Search

Currently, China has 32 Earth observation satellites in orbit. The satellites can provide various data such as optical, multispectral, infrared, and radar. The spatial resolution of China Earth observation satellites ranges from low to medium to high. The satellites possess the capability to observe across multiple spectral bands, under all weather conditions, and at all times. The data of China Earth observation satellites has been widely used in fields such as natural resource detection, environmental monitoring and protection, disaster prevention and reduction, urban planning and mapping, agricultural and forestry surveys, land survey and geological prospecting, and ocean forecasting, achieving huge social benefits. This article introduces the recent progress of Earth observation satellites in China since 2022, especially the satellite operation, data archiving, data distribution and data coverage.

ObjectiveTo design a prospective nested case-control study based on a city-wide birth cohort of Shanghai， so as to understand their health status and explore the influencing factors of birth defects.MethodsBased on the birth registration covering the entire city of Shanghai， the nested case-control study of children with severe birth defects was designed. Children born with severe birth defects were selected as the case group， and healthy children were matched as the control group. Basic information， health status， maternal pregnancy history， and survival outcome of children both in the case group and the control group were collected through medical history review and home visits. The logistic regression model was used for multivariate analysis.ResultsA total of 18 875 infants born between January 1， 2011， and December 31， 2021， were included， among which 11 500 （60.93%） were children with severe birth defects and 7 375 （39.07%） were healthy children. The logistic regression model analysis showed that being male （OR=1.20， 95%CI：1.13‒1.29）， non-Shanghai residency （OR=1.16， 95%CI： 1.06‒1.25）， multiple births （OR=8.41， 95%CI：6.25‒11.30）， artificial insemination （OR=2.31， 95%CI：1.34‒3.99）， in vitro fertilization （IVF） （OR=1.85， 95%CI：1.44‒2.38）， maternal exposure to radiation （OR=1.83， 95%CI：1.07‒3.14）， maternal illness during pregnancy （OR=1.61， 95%CI：1.49‒1.74）， experiencing a traumatic event during pregnancy （OR=2.34， 95%CI：1.88‒2.92）， paternal chemical exposure （OR=1.88， 95%CI：1.32‒2.69）， paternal radiation exposure （OR=1.65， 95%CI： 1.18‒2.33）， family history of birth defects （OR=8.18， 95%CI： 3.96‒16.89）， being overweight before pregnancy （OR=1.16， 95%CI： 1.07‒1.27）， being obese before pregnancy （OR=1.15， 95%CI：1.03‒1.30）， and being excessively obese before pregnancy （OR=1.52， 95%CI：1.26‒1.83） were risk factors for the occurrence of birth defects. Analysis by type of birth defect found that prematurity was a risk factor for cardiac malformations and cheilopalatoschisis （OR=27.87， 95%CI： 20.84‒37.27）， especially ranking first in cardiac malformations.ConclusionAfter controlling for influencing factors， maternal overweight， obesity， and excessive obesity before pregnancy， artificial insemination， and IVF are independent risk factors for the occurrence of birth defects. Choosing a healthy lifestyle， improving physical and mental health during pregnancy， and controlling BMI during pregnancy are beneficial in reducing the risk of birth defects.

ObjectiveTo establish the Shanghai twin birth cohort （STBC） and analyze the effects of genetic factors， shared environment， and non-shared environment interactions on birth health and growth and development of newborns.MethodsBased on the population-wide birth cohort in Shanghai， a comprehensive survey was conducted on the families with double and multiple babies born after January 1， 2015 to collect information on birth health， growth and development， and the family environment of the babies.ResultsBy December 31， 2021， a total of 7 195 pairs （14 405 cases） of twins were successfully included in the STBC survey. The average birth length of twins was 47.2 cm and average birth weight was 2 465.3 g. Heterozygous twins accounted for 69.05% and preterm babies accounted for 57.07%. The average age of the mothers of twins was 31.82 years， and the average age of the fathers was 33.87 years， with more than 80% of the parents having a college degree or above. 44.50% of the mothers used assisted reproductive technologies， 7.40% had illnesses during pregnancy， and 15.90% were exposed to passive smoking during pregnancy. During the survey period， the average monthly increase in the length of the twin infants was 2.09 cm， and the average monthly weight gain was 0.53 kg.ConclusionThe incidence of adverse outcomes such as maternal cesarean section rate， preterm birth， and low birth weight is higher in the twin birth population. Information on birth health as well as growth and development in childhood and adolescence in the twin birth population is collected based on STBC， which can provide a solid data foundation for studying children’s chronic non-communicable diseases， psychological and behavioral disorders and other complex health problems caused by the combined effects of genetics and the environment.

