiency syndrome'.

Objective: To establish a new method for quality evaluation and validate its feasibilities by simultaneous quantitative assay of five alkaloids in Sophora flavescens., Method: The new quality evaluation method, quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker (QAMS), was established and validated with S. flavescens. Five main alkaloids, oxymatrine, sophocarpine, matrine, oxysophocarpine and sophoridine, were selected as analytes to evaluate the quality of rhizome of S. flavescens, and the relative correction factor has good repeatibility. Their contents in 21 batches of samples, collected from different areas, were determined by both external standard method and QAMS. The method was evaluated by comparison of the quantitative results between external standard method and QAMS., Result: No significant differences were found in the quantitative results of five alkaloids in 21 batches of S. flavescens determined by external standard method and QAMS., Conclusion: It is feasible and suitable to evaluate the quality of rhizome of S. flavescens by QAMS.

Objective: To study the chemical components in Yiqing capsule by UPLC-ESI-MS-MS and its anti-inflammatory activity in vitro., Methods: The mass spectrometer equipped with an eletrospray ion source in positive ion mode was used and data of mass spectrum and mass/mass spectrum were analyzed; FTIR was used to detect the characteristic spectra of ten bcathes of Yiqing capsule. Compared the spectra by principal component analysis and cluster analysis; RAW264.7 cell model induced by LPS was established to study the inhibitory effect of Yiqing capsule on the release of NO., Results: Totally twelve chemical components were analyzed by the established UPLC-ESI-MS-MS method; The results of the principal component analysis and the cluster analysis indicated that there were significant differences between the sample (batch number: 120703) and other different batches of samples; Yiqing capsule could inhibit the release of NO induced by LPS in a dose-dependent manner at the concentration of 1 - 100 micromol/L., Conclusion: UPLC-ESI-MS-MS and FTIR which are rapid, convenient and effective, can be used for quality control of Yiping capsule; Yiqing capsule exhibites anti-inflammatory activity in vitro.

Objective: To evaluate the methodological qualities of clinical therapeutic research papers published in Chinese Journal of Pediatrics and find out the weaknesses and defects in the literature of clinical therapeutic research in China., Methods: The clinical therapeutic research articles from Chinese Journal of Pediatrics, which were published in the years 1999, 2000, 2001, 2009, 2010 and 2011, were analyzed manually, after dividing into randomized controlled trials (RCT) and non-randomized controlled trials. The methodological quality of RCT articles were evaluated by Consolidated Standards for Reporting of Trials (CONSORT) and Jadad scale, while non-RCT reports were assessed by specific evaluation standard criteria and analytical table. And the group A (1999 - 2001) and group B (2009 - 2011) of the quality documents were compared and analyzed., Results: Seventeen RCTs were included. Based on the items in the CONSORT statement, the reporting quality of sample size determination, demographic baseline, random principle, blinding, lost to follow-up were all lower than 50%. Fourteen (82.4%) in the 17 RCTs mentioned 'eligibility criteria for participants', 11 (64.7%) RCTs mentioned 'details of the interventions', 15 (88.2%) RCTs mentioned 'adverse effects'. Compared with RCT reports in the year of 1999, 2000 and 2001, the methodological qualities of those in 2009, 2010 and 2011 were not improved. In the 17 RCTs, the total score achieved based on the Jadad scale, only 11.8% (2 out of 17) were high-quality trials (≥ 3 points). Analysis of the 28 non-RCTs, which were included and assessed by evaluation criteria and evaluation table, also showed some disadvantages on some key items., Conclusions: The methodological quality of clinical therapeutic research reports should be consistent with the standards of international evaluation, pediatric clinicians should improve know ledge in clinical epidemiology, clinical trial methodology, and improve the quality of research reports.

