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In order to understand the application of thermite, firstly, the development process is reviewed. Then, guided by practical application problems, the application of thermites in micro energetic devices (such as microigniters and microthrust-ers), energetic agents (such as pyrotechnics, propellants and their additives, primary explosives, and explosive additives), material preparation (including material preparation and synthesis, material welding), and other fields (such assafety devices, microbial killing, metal thermal cutting and oil well plugging) are reviewed. The safety issues (including sensitivity and toxici-ty) in the application of thermites are discussed. The shortcomings of the application of thermites research are summarized, such as the type of thermites with excellent performance are relatively simple, the development of new application scenarios is insufficient, and the safety research of thermite is not deep enough. Finally, the future research direction and development trend of thermite application research are prospected, and the development direction should be to develop new thermite, expand new application fields, and further study the application safety of thermite. With 124 references. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the pre-ignition reaction of aluminum/polytetrafluoroethylene (AI/PTFE) material, AI2O3/PTFE composites were prepared by ultrasonic mixing method. The crystal structure, microstructure and thermochemical properties were characterized and the thermochemical reaction characteristics and influencing factors were analyzed. The results show that AI2O3 can delay the initial temperature of PTFE melting. The smaller the particle size of Al2O3 and PTFE, the easier it is for the Al2O3 /PTFE material to re-act and release more heat. AI2O3 with small particle size can delay the initial temperature of AIF3 formation reaction and advance the initial temperature of AIF3 crystal transformation reaction, thus increasing the concentrated heat release of the reaction. The reaction degree of AI2O3 (50nm) and PTFE (1 jum ) is the highest. The thermochemical reaction properties of a-AI2O3/PTFE are better than those of y-AI2O3/PTFE and amorphous AI2O3/PTFE. The thermochemical reaction of AI2O3/PTFE exhibits the typical kinetic charac-teristics. With the increase of the heating rate, the peak temperature of the main heat release peak of the reaction increases. The calculated apparent activation energy of AI2O3/PTFE reaction is 45.0kJ/mol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The newly found Honghuaerji tungsten polymetallic deposit is a large scale tungsten deposit in north-east Daxinganling in China.The alteration includes sericitization and greisenization.The metallic minerals are scheelite and molybdenite.These minerals in rock body show the belt characteristics of W in the top and Mo in the bottom.Geological characteristics indicate that it is a high temperature hydrothermal deposit.In order to constrain the timing of hydrothermal activities, Ar-Ar dating of muscovite from the greisenization alteration zones was carried out.The Ar-Ar dating yields an Ar-Ar plateau age of 174.4±1.2 Ma and an isochron age of 173.2±4.3 Ma.Because greisenization alteration zones and the tungsten(molybdenum) mineralization belt are closely related in space, muscovite, scheelite, and molybdenite may have formed simultaneously.Moreover, the Ar-Ar age of muscovite is in agreement with the Re-Os age of molybdenite(176.8±2.2 Ma) within uncertainties, indicating this Ar-Ar age represents the timing of the tungsten and molybdenum hydrothermal mineralization.Combined field geology, U-Pb ages and Re-Os ages indicate this deposit formed the Jurassic period and may be the product of Yanshanian tectonic magmatic activity.

The internal flow characteristics and performance prediction of the axial flow pumping system is simulated by using N-S equation combined with k-ε standard turbulence model through the commercial Computation Fluid Dynamic (CFD) applications. The experimental test data of pumping system is obtained from the flow range of 22~40 kg/s, and 7 flow values are selected. The results show that a good agreement is achieved between the small flow condition and the design flow conditions. The large flow condition is complicated under the enclosed suction sump, in which a considerable difference with experimental data exists. Meanwhile, the results indicate that the obvious wall vortex is captured at the same position above the horn tube, which verifies the effectiveness and reliability of the numerical simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with the increase of car ownership, the efficient and intelligent vehicle monitoring system has become urgent needs of many communities and companies. Vehicle access monitoring system is an important part to achieve vehicle management. This system uses QT/E ( QtEmbedded $ programming language, based on Arm processor and RFID) technology. In the vehicle entrance fitted with this system, legitimate vehicles can be identified, and be allowed through without stopping. Sqlite database is used to process large amounts of data. Portable design based on Arm processor has more advantages in cost and instaHation. The interface using QT/E and touch screen provide graphical and humanized interface, which is beautiful and easy to operate. This system meets the needs of automated management of vehicle access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the problem of signal aliasing phenomenon which was caused by rigid body overload signal and high frequency vibration signal on the penetration process when projectile having large slenderness ratio and high speed result in the difficulty to identify target, a new piezoelectric accelerometer with switch characteristic was developed. The mechanical model of the sensor was established and its characteristics were studied. The shock test to novel accelerometer and common accelerometer was done by using relative method. Results show that the developed new accelerometer can filter out the high frequency response significantly. It can be used in the smart fuze to take the place of conventional piezoelectric accelerometer in order to recognize the target accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on a study which examines the effects of zearalenone on expression and apoptosis of caspase 3 and 9 in Leydig cells.

Due to the impacts of refractory organic pollutants and environment on the water treatment system, the sewage quality can not reach the standard. It is an effective measure to improve the efficiency of wastewater treatment by introducing exogenous engineering strains with relevant functional genes and the ability of horizontal gene transfer. In sewage treatment system, there are bacteria secreting signal molecules with quorum sensing. When population density reaches induction threshold, the bacteria would activate the related genes expression (such as biofilm formation, bioluminescent, antibiotics synthesis and virulence factor expression, etc .) through releasing signaling molecules, and thus trigger the behavior of other groups. Previously, researches about quorum sensing mainly concentrated on signal transduction, microbial social behavior, and medical microbiology. In recent years, stu-dies found that quorum sensing plays an important role in wastewater biological treatment and affects the colonization of the microorganism strain and pollutants degradation. Therefore, the regulation of quorum-sensing behavior is the key factor in the bioaugmentation performance. Here, we review the signaling molecules mechanism, the release of signaling molecules and its influence factors, the colonization of microbial community and the removal of pollutants. We further discussed the research from the perspective of quorum sensing biological process. The aim was to provide new idea for the effective implementation of bioaugmentation technology and the improvement of wastewater treatment efficiency, and to provide a theoretical reference for the in-depth understanding of quorum sensing regulation behavior in the process of bioaugmentation.