ObjectiveTo elucidate the principles and methods of the Bayesian probabilistic linkage model， and to demonstrate the effect of applying the model in linking birth and death data.MethodsThrough the Shanghai birth and death registration system， data of 199 025 infants born in 2017 and 1 512 infants who died in 2017 and 2018 were collected. After cleaning the data， the data were divided into monthly blocks and fully linked. The Jaro-Winkler algorithm and Euclidean distance were employed to measure the similarity of fields for matching. A Bayesian probabilistic linkage model was constructed and the linking effect was evaluated using a confusion matrix.ResultsUsing the Bayesian probabilistic linkage model， the birth and death data of infants were effectively linked， revealing that 36.71% of infants who died in Shanghai were born outside the city， and the probability of infant death was 2.6‰. The confusion matrix of the test set showed a recall rate of 0.86， precision of 0.76， and an F-score of 0.81.ConclusionThe practical application of Bayesian probabilistic linkage demonstrates a good model performance， enabling the establishment of birth-death cohorts that more accurately reflect the true levels of infant mortality. Utilizing this technique to integrate data from different departments can effectively improve research efficiency in the field of public health.

Objective: In order to make whole wheat sourdough bread (WWSB) using Lactobacillus plantarum lyophilized powder fermentation, and to analyze its processing and storage characteristics. Method: Based on the previous single-factor experiments, the whole wheat sourdough (WWSD) addition and the fermentation time of whole wheat sourdough were selected as the influencing factors, and the final pH, total acidity (TTA), specific volume, hardness and sensory score of the bread were used as the response values to optimize the process formulation of whole wheat sourdough using the Central composite design method. On this basis, wheat bread (WB) and whole wheat bread (WWB) were used as the blank group and the control group, both were stored at 4 ℃ for one week, and samples were taken at day 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 to analyze the whole texture characteristics and water migration of the three breads. Results: The best process recipe for whole wheat sourdough bread was 18% whole wheat sourdough addition and 16 h whole wheat sourdough fermentation time, at which time the whole wheat sourdough bread had pH4.82, TTA 5.62 mL, specific volume 3.47 mL/g, hardness 5.59 N, and sensory score 83. The storage characteristics of the three breads under this processing condition were as follows: The hardness growth rate of WWSB (35.75% and 21.57%) throughout the storage period was less than that of WWB (39.98% and 25.36%) and WB (43.81% and 28.22%) in the early and late stages, the relaxation time T21, T22, and T23 of WWSB decreased at a rate less than that of WWB and WB, especially the decrease rate of semi-bound water T22. Conclusion: The optimized recipe of whole wheat sourdough bread had reasonable conditions and could better inhibit moisture loss and extend the shelf life of the bread during storage.

Three kinds of debranched recrystallized starches from different sources (common corn starch, tapioca starch and pea starch) were used to investigate the effect of substrate concentration on the morphology, size, crystal structure, thermal properties, gel properties and other functional properties. The results showed that the surface of native starch was smooth without pores, and the integrity of debranched recrystallized starches were all destroyed and not significantly affected by concentration. The particle size increased with the increase of substrate concentration. The relative crystallinity of three types of debranched recrystallized starches decreased and then increased with the increase of substrate concentration. Compared with native starch, the storage modulus (G') of the three modified starches was higher than the loss modulus (G"), the gel strength was enhanced, and the thermal stability and degree of order (DO) all decreased while the degree of double helicity (DD) increased. The modified corn starch and tapioca starch showed weak viscoelasticity at lower substrate concentration (6%, 10%), whereas pea starch showed higher viscoelasticity at medium substrate concentration (10%, 14%). The value of DD decreased with increasing substrate concentration (except for 18% sample with substrate concentration). The thermal stability improved with the increase of substrate concentration but was still lower than that of the native starch. It follows that the ideal debranched recrystallized starches could be obtained selectively by adjusting the substrate concentration, which will provide ideas for the integrated utilization of different kinds of starches.