Objective: To understand the related factors of rabies epidemic and provide the basic data for rabies control and prevention in China by statistic and retrospective analysis of rabies surveillance data in 2010., Methods: We used descriptive epidemiology method and statistic analysis to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of rabies in 2010 of China., Results: 2048 rabies cases were rabies cases were reported in 817 counties (districts) in 2010, which dropped 7.46% compares to 2009. The incidences in children and elder people were high; farmers are main occupation of the cases, the male to female ratio of the cases was 2.44:1. Children and older people are higher acquired rabies than other age population. 640 cases reported through national rabies sentinel surveillance system, 87.50% cases were caused by exposed to dogs, bite was the main exposure reason. The situation of deposing wounds was poor, and the use of vaccine was still low in individual cases, but in the rabies clinic cases under surveillance, the vaccine usage can reach 98%, the usage of immunoglobulin (RIG) or anti-serum for category III exposure in either group cases was not high., Conclusion: The epidemic of the rabies in 2010 was eased, Out-patient post-exposure prophylaxis was in good station, but there are still lots of problem existed: post-exposure prophylaxis of individual case was not desirable yet.

To study the consensuses on lung cancer treatment by Chinese medicine experts from North China and South China, and to analyze their medication features from viewpoints such as the medication frequency, combination laws, medication classification by collecting 800 recipes on the treatment of lung cancer patients prescribed by 8 Chinese oncologists from Guanganmen Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Results showed that coix seed, poria, pinelliae tuber were the three herbs most commonly used in treatment of lung cancer by all experts. They generally accepted Pi invigorating and phlegm removing method as the basic treatment method for treating lung cancer. Secondly, they usually used white peony root, heterophylla falsestarwort root, and ophiopogonis tuber, etc. (with higher medication frequency) to nourish yin and moisten Fei. Thirdly, consistency was also shown in clearing heat, detoxication, and anticancer. Smilacis glabra, Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae, Herba Hedyotis diffusae, Herba Scutellariae Barbatae were herbs used by all experts. However, there were differences between oncologists in North China and South China. Oncologists in South China paid more attention to heat toxin and blood stasis, while those in North China paid more attention to supplementing both qi and yin.

Objective: To screen the antithrombotic active fraction of Naodesheng., Methods: The collagen and adrenaline-induced thrombosis by tail intravenous injection in mice was used. Based on orthogonal design, the support vector machine model was established for pharmacodynamics prediction of TCM prescriptions., Results: The model established in this study could predict the drug actions of different combinations., Conclusion: The pharmacodynamic actions of several formulas are superior to that of the original formula and CD has the best effect.

Objective: To investigate the effects of Yiqi Chutan Recipe (YCR, a Chinese herbal prescription for invigorating qi and removing phlegm) on the growth and metastasis of tumor, survival time, and the expressions of peroxiredoxin (PRDX-1 and PRDX-6) in tumor tissue of C57BL/6J mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma., Methods: Lewis lung carcinoma cells were transplanted to 90 C57BL/6J mice receiving preconditioning for inducing Pi-deficiency syndrome and divided into three groups treated respectively with saline, high dose YCR (3.0 g/kg) and low dose YCR (1.0 g/kg) once a day via gastric infusion. Besides, a group of 30 healthy mice simply received tumor cell transplantation was set up for controls. Ten mice selected from each group were sacrificed 21 days later, the size, weight and lung metastasis foci of tumor in mice were measured, and expressions of PRDX-1 and PRDX-6 in tumor tissue were detected using immunohistochemical method. The survival time of the remained 20 mice in each groups was observed., Results: Tumor size, weight and the numbers of lung metastatic foci were (1.14 +/- 0.30) cm3, (0.83 +/- 0.26) g, (6.20 +/- 2.53) foci in the high dose YCR treated group, which were significantly lower than those in the control group [(2.83 +/- 0.35) cm3, (2.08 +/- 0.28) g, and (8.60 +/- 1.84) foci] respectively, also lower than those in the saline treated group [(2.29 +/- 0.49) cm3, (1.67 +/- 0.33) g and (8.70 +/- 2.00) foci]. The median survival time in the three groups, in above order, were 29.00 +/- 0.89 days, 22.00 +/- 0.75 days and 21.00 +/- 0.53 days; the average survival time in them 29.60 +/- 0.53 days, 22.90 +/- 0.50 days and 20.95 +/- 0.44 days; the PRDX-1 expression were 0.15 +/- 0.03, 0.52 +/- 0.07 and 0.61 +/- 0.09; and the PRDX-6 expression were 0.12 +/- 0.02, 0.43 +/- 0.06 and 0.56 +/- 0.07, all showed significant difference in comparing the indices in the high dose treated group with those in the control group and in the saline treated group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The tumor growth inhibition rate was 50.30% in the high dose YCR group with life prolongation rate of 41.29%, all better than those in the low dose YCR treated group (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: YCR can remarkably inhibit the growth and metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma in mice with Pi-asthenia syndrome, prolong their survival period, and its mechanism is possibly related to the reduction of over expressed PRDX-1 and PRDX-6.