Root exudates are important carriers for material exchange and information transfer between plant and soil, and important regulators of crop-soil-microorganism interaction in intercropping systems. We examined the interaction between crops in intercropping system by setting three treatments, monoculture Chinese milk vetch, monoculture rape and Chinese milk vetch intercropped with rape. The responses of root exudates were emphatically analyzed. The results showed that 391 root exudates were detected, with 93 of which being identified and divided into nine types of metabo-lites. Among them, organooxygen compounds were the most abundant, mainly in the form of ribitol. Under different planting patterns, root exudates of Chinese milk vetch and rape were significantly different. The characteristics of root exudates in intercropping were similar to monoculture rape, but significantly different from monoculture Chinese milk vetch. Among the root exudates in different planting modes, only 9-fluorenone 1 was negatively correlated with others. The differential root exudates were mainly benzenoids, lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic acids and derivatives, and organooxygen compounds. The benzenoids, lipids and lipid-like molecules were important types that characterized the changes of root exudates of Chinese milk vetch and rape. Chinese milk vetch intercropping with rape changed the characteristics of root exudates, which were closely related to benzenoids, lipids, and lipid-like molecules.

China is one of the countries with serious forest fires. Besides the methods of strengthening management of fire source and increasing forest fire monitoring and rescue efforts, improving the ability of forest itself to resist fire is also the key to prevent forest fires. In this study, we examined the characteristics of the bark across 11 main tree species in Korean pine broad-leaved forest at Jiaohe Forestry Experimental Area in Jilin Province. Fire resistance of bark acorss the tree species was evaluated comprehensively with four indices of water content, ash content, calorific value and oxygen index, using the methods of entropy weight, variance analysis and cluster analysis. Results showed that water content of bark was the highest in Phellodendron amurense. Calorific value of bark was the lowest and ash content was the highest in Ulmus davidiana. Oxygen index of bark was the highest in Fraxinus mandshurica. Bark fire resistance of 11 tree species followed the order of U. davidiana > Acer mono > Acer triflorum > Acer mandshuricum > F. mandshurica > Quercus mongolica > P. amurense > Tilia amurensis > Juglans mandshurica > Pinus koraiensis > Betula costata. The tree species in Korean pine broad-leaved forest could be classified to five categories according to bark fire resistance: U. davidiana belonged to the category of strongest fire-resistance; A. mono and A. triflorum belonged to the category of strong fire-resistance; A. mandshuricum, F. mandshurica, Q. mongolica, P. amurense, T. amurensis belonged to the category of common fire-resistance; J. mandshurica and P. koraiensis belonged to the category of weak fire-resistance; and B. costata belonged to the category of poor fire-resistance.

Through the comparative study on the appearance characters and internal structure of cultivated and wild Ganoderma lucidum in Huoshan,this paper provides a reference for the further study of G. lucidum. In this study,the similarities and differences between cultivated G. lucidum " Huozhi No. 1" and wild G. lucidum in Huoshan were compared by means of character observation,optical microscopy and scanning electron microscope( SEM). The results showed that the pileus color of " Huozhi No. 1" was yellowish brown and thicker,while that of wild G. lucidum was mainly reddish brown,the context was thinner,and there were gravel and rotten wood at the bottom of the stipe. A clear skeletal hyphae and binding hyphae were observed in cultivated and wild G. lucidum,but there was no significant difference. The shell layer,context layer,mediostratum layer and spores of cultivated and wild G. lucidum were observed by SEM,and the results showed that there was no significant difference. It was found that the mediostratum of " Huozhi No. 1" was thin and irregular,while the mediostratum of wild G. lucidum was neat and compact. There were two types of spores in wild G. lucidum,one of which retained the outer wall of spore type Ⅰ,with tiny pores on the surface. The other is type Ⅱ spores with many spinous processes on the surface,which may be formed by type Ⅰ spores falling off the outwall. In this study,the appearance characters and internal structure of cultivated and wild G. lucidum in Huoshan were systematically observed and compared,which provided theoretical basis and reference for the identification and quality evaluation of cultivated and wild G. lucidum.

Objective: To verify that whether or not through the effects of the externally and internally related meridians in treatment, Lieque (LU 7) is adopted specially for the disorders of the head and neck., Methods: A total of 36 healthy volunteers were collected from the students of Gansu University of CM and were divided into a Lieque group and a Jingqu group according to the random number table, 18 cases in each one. In the Lieque group, Lieque (LU 7) on the unilateral side was punctured in the subjects. In the Jingqu group, Jingqu (LU 8) was taken as the control because it was located close to Lieque (LU 7) and on the same meridian. Before and after acupuncture in the two groups, separately, the infrared thermography was adopted to determine the temperature changes at the acupoints of the lung meridian of hand- taiyin , i.e. Jingqu (LU 8), Lieque (LU 7), Kongzui (LU 6), Chize (LU 5) and Tianfu (LU 3) as well as the acupoints of the large intestine meridian of hand- yangming , i.e., Wenliu (LI 7), Shousanli (LI 10), Quchi (LI 11), Shouwuli (LI 13) and Binao (LI 14)., Results: After acupuncture stimulation at Lieque (LU 7), the temperature at the acupoints of the lung meridian of hand- taiyin , i.e. Jingqu (LU 8), Lieque (LU 7), Kongzui (LU 6), Chize (LU 5) and Tianfu (LU 3) and the acupoints of the large intestine meridian of hand- yangming , i.e. Wenliu (LI 7), Shousanli (LI 10), Quchi (LI 11), Shouwuli (LI 13) and Binao (LI 14) was all higher obviously as compared with the temperature before acupuncture stimulation (all P <0.05). After acupuncture stimulation at Jingqu (LU 8), the temperature at the acupoints of the lung meridian of hand- taiyin was all increased obviously as compared with the temperature before acupuncture stimulation (all P <0.05), but there was no significant difference in the temperature at the large intestine meridian of hand- yangming (all P >0.05)., Conclusion: For the disorders of the head and neck, acupuncture at Lieque (LU 7) achieves the stimulation and communication of both the lung meridian and the large intestine meridians, so that it is applicable for the disorders of the externally and internally related meridians.