ObjectiveTo predict the incidence trend of influenza-like illness proportion （ILI%） in Shanghai using the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average model （SARIMA）， and to provide an important reference for timely prevention and control measures.MethodsTime series analysis was performed on ILI% surveillance data of Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention from the 15th week of 2015 to the 52nd week of 2019， and a prediction model was established. Seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average （SARIMA） model was established using data from the foregoing 212 weeks， and prediction effect of the model was evaluated using data from the latter 36 weeks.ResultsFrom the 15th week of 2015 to the 52nd week of 2019， the average ILI% in Shanghai was 1.494%， showing an obvious epidemic peak. SARIMA（1，0，0） （2，0，0） 52 was finally modeled. The residual of the model was white noise sequence， and the true values were all within the 95% confidence interval of the predicted values.ConclusionSARIMA（1，0，0） （2，0，0） 52 can be used for the medium term prediction of ILI% in Shanghai， and can play an early warning role for the epidemic and outbreak of influenza in Shanghai.

With the continuous development of information technology, people's lifestyle and the quality of life have further improved, people's demand for medical and health is also increasing, "smart healthcare" happens to meet people's growing demand of medical and health services. This article briefly overviews of the development of smart healthcare, surrounded by the definition of smart healthcare, the development of smart healthcare, the role of smart healthcare, the safety of smart healthcare, and the prospect of smart healthcare.

【Objective】 Water retention curve is a parameter describing the ability of a soil to hold water; it is modulated by soil structure and texture. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the feasibility of using clay content to estimate water retention curve of a sandy soil. 【Method】 The sandy soil used in the experiment was sieved to two groups first, and 12 soils with different clay contents were made by thoroughly mixing soils taken from the two groups at different mass fractions. The water retention curve of each sample was measured in laboratory, from which we calculated the pore size distribution and analyzed the impact of the clay content. 【Result】 When bulk density was 1.55 g/cm3, increasing clay content by 1.9 times led to a 28.6% decrease in volume of pores with diameters in the range of 0.03~1 mm, and six times increase in volume of pores with diameter in the range of 200 nm~0.03 mm. Fitting the curves to the van Genuchten formula showed that the parameters θs and α in the formula were positively proportional to the clay content, while the parameter θr was negatively proportional to the clay content; the parameter n in the formula decreased exponentially with the clay content. 【Conclusion】 There were close correlations between all parameters in the van Genuchten formula and the clay content in the sandy soil we studied. These correlations, along with the van Genuchten formula, can be used to estimate the water retention curve of the sandy soil after its clay content changes due to cultivation and/or erosion. For all soils with different clay contents we studied, the absolute errors between the estimated and the observed water contents were less than 15%. These results have implications for numerical simulation of water flow and solute transport in these soils.

In order to solve the problem of comprehensive utilization of concentrated brine in coal chemical industry, the flocculating settlement test was carried out by using concentrated brine instead of coagulant in coal chemical industry, and the effect of pH and gangue content on concentrated brine was investigated. In this paper, the Turbiscan Lab stability analyzer is used to analyze the stability of coal slurry system with different concentration of concentrated brine. The sedimentation rate and supernatant turbidity of coal slurry are analyzed by image analysis method. The results show that the gangue minerals in this coal sample are mainly kaolinite and quartz, and the clay minerals are mostly kaolinite. The coal chemical concentrated brine is used as a coagulant.With the increase of its dosage, the stability of slime water first becomes weak and then stronger, and the settlement effect is the best when the stability is the worst. However, the addition of excessive brine will introduce too many cations, which will lead to the stabilization of slime water. The higher the waste rock content, the more difficult the coal slurry to settle. The coal slurry settlement effect gets better and then worse with the decreasing of pH value. The optimum settlement condition is pH=5.

A software package, MRISim, for virtual magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data acquisition and image reconstruction was developed based on numerical simulation techniques. Virtual MRI data acquisition could be achieved through physical-mathematical modeling of the equipment and samples (i.e., phantom or human body). Image reconstruction of the virtual data was performed in the same manner as that in a real desktop MRI scanner. The software could also be applied for visualization of the features and causes of a variety of MRI artifacts, with the acquisition and processing parameters in the real experiments. MRISim was demonstrated as an efficient and reliable tool to conduct virtual MRI experiments, avoiding high expense of MRI training on real instruments.