Objective: To understand the situations of home establishments and the related domestic behaviors that causing injuries., Methods: A total of 9760 families with regular residents in a community in Shanghai were investigated. Questionnaire was designed based on the Guidelines for Conducting Community Surveys on Injuries and Violence and International Classification of External Causes of Injuries., Results: Inside the home settings, relative factors were found on issues as fire protection and using of electricity. In terms of household settings, 14.85% of the families had smoke alarm systems in the kitchen; 40.75% had no windows set for emergence. 50% to 70% of the residents had the idea of safe behaviors, including 35.93% of the families stored cleaning products, other chemicals or medical substances in alternative containers, such as used drinking bottle. Only 1.81% of the people being investigated thought that home was also a high risk place where injury might occur and it was placed number 9 in a multiple choice questionnaire. Data from the multiple level model analysis showed that factors as number of family members, space, education, profession etc. were closely related to the situation of home settings and their resident's behaviors., Conclusion: Many injury related factors were found related to home establishments and people's daily behaviors at home which called for interventions to be taken.

Objective: To investigate the status of infection and distribution of rabies virus (RV) in different epidemic areas in China., Methods: Brain specimens from animals and suspected patients were collected at the districts of high-, medium- and low incidence rates of human rabies and detected by both direct Immunofluorescence assay (DFA) and RT-PCR., Results: 254 of 3007 specimens of dog brains showed RV positive by DFA (positive rate of 8.4%). Among these 254 samples, 78 showed positive (positive rate of 30.7%) by RT-PCR. 93 specimens from dogs and cats that had attacked human beings, 63 of them showed positive by DFA (positive rate of 67.7%) and all of them were also positive by RT-PCR. In addition, RV could also be detected in Apodemus agrarius, ferret badger, and suspected patients specimens from the districts under survey. There was no statistical difference between the infection rates of RV in different provinces and regions with different incidence of rabies., Conclusion: There might be a relatively high infection rate of RV among the domestic dogs/cats in the endemic areas in China. Wild animals might have been infected with RV in the districts under survey.

Objective: To investigate the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, therapeutic approaches and outcomes of parasitic encephalopathy., Methods: A retrospective study was carried out to analyze 78 cases of parasitic encephalopathy in Huashan Hospital between June 2003 and June 2008., Results: There were 52 male and 26 female patients with a mean age of (34.5+/-11.4) years. Among these patients, 32.1% (25/78) had a history of eating raw, neurocysticercosis accounted for 78.2% (61/78), cerebral sparganosis 15.4% (12/78), cerebral paragonimiasis 3.8% (3/78), and cerebral toxoplasmosis 2.6% (2/78). The common clinical features were epilepsy, headache, nausea, vomiting, vision and hearing loss, facial paralysis and mental retardation. Internal medical therapy resulted in an improvement in 69.2% of the patients. 7 out of 9 patients got improved or cured by combined surgical and internal medical treatment. 42 cases were diagnosed as parasitic encephalopathy while 36 cases (46.1%) were once misdiagnosed as other disorders., Conclusion: Parasitic encephalopathy is associated with a history of eating raw, with a high rate of misdiagnosis. Internal medicine combined with surgery is an effective way for the therapy.