DNA methyltransferase is the key enzyme in the process of DNA methylation, playing an important role in regulation of gene expression in vivo. According to the Ganoderma lucidum transcriptome data, a full-length cDNA sequence of MET1 from G. lucidum was cloned for the first time, the GenBank registration number is KU239998, and we conducted a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of the genetic characteristics and spatial structure. The prokaryotic expression analysis showed that E.coli[pET28a(+)-GlMET1] in BL21(DE3) could induce objective protein, shaking the culture at 16 ℃ until the host bacterium(A₆₀₀) was approximately 0.8, and added IPTG to finally concentration of 0.2 mmol•L⁻¹, and then the optimal expression of GlMET1 recombinant protein was accumulated for the induction time of 20 h. The real-time PCR results showed that the expression levels of GlMET1 had obvious differences among varieties of G. lucidum. During the maturity stage, the expression levels of GlMET1 were lower than that in juvenile stage, the results showed that with the growth of G. lucidum, the expression levels of GlMET1 were on the decline. The research provided an important basis for studying the mechanism of DNA methyltransferase thoroughly., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

The thymus is a vital primary lymphoid organ that provides unique microenvironments for the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of T cells. With advancing age, however, the thymus gradually undergoes age-related involution and reduction in immune function, which are characterized by decreases in tissue size, cellularity, and naïve T cell output. This dynamic process leads to the reduced efficacy of the immune system with age and contributes to the increased susceptibility to infection, autoimmune disease, and cancer. In addition, bone marrow transplantation, radio-chemotherapy and virus infection also impair the thymus and give rise to the decline in immune function. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in age-related thymic involution and development of novel therapeutic strategies for thymic rejuvenation have gained considerable interests in recent years. This review emphasizes thymic microenvironments and thymocyte-stromal cell interactions and summarizes our current knowledge about thymic rejuvenation in terms of sex steroid, cytokines, growth factors, hormones, transcription factors, cell graft, and microRNAs. At the end of each discussion, we also highlight unanswered issues and describe possible future research directions.

Myanmar jade is crystalline aggregate with the major mineral of jadeite. Jadeite can be represented by the crystal-chemical formula NaAlSi2O6. Isomorphous substitution occurs in the natural jadeite frequently, with replacement of Na by Ca, and replacement of Al by Mg, Fe, Cr etcetera, which makes the component of Myanmar jade much more complex and leads to the variation of its physical features, including color, transparency, refractive index, specific gravity and infrared spectrum characteristics, forming different types of Myanmar jade. The studies show that the vibrational spectra characteristics of the Myanmar jade varies depending on the substitution of different elements. In this work, we studied the impacts of the variation of Myanmar jade component on its infrared spectroscopy. 10 Myanmar jade samples which consisted of different chemical composition were measured using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and results show that the IR absorption peaks shift to higher wave numbers, as the atomic ratio of Na/Na+Ca of the samples increases. In the low wave number region, the wave number of the IR absorption peaks at 424, 576 and 658 cm(-1) and the atomic ratio of Na/Na+Ca of the samples share fine linear correlation, and the correlation coefficients (R2) are, in order, R1(2)=0.9442, R2(2)=0.9283, R3(2)=0.9097. We can utilize infra-red spectrum technologies combined with linear model built by us in this work to predicate the atomic ratio of Na/Na+Ca of the unknown Myanmar jade samples. As the atomic ratio of Na/Na+Ca of the unknown Myamar jade samples equals 0.8, the IR absorption peaks should be at 658.7, 574.5, 422.5 cm(-1). If the wavenumbers of the IR absorption peaks are less than 658.7, 574.5 and 422.5 cm(-1), the atomic ratio of Na/Na+Ca of the unknown Myanmar jade samples is less than 0.8, which is indicating that the unknown Myanmar jade sample isomphacitic jade, while the wavenumbers of the IR absorption peaks are more than 658.7, 574.5 and 422.5 cm(-1), the atomic ratio of Na/Na+Ca of the unknown Myanmar jade samples is more than 0.8, which is indicating that the unknown Myanmar jade sample is jadeitic jade. The studies of this work offer a super-quick time-saving and labor-saving nondestructivetesting method for using infrared spectrum technologies to test Myanmar jade samples, analyze their component and predicate which mineral styles the unknown samples are.

To improve the accuracy of mineral content extraction by linear decomposition model, a method was established, which took rock spectra with wavelength from 350 to 2 500 nm as the data source, identified minerals based on spectral matching methods, applied Hapke model to transform spectral reflectance into single scattering albedo and resolved single scattering albedo to get mineral content. In this method, sectional noise filtering and regional mineral spectra library were added to improve the identifying accuracy. Based on the analysis on the fifth Baogutu rock body, compared with XRD results, accuracies of quartz, feldspar class and altered minerals identification were 75%, 100% and 92.2% separately. Accuracy of the content extraction of feldspar class, hornblende and altered minerals were 80.5%, 64%, 92.36% separately. This method added mineralogy symbiotic relationship into mineral identification to ensure the reliability, proposed the idea of sectional noise filtering to avoid the influence of filtering algorithm, applied the single scattering albedo to avoid the complex nonlinearly calculations to improve the accuracy theoretically. This method has a certain guiding significance for the work such as rapid analysis of alteration information.

Existing reporting guidelines for systematic reviews/Meta-analysis (SRs/MAs) cannot meet the requirements of clinical practice and scientific research, so based on evidence, methods and thoughts on establishing reporting guidelines for TCM-featured acupuncture systematic reviews/Meta-analysis were proposed. Through literature analysis, according to evidence-based principle, preliminary ideas on methodology of establishing reporting guidelines for TCM-featured acupuncture systematic reviews /Meta-analysis were proposed. With consensus as one main research method, it was proposed that in the consensus that was selected and established by experts, the pro- portion of Chinese scholars should be increased to fully declare the opinions of Chinese acupuncturists, and by verification of practice and application, the reporting guidelines for TCM-featured acupuncture systematic reviews/Meta-analysis can be finally made.

Electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI) was used to online analyze the PM2.5 particle size and mass concentration distribution in the trapping field and ore tank of blast furnace iron-making plant. Results showed that the grain number concentration of PM2.5 in trapping field after dust removal was in the range of 10(5)-10(6)cm-3 , and the particle size was mainly below 0. 1 μm. While the grain number concentration of the PM2.5 in ore tank after dust removal was in the range of 10(4)-10(5) cm-3, the particle size was mainly below 1.0 μm, and the mass concentration distribution showed a single peak. The micro-morphology of PM2.5 monomer was mainly divided into two categories, spherical particles and irregular aggregates. Chemical composition analysis indicated that the concentrations of water soluble SO(2-)(4) , K+ , Ca2+ were higher than other ions in PM2.5, with the percentage of 10. 32% -28.55% , 10. 36% -12. 15% , 3.97% -15. 4% , respectively. The major elements was Fe, Si, Al, with 16. 8% -31. 62% , 2. 24% -8.76% , 1.24% -5. 89% of total mass, respectively; organic carbon and elementary carbon were 2. 7% -4. 6% and 0. 8% -1. 3% , respectively. The emission factors of PM2.5 in trapping field and in ore tank after dust removal were ranged from 0.045 to 0.085 kg t(-1) and 0.042 to 0.071 kg t-1, respectively.

The technology of non-water-soluble mediator anaerobic biological catalysis has attracted more and more attention in the field of environment technology. In this study, five kinds of quinonly compounds were grafted on the chloromethylation polystyrene macromolecular carrier by Friedel-Crafts reaction. Reaction factors of temperature and molar ratio for the 1,4-naphthoquinone grafting carrier were optimized, and the optimal temperature was 78 degreesC while the optimal molar ratio of 1, 4-naphthoquinone and chloromethylation polystyrene was 2: 1. Fourier infrared spectrum analysis confirmed that the quinone groups were successfully grafted on the macromolecular backbone chloromethylation polystyrene. Catalysis using the five kinds of quinonly materials as non-water-soluble redox mediators enhanced the biological denitrification rate and the decoloration of azo dyes, meanwhile these materials showed good reusability in the biodegradation of azo dye. This study developed a new method for the preparation of quinonly materials and revealed a new field in the technology of mediator catalysis.

In order to study function of NAC transcription in development, hormone regulation and the stress response of Salvia miltiorrhiza, the NAC transcription was cloned and analyzed. By retrieving cDNA database of S. miltiorrhiza hairy root one NAC unigene was found, then a full length of cDNA was cloned by designing specific primers and PCR amplifying. Using ORF finder it was found that the cDNA containing a NAC-AB conserved domain in N-terminal, so the cDNA was a NAC transcription factor, named as SmNAC1 (kF006346). Bioinformatics analysis showed that SmNAC1 had an open reading frame (ORF) of 591 bp encoding 196 amino acids. The calculated protein had isoelectric point (pI) of 4.36 with molecular weight about 21.66 kDa. The transcription level of SmNAC1 after dealing with yeast extract (YE) and silver ion (Ag+) in S. miltiorrhiza hairy root was markedly stimulated up regulating. It was 1.4 fold compared with the control after induction 2 h, and maintained 2.0 fold on 4-12 h after induction. SmNAC1 may participate in regulation of stress response of YE + Ag+.

Chorismate mutase catalyzes the conversion of chorismate to prephenate that is the first committed step in the biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. A chorismate mutase gene, designated SmCM1, was isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza by using RT-PCR. The full length of SmCM1 cDNA consists of 948 nucleotides and has an open reading frame of 765 bp. The deduced amino acid sequence of SmCM1 has 255 amino acid residues which forms a 36.0 kD polypeptide with calculated pI of 6.41 as expected. The putative polypeptide contains a CM&#95;2 super family function domain. Blast W results showed that SmCM1 had 70% of the similarity with Petunia x hybrid CM, 72% of the similarity with Arabidopsis thaliana CM, and 64% of similarity with Populus trichocarpa CM. The transcription level of SmCM1 in root, stem and leaf was analysed by realtime quantitative PCR. The results showed the expression level of the SmCM1 in leaf was highest, and lowest in root. Yeast extract and silver ion joint induction could markedly stimulate the increase of mRNA expression of SmCM1 and its upstream 3-deoxy-7- phosphoheptulonate synthase (DAHPS) and chorismate synthase (CS). It was 7.9, 5.5 and 9.8 times of control on 8 h after induction, respectively.

Objective: To report a case of pulmonary surfactant protein (SP) gene mutation associated with pediatric interstitial lung disease, and study the clinical diagnosis process and review of related literature, to understand the relationship between interstitial lung disease and SP gene mutation in infants and children., Method: The clinical, radiological, histological, and genetic testing information of a case of SP gene mutation related pediatric interstitial lung disease were analyzed and related literature was reviewed., Result: A 2-year-old girl without a history of serious illness was hospitalized because of the shortness of breath, cough, excessive sputum, and the progressive dyspnea. Physical examination on admission revealed tachypnea, slight cyanosis, and the retraction signs were positive, respiratory rate of 60 times/minute, fine crackles could be heard through the lower lobe of both lungs; heart rate was 132 beats/minute. No other abnormalities were noted, no clubbing was found. Laboratory test results: pathologic examination was negative, multiple blood gas analysis suggested hypoxemia. Chest CT showed ground-glass like opacity, diffused patchy infiltration. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid had a large number of neutrophils, and a few tissue cells. Eosinophil staining: negative. Fluconazole and methylprednisolone were given after admission, pulmonary symptoms and signs did not improve, reexamination showed no change in chest CT. Then lung biopsy was carried out through thoracoscopy. Histopathology suggested chronic interstitial pneumonia with fibrosis. The heterozygous mutation of R219W in the SFPTA1 and the S186N in SFTPC were identified by SP-related gene sequencing. The review of related literature showed that polymorphisms at the 219th amino acid in SP-A1 allele were found in adults with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), but there is no related literature in pediatric cases. The patient in this report had a mutation at the SP-A1 allele consistent with related literature. Data of 17 young children with mutation in SP-C gene showed that all the 17 cases had dyspnea and tachypnea, chest CT revealed diffuse opacities in lungs, the pathology of lungs was NSIP and CPI. There were 17 kinds of mutation and the common mutation was I73T. The mutation of S186N in SFTPC in our case has never been shown in previously published literature., Conclusion: A case of interstitial lung disease with S186N gene mutation in SFTPC was preliminarily diagnosed in an infant. The SP-C gene mutations and polymorphisms are associated with pediatric interstitial lung disease.