The training of large-scale corpora is an important basic work for the automatic detection of Chinese texts using the trigram N-gram algorithm. Faced with up to one million pieces of data to be processed by the new media platform per day, there is a computational bottleneck in the construction of a single-node trigram N-gram language model lexicon. Based on the deep research of the trigram N-gram algorithm, the idea of trigram N-gram parallelization algorithm based on MapReduce programming model is proposed. In the MapReduce programming model, the arithmetic tasks are evenly distributed to m nodes. The main task of the trigram N-gram algorithm in the Map function part is to calculate the number of times the local words are matched with the first two words, while the main part of the Reduce function，its task is to merge the number of occurrences of the statistical word matching in the Map part to generate global statistical results. The experimental results show that the MapReduce-based trigram N-gram parallelization algorithm running on Hadoop clusters has good performance and scalability. For a 12 billion word-per-day training corpus data set, the algorithm is obtained in a cluster environment. The rate of training results is more linear.

Training data enrichment is a key factor in artificial intelligence (AI) technology development. At present, the bottleneck problem is that the quantity and type of labeled training data in valid samples are unable to meet the requirements of AI+MRI aided diagnosis. In this paper, an effective approach to solve the problem was presented. High resolution isotropic multi-dimensional data of regions of interests from patients or healthy volunteers were first acquired via a series of scanning on clinical MRI scanners, including quantitative T1, T2, proton density (Pd) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurements. These data were then used as the ground truth, from which different types of images associated with different imaging sequences and parameters were obtained with a virtual MRI technology. The type of the images with the best boundary resolution were then selected manually by experienced doctors, on which three-dimensional mask matrix was obtained by manual contouring and labeling, serving as the template for other types of images. This enrichment method was developed as a software platform, which could provide sufficient quantity of image data from a small number of positive cases, thus meeting the data training enrichment requirement of AI+MRI diagnosis at low cost and with high efficiency.

The transmission accuracy of RV reducer is mainly affected by the precision of the cycloidal drive,and the performance of the whole machine is directly affected by the dynamics state of the cycloidal gear and the pinwheel. Taking the RV-40 E reducer as the research object,and the three-dimensional model of the cycloidal gear and the pinwheel is built. By using the finite element method,modal analysis is conducted to get the natural frequency and vibration mode at each order of the cycloidal gear and the pinwheel in two working conditions. The results show that it is easy to cause the resonance deformation of cycloid gear and pinwheel when the meshing frequency of cycloidal gear is 1 820 Hz. And that the flange part area of the cycloidal gear and the area connecting pinwheel with the skeleton oil seal are more sensitive to produce deformation. Increase the pinwheel flange radius and adding ribs out of the skeleton oil seal can improve the pinwheel natural frequency to avoid resonance. Adding ribs for cycloidal gear can’t avoid the meshing frequency. Replacing the material of cycloidal gear and selecting the GCr15 with greater modulus of elasticity can make the cycloidal gear avoid the meshing frequency and avoid resonance. Modal analysis results of optimized cycloidal gear and pinwheel provide a theoretical basis of the following dynamics analysis of RV reducer.

Two kinds of typical aircraft insulation structures were designed for the heat bridge in the metal ribs of aircraft insulation structures. In order to study the influence of heat bridge effect on thermal insulation performance, each configuration was analyzed by the transient heat transfer FEA, check point temperature was obtained in the hot surface temperature of 100 ℃, 200 ℃, 300 ℃, 424 ℃ respectively, and the validity of FEA was proved by insulation performance experiment. The result showed that the thermal bridge has a great influence to the insulation performance of insulation structure, and the thermal bridge influence should be considered adequately when the insulation structure designed. Additionally, the blocking method for thermal bridge is also put forward.

The main reason for the transmission performance degradation of harmonic reducer is the wear of flexible wheel,and the research of failure mechanisms of flexible wheel provides a reference for design and manufacture of harmonic reducer. By research progress introduction of space lubrication and failure mechanisms of harmonic drive reducer at home and abroad,comparing the research results of different lubrication method,then the existing problems of wear failure mechanism of flexible wheel and its future research direction of friction and wear mechanism are proposed.

In order to study the mechanism of fatigue failure of harmonic reducer flexspline,by using ANSYS n Code Design Life 15. 0 software,the fatigue analysis of flexspline is carried out based on the results of finite element analysis. Comparing the analysis results with the engineering fatigue damage of flexspline,it is found that tooth circle and the bottom of the flange are much easier for fatigue failure,a basis for the design of flexspline is provided.