Using the nasopharyngeal airway to promote stool drainage is currently limited in general clinical practice. This situation has led to periannal skin care administered by nursing staff not meeting patient expectations for treatment efficacy and speed of recovery. According to previous statistics, the incidence of perianal excoriation was 60.71% in critically ill patients with liquid stool. This project was designed to promote more widespread use of the nasopharyngeal airway to contain watery diarrhea and improve skin lesions. Reasons for not using the nasopharyngeal airway to promote stool drainage identified by the authors included: 1. unclear nursing standards with regard to such procedures; 2. physician resistance to the use of such and 3. lack of education programs related to such procedures. Improvement strategies included: 1. modifying nursing standards with detailed explanations and pictures; 2. earning physician acceptance of such procedures through case conference meetings in ICUs; 3. rescheduling education programs on the implementation of nasopharyngeal airway and skin care for patients with watery diarrhea and 4. establishing case management and nursing consultation systems. Results showed that use of the nasopharyngeal airway increased from an initial 60% to 100% at eight months following project implementation. The perianal excoriation rate fell from 60.71% to 0%. We found that drainage of liquid stool using the nasopharyngeal airway can reduce perianal skin complications. This project may be a valuable reference for other clinical practice to improve care quality.

Objective: To study the effect of acupuncture on tumor and its mechanism., Methods: Liver cancer, gastric cancer and hypodermic tumor rat models were made by implantation of replicated Walker-256 cell strain. The 3 model rats were respectively divided into two groups at random, a model control group and an electroacupuncture group. The electroacupuncture groups were treated with electroacupuncture (EA) at "Zusanli" (ST 36), "Hegu" (LI 4) and "San-yinjiao" (SP 6), once each day, 15 min one session, for 15 days. The gross tumor volume and the tumor inhibitory rate, and the levels of humoral immunity index, including serum 1gG, IgM, IgA and C3, C4, and the levels of cellular immunity index, including CD4+, CD8+ and CD4+/CD8+ in the peripheral blood in each group were detected., Results: The gross tumor volumes in the EA groups were significantly smaller than those in the model control group (P<0.01). The contents of IgG, IgM and C3 in the EA groups increased significantly compared with those in the model control group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The contents of IgA and C4 in the EA groups did not significantly change (P>0.05). The content of CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ in the EA groups are significantly higher than those in the model control group (P<0.05 or P<0.01)., Conclusion: Acupuncture at "Zusanli" (ST 36), "Hegu" (LI 4) and "Sanyinjiao" (SP 6) can increase immune function and inhibit tumor growth in Walker-256 liver cancer, gastric cancer and hypodermic tumor rats.

Objective: To investigate the association between M235T and G-6A polymorphism of AGT gene, insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of ACE gene, Gly460Trp polymorphism of ADD1 gene, C825T polymorphism of GNB3 gene and essential hypertension in Xinjiang Kazakhs group as well as to identify the interactions of gene-gene and gene-environment., Methods: A case-control study (n = 441) was performed in 241 cases and 202 controls. Polymerase chain reaction and restrict fragment length polymorphism (PCR-PFLP) technique were used to detect the genotypes polymorphism., Results: Comparing the frequencies of alleles and genotypes, there were no statistical significances except frequency of allele of M235T (P = 0.0483) identified. In logistic regression analysis, there were significant differences in all of the loci. The 4 loci model (AGE/CHO/G-6A/ACE) appeared the best model in MDR analysis., Conclusion: Our research data showed that the polymorphisms of all the four genes might be associated with hypertension in the Kazakhs group of Xinjiang while there might be interactions existed in AGT, ACE, AGE and CHO.