Aiming at the low accuracy of mineral identification with hyperspectral data, the present article established regional spectra library on the basis of the study area geological background, and presented a pretreatment method that filters the original spectra by section. First, continuum based fast Fourier transform was used to filter the noise among 2000-2200, 2250-2300 and 2350-2500 nm. Then apply the rapid quantificational identification model with regional spectrum library was used to dispose the processed spectra. The highest effective rate of the result is 80%, and the highest accuracy rate is 67%. Compared with the identification result of original spectra, the average accuracy rate was upgraded by 17.7%, and the average effective rate was upgraded by 5.1%. Compared with the identification result of all-filtered spectra, the average accuracy rate was upgraded by 5.8%, while the average effective rate was upgraded by 39.8%. This method, which could guarantee that the identification result contains the most correct minerals and the fewest error ones, promoted mineral identification accuracy. The result with higher accuracy is significant to rapid mineral extraction work in field.

Objective: To investigate the effects of strontium fructose 1,6-diphosphate (FDP-Sr) on the multiglycosides of tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. (GTW)-induced oligozoospermia in male rats., Methods: Forty SD male rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: model (n=10), FDP-Sr (n=10), and control (n=10). The model rats received intragastric administration of GTW at 30 mg/(kg x d) for 40 days to induce oligozoospermia, the rats of the FDP-Sr group orally administered FDP-Sr at 200 mg/(kg x d) for 30 days after GTW induction, while the control rats given but distilled water. Then we obtained the gonad indexes involving the testis, epididymis, preputial gland and seminal vesicle, and determined the count and motility of epididymal sperm, testicular pathomorphology, serum testosterone level and activities of succinodehydrogenase (SDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and acid phosphatase (ACP) in the testis., Results: The indexes of the testis and seminal vesicle in the control, model and FDP-Sr groups were (0.71 +/- 0.04) and (0.29 +/- 0.04)%, (0.37 +/- 0.04) and (0.25 +/- 0.05)%, and (0.45 +/- 0.07) and (0.31 +/- 0.06)%, respectively; the epididymal sperm counts were (59.87 +/- 11.28), (11.06 +/- 2.53) and (20.95 +/- 4.98) x 10(6)/ml; the serum testosterone levels were (85.31 +/- 7.41), (65.33 +/- 2.90) and (75.32 +/- 5.34) ng/L; and the activities of ACP, LDH and SDH were (95.64 +/- 19.27), (9574.73 +/- 3 578.06) and (6.39 +/- 1.93) U/g prot, (58.42 +/- 12.38), (4820.77 +/- 1 535.22) and (3.48 +/- 0.91) U/gprot, and (83.74 +/- 21.30), (7649.01 +/- 3 123.02) and (5.59 +/- 1.75) U/g prot. All the parameters above were significantly increased in the FDP-Sr group as compared with the GTW models (P < 0.05). Besides, FDP-Sr treatment significantly alleviated the injury of the testicular seminiferous epithelium., Conclusion: FDP-Sr can alleviate GTW-induced oligozoospermia, which is closely related with its improvement of testicular function.

Objective: Some research has shown that Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is effective in the treatment of various tumors, including transferred melanoma and well differentiated renal cell carcinoma. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of NDV against human acute monocytic leukemia SHI-1 cells in vitro and in vivo., Methods: In vitro, the density and morphologic changes between wild SHI-1 cells (control) and NDV-infected SHI-1 cells were observed. MTT assay was utilized to observe the effect of NDV on the proliferation of SHI-1 cells. In vivo, the effect of NDV on the tumor inhibition was assessed using SHI-1 xenografts subcutaneously established in CD-1 nude mice. NDV was given by intra-tumor injections, and the tumor inhibition rate and toxic effects were evaluated., Results: In the control group, the SHI-1 cells were observed using an inverted microscope to be regular in morphology and intensive in distribution. In the NDV-infected group, the SHI-1 cells were irregular and sparsate, and the aggregate and fused cells were common. MTT assay showed that the proliferation of SHI-1 cells were significantly inhibited by NDV at different concentrations (P<0.01) and in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The tumor inhibition rate in the NDV group was 84.7%, which was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.01). No toxic effects were observed in the nude mice., Conclusions: NDV can suppress the proliferation of human acute monocytic leukemic cells both in vitro and in vivo. The safety of NDV is reliable.

The concepts and relations of explanatory clinical trials and pragmatic clinical trials on randomized controlled trials of acupuncture are stated. The explanatory clinical trials and pragmatic clinical trials are different in the purpose of study, the controlled method, the treatment method and the solution problems. The explanatory clinical trials may enhance the understanding of the mechanism of a treatment; the findings of pragmatic clinical trials may be applied immediately in clinical practice. This paper explains that these clinical trials are of great importance to the methodology and practices of clinical effective evaluation of acupuncture based on TCM theory.