Background and purpose: DDX is an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent RNA helicase closely related to mRNA regulation, tumor proliferation and invasion. This article aimed to explore the effect of DDX6, a member of the DDX family, on the stability of CKMT1A mRNA, as well as the effect of the DDX6 CKMT1A axis on the proliferation and migration ability of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell CNE2 and its molecular mechanism. Methods: We retrieved the data of expressions of DDX6 and CKMT1A in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and performed a correlation analysis. Western blot was performed to detect the expressions of CKMT1A and DDX6 in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues and normal nasopharyngeal tissues preserved by Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University (Number: 2022-L114). We used transwell assay to detect cell migration ability, EdU assay to detect cell proliferation ability, and colony formation assay to detect clone formation ability. We transfect with lentivirus and plasmids to construct sh-DDX6, sh-CKMT1A, sh-CKMT1A+sh-DDX6 and oe-CKMT1A cell models derived from the human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line CNE2, preserved by Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, to clarify the impact of DDX6 and CKMT1A expression levels on the malignant biological phenotypes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. BALB/c nude mice subcutaneous xenograft tumor model was constructed to detect the effects of DDX6 and CKMT1A on nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells in mice. RNA stability assay was used to detect the effect of DDX6 knockout on CKMT1A mRNA and further clarify the molecular mechanism of DDX6. Results: DDX6 was highly expressed, CKMT1A level was low in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissue, and DDX6 was negatively correlated with CKMT1A expression. DDX6 inhibited protein translation of CKMT1A by disrupting its mRNA stability. Low expression of CKMT1A in CNE2 cells enhanced cell migration and proliferation ability, while high expression inhibited migration and proliferation ability. Knocking out DDX6 reversed the progression of malignant behavior caused by downregulation of CKMT1A. Low expression of CKMT1A promoted tumor cell growth in BALB/c nude mice subcutaneous xenograft tumor model, while low expression of DDX6 inhibited tumor cell growth. Knocking out DDX6 and CKMT1A simultaneously restored the inhibitory effect caused by knocking down DDX6 alone. Conclusion: DDX6 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells disrupts the stability of CKMT1A mRNA, negatively regulates CKMT1A protein translation, upregulates the proliferation and migration ability of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells, and promotes malignant progression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heavy medium rapid sedimentation process is widely used in coal mining wastewater, and its process characteristics are multivariate, nonlinear and time-varying. The precision of dosing affects the effluent index and operating costs of the heavy medium rapid sedimentation process. AI artificial intelligence software, as a data science tool, replaces traditional human experience and intuition with digital technology. Compared with traditional dosing control methods, using an AI artificial intelligence dosing system can accurately adjust the dosing amount in real time based on water quantity and quality, ensuring stable effluent quality and enabling early prediction of effluent quality indicators. This project used AI artificial intelligence software to analyze data on existing heavy medium rapid sedimentation processes, identified potential correlations between data, independently created algorithm models, and validated their effectiveness, ultimately achieved the experimental goal of being applicable for guiding production. Under the same industrial control, AI artificial intelligence could save 13.5% of the dosage compared with traditional dosing, achieving energy conservation and consumption reduction. The AI artificial intelligence dosing system can perform deep learning on continuously increasing data, continuously automatically correct model parameters, and make control more accurate.

Octadecane/expanded graphite and paraffin/expanded graphite shape-set phase change material precursors were prepared by vacuum adsorption. The medium and low-temperature dual-stage phase change polyu-rethane rigid foam was prepared by a one-step foa ming method. Cell structure, mechanical properties, phase change properties, thermal stability and temperature regulation capability of polyurethane rigid foams were investigated by SEM, DSC, TGA, universal testing machine and other test methods. The results showed that when the dual-stage phase change material was 95 wt%, the melting enthalpy and crystallization enthalpy of the medium-low temperature dual-stage phase-change polyurethane rigid foam reached 58.29 J/g and 53.69 J/g, respectively. Tow constant temperature platforms appeared at 26 °C and 60 °C, respectively in the process of uniform heating and cooling, showing excellent temperature regulation and control ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water conservancy information system involves many businesses, complex software system and many types and models of hardware equipment. After the system is completed, it is often faced with the problem of how to operate and maintain. In case of system failure, abnormal monitoring data or business data, it is necessary to check the software and hardware operation of the whole system one by one. Most of them rely on personal engineering operation experience. The troubleshooting takes a long time and is difficult to find the root cause, which seriously affects the safe and stable operation of water conservancy projects. In order to solve the above problems, based on the analysis of water conservancy data transmission link, this paper establishes the binary decision tree model of water conservancy data link troubleshooting, configures the attribute monitoring items of link nodes, and realizes the rapid fault location of water conservancy information system through the method of traditional monitoring combined with decision tree reasoning. It has been formally used in a long-distance water conveyance project, and the application effect is good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking virtual brand communities as the research background,this paper identifies the effect of various customer motivations on different product innovation behaviors and analyzes the moderating effect of virtual brand communities upon customer motivation and product innovation behavior. The results show that interest motivation exerts significant positive effect on product innovation,product testing and product launch,while social motivation and reward motivation have significant positive influence on product launch. Free atmosphere regulates the relationship between interest motivation and product innovation,reputation incentive regulates the relationship between interest motivation and product testing,and reputation incentive regulates the relationship between reward motivation and product launch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