Objective: To explore the effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on type II alveolar epithelial cell (AECII) exposed to hyperoxia, and to determine whether the mechanism is mediated by protein kinase C alpha/nuclear factor-KappaB (PKC alpha/NF-KappaB) signal pathway., Methods: AECII were isolated from the lung of 21 days fetal rat and cultured for 15 hours to coalesce. Then AECII were randomly assigned into four groups: air, hyperoxia, O(2)/CGRP, and O(2)/CGRP8-37 (a receptor antagonist against CGRP). AECII were exposed to FiO(2) 21% (air) or 85% (hyperoxia) for 24 hours respectively. In O(2)/CGRP and O(2)/CGRP8-37 groups CGRP or both CGRP and CGRP8-37 were added into cultural fluid before placing the plate into 85% oxygen. Cell proliferation ability was determined by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay and cell cycles by flow cytometry. Western blotting was employed to detect the fraction of PKC alpha in membrane and cytosol, and translocation of NF-KappaB was observed under laser confocal microscopy., Results: AECII in hyperoxia group showed a decreased viability of AECII [(68.752+/-5.766)% vs. (100.000+/-6.682)%] and had an enhanced percentage of G0/G1 phase [(80.652+/-6.253)% vs. (45.825+/-2.899)%] with a corresponding decline in percentage of S phase [(14.198+/-4.785)% vs. (27.470+/-2.775)%] and G2/M phases [(5.148+/-1.688)% vs. (26.708+/-1.863)%] compared with AECII in air (all P<0.01). Addition with CGRP before hyperoxia exposure promoted AECII proliferation [(94.813+/-6.102)%] and enhanced the cell proportions in S and G2/M phases [(30.547+/-9.861)% and (17.668+/-9.509)%, all P<0.01]. The ratio of membrane to cytoplasm fraction of PKC alpha declined (0.63+/-0.10 vs. 1.00+/-0.09) and the fluorescence of NF-KappaB in nucleus enhanced (22.98+/-2.20 vs. 14.54+/-2.35) in hyperoxia compared with that in air, while both the ratio of PKC alpha and intensity of NF-KappaB were increased in O(2)/CGRP group (1.41+/-0.23, 35.38+/-3.37) compared with those in hyperoxia (0.63+/-0.10, 22.98+/-2.20) and O(2)/CGRP8-37 groups (0.74+/-0.10, 24.88+/-1.81, all P<0.01)., Conclusion: CGRP could promote proliferation of AECII when exposed to high oxygen tension. PKC alpha participates in the signal transduction process and NF-KappaB is a downstream molecular of PKC alpha, executing in part the function of PKC alpha signal.

Objective: To compare primary anastomosis after intraoperative colonic defecation and Hartmann procedure for obstructive left colon cancer., Methods: Clinical data of 68 patients who underwent emergent laparotomy for left colon cancer with acute bowel obstruction between January 2000 and January 2008 were analyzed retrospectively., Results: Primary resection and anastomosis with intraoperative defecation was performed in 43 patients and Hartmann's procedure in 25 cases. Patients in both groups were comparable in terms of age, gender, nutritional status, underlying diseases, tumor location and stage, etc. The morbidity and mortality in the two groups were 25.6% vs 28.0% (P=0.761) and 2.3% vs 4.0% (P=0.369), respectively, and the differences were not statistically significant. The length of hospital stay (including first resection operation and second admission for colostomy closure) was (16.6+/-7.8) d in the primary anastomosis group and (24.6+/-9.4) d in the Hartmann procedure group, and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.002). The costs of hospitalization in the two groups were CNY 50,192.8+/-39,727.4 and CNY 58,382.1+/-30,304.9 (P=0.020)., Conclusion: Primary resection with intraoperative colonic defecation is safe and effective, and should be considered as an alternative to Hartmann procedure for obstructive left colon cancer in selected patients.

Objective: To synthesize two antigens-Ag85b and HspX of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv with molecular biological methods and to observe their biologic activity after co-administration of adjuvants (aluminum and/or CpG) in mice., Methods: Recombinant expression plasmids pET30a-Ag85b and pET30a-HspX were constructed. The objective DNA fragments was characterized with restriction enzyme. Then the recombinant plasmids were transformed into E. coli BL-21, and two proteins were expressed by induction of isopropyl beta-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside. After purification with anion exchange column Source30, QHP, and hydrophobic chromatography column, two proteins were identified by amino acid sequencing. After the successful preparation of these two antigens, they were co-administered in mice with adjuvants of aluminum and/or CpG (Ag85b, Ag85b + Al, Ag85b + CpG, Ag85b + Al + CpG; HspX, HspX + Al, HspX + CpG, HspX + Al + CpG); one group received normal saline and served as the control. Splenic lymphocytes were isolated for enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay to detect the secreted specific interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma); in addition, lymphocytes proliferation test was performed to observe lymphocytes proliferation after in vitro stimulated with two antigens., Results: The purity of two proteins reached 95% after purification. The N-terminal amino acid sequence (15 aa) of the purified proteins was same as the target sequence. For Ag85b, the secreted specific IFN-gamma from isolated splenic lymphocytes after having been stimulated in vitro with Ag85b (80 microg/ml) remarkably increased in Ag85b + CpG group, Ag85b + Al group, and Ag85b + CpG + Al group; the changes were significantly different between these three groups and control group (P < 0.05). For HspX, the changes were significantly different between HspX + Al + CpG group and normal sodium group, although remarked increase of IFN-gamma was also observed in HspX group, HspX + Al group, and HspX + CpG group., Conclusions: Ag85b and HspX were successfully expressed and purified. A cell-mediated immunity may be induced when the antigens are co-administered with adjuvants of aluminum and/or CpG in mice, indicating that the recombinant proteins are bioactive.

To probe into the design method of the clinical studies with positive control of acupuncture and moxibustion, the several key problems are analyzed, which include the definition of positive control, form of the control, statistical and design types, proper application of positive drugs, and properly use placebo control method to counteract weaknesses of studies, reasonably select observation indexes so as to show characteristics of Chinese medicine. The authors indicate that only fully thinking these key problems, can provide clinical evidence of acupuncture and moxibustion with high quality and convincingness.

In this paper, a T wave alternans detection system based on wireless and USB communication is presented. The ECG signal is amplified in the first step. The amplifier has a gain of 2000 and the CMRR is 80dB. Then the signal is sampled with a 12-bit AD converter. At last, the sample result is transmitted to the PC via wireless communication and USB bus. In the PC, the T wave alternans are detected using the spectral method. Results show that this system has high data transmission rate and real time data processing capability, and can realize the detection of T wave alternans.

Objective: To analyze the chemical components of the essential oil extracted from six cultivars' Juhua (Zaogongju, Wangongju, Huangyaoju, Chuju, Xiaoboju and Daboju) produced in Anhui province of China, which were breed from Chrysanthemum morifolium, and to provide scientific basis for quality control., Method: The essential oils of the six cultivars'Juhua were extracted by water-steam distillation and separated by GC capillary column chromatography. The components were quantitatively determined with normalization method, and identified by GC-MS., Result: From Zaogongju, Wangongju, Huangyaoju, Chuju, Xiaoboju and Daboju, 247, 226, 246, 182, 216 and 122 chromatographic peaks were detected, among them 75, 54, 78, 50, 53 and 43 components were identified,which were composed of 85.67%, 82.80%, 81.38%, 73.22%, 71.51% and 72.87% of the total essential oil, respectively., Conclusion: Monoterpenoid compounds were higher more than sesquiterpenoid compounds in the five juhua except for Chuju. There was no difference in the constituents of essential oil of Zaogongju and Wangongju. And verbenyl acetate was the main chemical constituent and composed of 32.10% and 37.85% of the total essential oil, respectively. (1R)-Camphor and bisabolol oxide A were the main chemical constituents in Huangyaoju, which were composed of 28.70% and 12.58% of the total essential oil, respectively. beta-Selinene and borneol were the main chemical constituents in Chuju, which were composed of 17.85% and 12.84% of the total essential oil, respectively. Eucalyptol was the main chemical constituent in Xiaoboju, which were composed of 21.33%. Verbene oxides and chrysanthenone were composed of 25.32% and 8.26% of the total essential oil, respectively, in the Daboju. The common chemical constituents were camphene, borneol, bornyl aceate, (1R)-camphor, (-)-4-terpineol, alpha-terpineol, eucalyptol, cis-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, juniper camphor, beta-sesquiphellandrene, alpha-curcumene and beta-farnesene in the six cultivars' Juhua produced in Anhui province of China. The resultant data provided the further evidences to distinguish Juhua' cultivars and scientific basis for quality control of Juhua.

Objective: To investigate apoptosis of BEL-7402 cells induced by Galangin., Methods: Cytotoxicity and cell viability were assayed by MT methods. Morphologic assessment of apoptosis was performed by fluorescence microscope, cell cycle and mitochondrial membrane potential were analyzed by flow cytometry, Caspases Activities were detected by chromogenic substrate assay., Results: BEL-7402 cells treated with Galangin showed apparently cytotoxicity, IC50 of Galangin was 30.15 mg/L The growth curve showed that the ratio of growth decreased with the increasing of concentration of Galangin. The apoptosis appeared 24 hours after treated with 20-80 mg/L Galangin, morphologic changes included nuclear chromatin condensation and fluorescence strength was observed with fluorescence microscope. The activity of Caspase-9 attained to peak value at 6 h, while Caspase-6 activity was up to peak value at 12h and Caspase-3 activity attained to peak value at 18 h., Conclusion: Galangin may induce BEL-7402 cells apoptosis by mitochondrial pathway.

Objective: To examine the effect of phloretin on apoptosis of BEL-7402 cells., Methods: The viability changes of BEL- 7402 cells as a result of phloretin-induced toxicity were analyzed using MTT assay, and the cell morphology changes were observed with fluorescence microscope. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the cell cycle and mitochondrial membrane potential changes, and chromogenic substrate assay performed to detect caspase activity., Results: Phloretin induced obvious cytotoxicity against BEL-7402 cells with IC50 of 89.23 microg/mL. The growth curve demonstrated decreased growth of the cells as phloretin concentration increased. Cell apoptosis occurred 24 h after treatment with 40-160 microg/mL phloretin. Morphological, the cells exposed to phloretin exhibited nuclear chromatin condensation and increased fluorescence intensity. The activity of caspase-9 reached the peak level 12 h after phloretin exposure, and leak levels of caspase-6 and caspase-3 activities occurred 18 and 24 h after the exposure, respectively., Conclusion: Phloretin can induce BEL-7402 cell apoptosis though the mitochondrial pathway.

Objective: To investigate the effect of phloretin on inhibiting BEL-7402 cells' growth, invasive, migration and adhesion ability and the rate of colony formation., Methods: BEL-7402 cells' growth, invasive, migration and adhesion ability and the rate of colony formation were examined with MIT method and Costar Transwell., Results: Phloretin inhibited the growth, invasive, migration and adhesion ability of BEL-7402 cells and reduced the rate of colony formation in dose-dependent., Conclusion: Phloretin can inhibit BEL-7402 cells' malignant pheotype.

Objective: To study the chemical constituents in Huangjuhua (flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium)., Method: The chemical constituents were isolated by various column chromatographic methods and structurally elucidated by NMR and MS evidences., Result: Eleven compounds were obtained and identified as luteolin (1), quercetin (2), acacetin 7-O-beta-D-(3"-acetyl) -glucopyranoside (3), luteolin 7-O-beta-D-(6"-acetyl)-glucopyranoside (4), hesperetin 7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (5), acacetin 7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (6), diosmetin 7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (7), apigenin 7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (8), hesperidin (9), linarin (10), and luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (11)., Conclusion: Compounds 4, 5 were isolated from the plant for the first time.

Objective: To analyze the chemical components of the essential oil extracted from five cultivars' Hangjuhua (Zaoxiaoyangju, Chixiaoyangju, Dayangju, Yizhongdabaiju and Xiaotangju), which were breed came from the Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat, and provide scientific basis for quality control., Method: The essential oil of five cultivars' Hangjuhua were extracted by water-steam distillation and separated by GC capillary column chromatography. The components were quantitatively determined with normalization method, and identified by GC-MS., Result: From the Zaoxiaoyangju, Chixiaoyangju, Dayangju, Yizhongdabaiju and Xiaotangju, 179, 167, 209, 211 and 270 chromatographic peaks were detected, among them 54, 56, 60, 55 and 65 components were identified, which were composed of 73.40%, 64.14%, 65.19%, 53.55% and 62.89% of the total essential oil, respectively., Conclusion: The common chemical constituents were juniper camphor, 1, 3, 3-trimethylcyclohex-1-ene-4-carboxaldehyde, borneol, alpha-curcumene, alpha-bisabolol, cis-caryophyllene, benzyl benzoate, methyl beta, beta-dimethylbenzenepropanoic acid ester, 2, 4-decadienal and heneicosane in the essential oil of the five cultivars' Hangjuhua. Among them, juniper camphor is most which were composed of 11.96%, 10.51%, 10.95%, 13.28% and 10.77% of the total essential oil, and methyl beta, beta-dimethylbenzenepropanoic acid ester is second, which were composed of 1.51%, 1.86%, 2.52%, 4.89% and 2.51% of the total essential oil, respectively. There are marked differences in the compounds contained in the five samples. The juniper camphor is a characteristic constituent in the essential oil of Hangjuhua. The resultant data provided the evidences to establish Hangjuhua' cultivars and scientific basis for quality control of Hangjuhua.