the surgery practice teaching is an important transition for medical students from the theoretical study to the practice operation, and it is also the key to the medical students' surgical skills. By standardizing teaching contents, the reasonable use of network system, increasing layers of assessment and use the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (Objective Structured Clinical Examination, the OSCE), we want to strengthen the combination of theory and practice of the learning process based practice of surgery medical students, encourage students to play the subjective initiative and independent thinking. What's more, we hope students take effective use of the resources and time to improve themselves. Comparison study in the class of 2010 students showed that these means had not only achieved good teaching results, improved the teaching quality, but also got good grades in the national skills contest, laid a solid foundation for surgery medical students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the actual dilemma of intensified doctor-patient conflicts and the lack of teaching resources, we take advantage of the current social digitization, networking and informatization and explore construction and application of the surgical practice teaching platform. The teaching on network is an important useful supplement of clinical teaching. The teaching and research section of surgery in Nanjing Medical University focus on the current developed network technology and the high popularization of student computers and build autonomous learning platform with the aid of network technology. The platform includes virtual operating room, stereoscopic experimental teaching material and quality management through the network about "trinity" on surgical practice teaching. Through the training platform, the students get high scores in the three consecutive session of the contest of undergraduates' clinical skils of national medical coneges. Passing rate of practitioners practice exams within the graduates from our university is over 80. It can improve the medical students' surgical ability, effectively promote the construction of teachers team, and it is a good leading and exemplary role for the medical schools in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An encoder architecture of low density parity check(LDPC) code defined in DVB-S2 standard is proposed. The power dissipation of the computation circuit is reduced obviously through the smart exploitation of the random characteristic of the input data sequence. Furthermore, a design scheme of LDPC encoder with two parallel inputs is presented, which doubles the processing information rate. The multi-rate LDPC encoder with two parallel inputs was implemented on the field programmable gate array (FPGA) XC4VLX25-10SF363, and was tested under the experimental system. The tested results showed that the encoder could work normally with the processing rate up to 328 Mbit/s, which could satisfy the requirements of high speed synchronous digital hierarchy(SDH) transmission application. Additionally, this encoder is flexible to implement encoding of LDPC code with similar parity check matrices via reconfiguration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for the determination of trimetazidine and clomiphene in animal-derived foods was developed by mixed-mode reversed-phase strong cation exchange solid phase extraction cleanup followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Samples were extracted with 0.5% (V/V) formic acid in acetonitrile, and purified on a mixed-mode reversed phase strong cation exchange column (PRiME MCX). The chromatographic separation was performed on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column by gradient elution using a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid. The analytes were detected in the positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Quantification was performed by the internal standard method. The results showed that good linearity was observed for trimetazidine and clomiphene in the concentration range of 0.3–100.0 ng/mL with determination coefficients (R2) > 0.999. The average recoveries of this method ranged from 93.4% to 112.1%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 0.68%–4.81% (n = 6). The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.1 and 0.3 μg/kg, respectively. The developed method is sensitive, stable, practical, and suitable for the determination of trimetazidine and clomiphene in animal-derived foods, which can provide effective technical support for food safety assurance for sports events.

Background Pivotal meridian massage for neuropathic pain obtained favorable results in recent years, however, its specific mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated. Objective To observe the analgesic effect of pivotal meridian massage on rats according to the research indexes taking rat model of neuropathic pain induced by L5 spinal nerve ligation as the object of observation, to further investigate whether the analgesic effect is achieved by affecting LncRNA-GAS5 and then regulating the apoptosis of neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Methods The experiment was conducted from January to June 2021 at the Experimental Center for Animal Medicine of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine and Guangxi University. A total of 120 healthy female SD rats were randomly divided into the normal group, model group, sham-operated group, sham-manipulation group, and meridian manipulation group, with 24 rats in each group. Rat model of neuropathic pain was prepared by ligating the L5 spinal nerve in the model, sham-operated, sham-manipulation and meridian manipulation groups. After modeling for 24 hours, the L5 spinal nerve was exposed for a few minutes without ligation, and the wound was closed layer by layer in the sham-operated group; hind limbs of the rats in the sham-manipulation group were gently stroked for 18 minutes; a self-made massager was used to sequentially stimulate the three acupoints on the bilateral Foot Shaoyang Gallbladder Meridian of Huan Tiao, Yang Ling Quan, and Xuan Zhong, with a stimulation force of 5 N, frequency of 2 Hz, intervention of 1 minute for each acupoint and technique, totaling 18 minutes in the meridian manipulation group. The normal group and model group were fed and observed normally without any intervention. Behavioral tests (mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal withdrawal latency) were performed before modeling and on days 1, 3, 7, and 14 after modeling. On days 7 and 14 of the intervention, 12 rats were randomly selected for tissue sampling to detect the expression of TLR8/ERK signaling pathway-related proteins (Bcl-2, Caspase-3, ERK, TLR8 protein levels) and the expression levels of LncRNA-GAS5 and miR-21 genes in the spinal cord tissue. Results (1) In terms of behavioral observations, the mechanical withdrawal threshold of the model group, sham-manipulation group, and meridian manipulation group was lower than the normal group on days 1, 3, 7, and 14 after modeling (P

Practice and theory are equally important in prosthodontics. Although the current training mode of residents in prosthodontics has made some achievements, there are still some challenges in the training. How to help residents master the essential elements of dental prosthodontics practice in a short term of training program, improve the quality of clinical training, and to provide more high-level prosthodontics doctors to the society are all important topics in the current dental prosthodontics traning. We designed a systematic head simulation teaching program to improve the clinical operating ability of residents in prosthodontics.

The "Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, DOHaD" theory suggests that adverse factors in early life can lead to the occurrence of chronic diseases in adulthood. In recent years, it has been discovered that maternal factors, intrauterine development environment and environmental exposure during pregnancy can mediate the changes of early egg/embryo development, promote the occurrence of reproductive disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome, diminished ovarian reserve, and endometriosis, and induce intergenerational genetic effects. This article has reviewed the progress of research on maternal factors which may affect the pathogenesis of reproductive disorders, and expounds its mechanism from the perspectives of epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modification and non-coding small RNA (miRNA) modification, with an aim to provide insights for studying the occurrence of adult reproductive disorders in early life and before pregnancy.

Objective: To explore early postoperative gait characteristics and clinical outcomes after total knee arthroplasty (TKA)., Methods: From February 2023 to July 2023, 26 patients with unilateral knee osteoarthritis (KOA) were treated with TKA, including 4 males and 22 females, aged from 57 to 85 years old with an average of (67.58±6.49) years old;body mass index (BMI) ranged from 18.83 to 38.28 kg·m -2 with an average of (26.43±4.15) kg·m -2 ;14 patients on the left side, 12 patients on the right side;according to Kellgren-Lawrence(K-L) classification, 6 patients with grade Ⅲ and 20 patients with grade IV;the courses of disease ranged from 1 to 14 years with an average of (5.54±3.29) years. Images and videos of standing up and walking, walking side shot, squatting and supine kneeling were taken with smart phones before operation and 6 weeks after operation. The human posture estimation framework OpenPose were used to analyze stride frequency, step length, step length, step speed, active knee knee bending angle, stride length, double support phase time, as well as maximum hip flexion angle and maximum knee bending angle on squatting position. Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) arthritis index and Knee Society Score (KSS) were used to evaluate clinical efficacy of knee joint., Results: All patients were followed up for 5 to 7 weeks with an average of (6.00±0.57) weeks. The total score of WOMAC decreased from (64.85±11.54) before operation to (45.81±7.91) at 6 weeks after operation ( P <0.001). The total KSS was increased from (101.19±9.58) before operation to (125.50±10.32) at 6 weeks after operation ( P <0.001). The gait speed, stride frequency and stride length of the affected side before operation were (0.32±0.10) m·s -1 , (96.35±24.18) steps·min -1 , (0.72±0.14) m, respectively;and increased to (0.48±0.11) m·s -1 , (104.20±22.53) steps·min -1 , (0.79±0.10) m at 6 weeks after operation ( P <0.05). The lower limb support time and active knee bending angle decreased from (0.31±0.38) s and (125.21±11.64) ° before operation to (0.11±0.04) s and (120.01±13.35) ° at 6 weeks after operation ( P <0.05). Eleven patients could able to complete squat before operation, 13 patients could able to complete at 6 weeks after operation, and 9 patients could able to complete both before operation and 6 weeks after operation. In 9 patients, the maximum bending angle of crouching position was increased from 76.29° to 124.11° before operation to 91.35° to 134.12° at 6 weeks after operation, and the maximum bending angle of hip was increased from 103.70° to 147.25° before operation to 118.61° to 149.48° at 6 weeks after operation., Conclusion: Gait analysis technology based on artificial intelligence image recognition is a safe and effective method to quantitatively identify the changes of patients' gait. Knee pain of KOA was relieved and the function was improved, the supporting ability of the affected limb was improved after TKA, and the patient's stride frequency, stride length and stride speed were improved, and the overall movement rhythm of both lower limbs are more coordinated.