Objective: To report the experience in diagnosis and management of bleeding pseudoaneurysms associated with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP)., Methods: The medical records of 12 patients with bleeding pseudoaneurysms associated with SAP treated between October 1990 and October 2006 were retrospectively reviewed. The etiologies of the 12 patients were gallstones in 6 patients, hyperlipidemia in 3 patients, hyperparathyroidism in 1 patient and the other 2 patients had no definitive causes., Results: Abdominal computed tomography revealed bleeding pseudoaneurysms in 6 of 9 patients. Angiography determined correct diagnosis in 12 patients (12/12). The most involved vessels were peripancreatic arteries. Eight patients were managed by trans-catheter arterial embolization (TAE) as "one point" (a proximal point of the pseudo-aneurysm). Two patients were treated by TAE as "two points" (both distal and proximal to the pseudo-aneurysm). The last two cases were treated by surgery as suture and ligation. Four of the "one point" TAE patients were re-bleeding 4 to 7 days later, and 2 of them were treated with surgery, the other 2 patients were controlled with "two points" TAE. Three patients were died of infection and multiple organ dysfunction syndromes. Overall mortality rate was 25% (3/12)., Conclusions: Angiography is the main diagnostic methods for bleeding pseudoaneurysms in SAP patients. "Two points" embolization and emergency surgery are an effective treatment options in these patients.

Objective: Analysis of the constituents of the essential oil extracted from the Xiaoboju, one of commercial breed came from the flowers of the Chrysanthemum morifolium, processed by the aeration-desiccation and desiccation after the sulfur-bumin fumigation, and to provide scientific basis for quality control., Method: The essential oil was extracted by water-steam distillation and separated by GC capillary column chromatography. The components were quantitatively determined with normalization method, and identified by GC-MS., Result: From the aeration dried sample and the dried sample after sulfur-burnin fumigation, 216 and 211 components were detected, among them fifty and six-five components were identified, which were composed of 73.21% and 82.32% of the total essential oil, respectively., Conclusion: The yield of the essential oil extracted from the aeration dried sample was 3.50%, and that from the dried sample after sulfur-bumin fumigation was 4.22%. The latter is 1.2 times higher than the former. The components of the essential oil of both samples are mostly monoterpenoids and secondly sesquiterpenoids compounds, but there are marked differences between the compounds contained in the two samples. Therefore, the processing of flowers of the C. morifolium should be strictly controlled and standardized.

By using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique, this paper studied the alpha-diversity of plankton communities and its relationships with water quality and fish diseases in 7 Siniperca chuatsi ponds, as well as the effects of stocking density and a new culture model on the diversity and water quality. The results showed that there was a significant negative correlation between the DNA sequence diversity of plankton communities and water quality index, and high stocking density decreased the DNA sequence diversity and increased the water quality index. The new culture model with short culture period, low stocking density and high feeding stuff input had a greater damage on the water environment. Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that there existed similarities in the DNA sequences of plankton communities and the physicochemical properties of water bodies in the ponds with fish diseases, which provided a possibility to predict the diseases occurrence in Siniperca chuatsi ponds.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of oxaliplatin in combination with calcium folinate and fluorouracil (OXA-LV5FU2) regimen as the neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with advanced gastric cancer., Methods: Twenty-seven patients were treated with OXA-LV5FU2 before operation. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimens containing OXA 100 mg/m(2) iv 2 h d1, LV 200 mg/m(2) iv 2 h followed by 5-FU 400 mg/m(2) iv bolus and 5-FU 1 g/m(2) iv 48-72 h d1, 2 were administered every 2 to 3 weeks for 3 to 4 cycles before local treatment. The responses of the primary tumor and the chemotherapy toxicity were observed in each patient., Results: Twenty-four patients were treated with surgery. The radical resections were carried out in 14 cases. The overall clinical efficacy rate was 48.1% with 3.7% CR and 44.4% PR, SD was 33.3% and PD was 18.5%. Eight of the 27 cases were downstaged. The common toxicities were nausea, vomiting, peripheral neuropathy, leukocytopenia, alopecia and hepatosis. The toxicities relieved after symptomatic treatment. There was no relative risk of death during treatment., Conclusion: OXA-LV5FU2 is a very effective and well tolerated regimen as neoadjuvant chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer.

Activin, which is included in the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) superfamily of proteins and receptors, is known to have broad-ranging effects in the creatures. The mature peptide of beta A subunit of this gene, one of the most highly conserved sequence, can elevate the basal secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the pituitary and FSH is pivotal to organism's reproduction. Reproduction block is one of the main reasons which cause giant panda to extinct. The sequence of Activin beta A subunit gene mature peptides has been successfully amplified from giant panda, red panda and malayan sun bear's genomic DNA by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with a pair of degenerate primers. The PCR products were cloned into the vector pBlueScript+ of Esherichia coli. Sequence analysis of Activin beta A subunit gene mature peptides shows that the length of this gene segment is the same (359 bp) and there is no intron in all three species. The sequence encodes a peptide of 119 amino acid residues. The homology comparison demonstrates 93.9% DNA homology and 99% homology in amino acid among these three species. Both GenBank blast search result and restriction enzyme map reveal that the sequences of Activin beta A subunit gene mature peptides of different species are highly conserved during the evolution process. Phylogeny analysis is performed with PHYLIP software package. A consistent phylogeny tree has been drawn with three different methods. The software analysis outcome accords with the academic view that giant panda has a closer relationship to the malayan sun bear than the red panda. Giant panda should be grouped into the bear family (Uersidae) with the malayan sun bear. As to the red panda, it would be better that this animal be grouped into the unique family (red panda family) because of great difference between the red panda and the bears (Uersidae).