Objective: To introduce a locating device for the entry point of intramedullary nail based on the inertial navigation technology, which utilizes multi-dimensional angle information to assist in rapid and accurate positioning of the ideal direction of femoral anterograde intramedullary nails' entry point, and to verify its clinical value through clinical tests., Methods: After matching the locating module with the developing board, which are the two components of the locating device, they were placed on the skin surface of the proximal femur of the affected side. Anteroposterior fluoroscopy was performed. The developing angle corresponding to the ideal direction of entry point was selected based on the X-ray image, and then the yaw angle of the locating module was reset to zero. After resetting, the locating module was combined with the surgical instrument to guide the insertion angle of the guide wire. The ideal direction of entry point was accurately located based on the angle guidance. By setting up an experimental group and a control group for clinical surgical operations, the number of guide wire insertion times, surgical time, fluoroscopy frequency, and intraoperative blood loss with or without the locating device was recorded., Results: Compared to the control group, the experimental group showed significant improvement in the number of guide wire insertion times, surgical time, fluoroscopy frequency, and intraoperative blood loss, with a statistically significant difference ( P <0.01)., Conclusion: The locating device can assist doctors in quickly locating the entry point of intramedullary nail, effectively reducing the fluoroscopy frequency and surgical time by improving the success rate of the guide wire insertion with one shot, improving surgical efficiency, and possessing certain clinical value.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease caused by inflammatory cells. Various inflammatory cells involved in RA include fibroblast-like synoviocytes, macrophages, CD4 + T-lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, osteoclasts and chondrocytes. The close interaction between various inflammatory cells leads to imbalance of immune response and disorder of the expression of mRNA in inflammatory cells. It helps to drive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and stimulate specific antigen-specific T- and B-lymphocytes to produce autoantibodies which is an important pathogenic factor for RA. Competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) can regulate the expression of mRNA by competitively binding to miRNA. The related ceRNA network is a new regulatory mechanism for RNA interaction. It has been found to be involved in the regulation of abnormal biological processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and release of inflammatory factors of RA inflammatory cells. Understanding the ceRNA network in 6 kinds of RA common inflammatory cells provides a new idea for further elucidating the pathogenesis of RA, and provides a theoretical basis for the discovery of new biomarkers and effective therapeutic targets.

Objective: To assess the therapeutic effect of acupuncture of eight acupoints around the umbilicus in improving the metabolic level and reproductive function in endomorph polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) infertile patients., Methods: Retrospective analysis was performed on 96 cases of endomorph type PCOS infertility patients who were admitted to the clinic of the Reproductive Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from October 2015 to June 2018. Among them, fifty-six cases of the acupuncture group received treatment with acupuncture stimulation of eight acupoints (Shuifen ［CV9］, Yinjiao ［CV7］, Tianshu ［ST25］, Wailing ［ST26］, Huaroumen ［ST24］, etc.) around the umbilicus, and 40 cases of the control group were treated by oral administration of Letrozole. Acupuncture was performed once every other day, and Letrozole (2.5 mg/day) given once daily for 5 days, if no pregnancy got, the treatment procedure was repeated once again next menstruation cycle, continuously for 3 months. The pregnancy outcomes including the pregnancy rate, persistent pregnancy rate, ovulation rate and the first trimester abortion rate, and the levels of fat-related factors including body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), homeostasis model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR=fasting insulin x fasting blood glucose /22.5), leptin(LEP) and adiponectin(APN) of the two groups were compared. The ovulation rate (number of effective ovulation cycles/ number of observation cycles) x 100%, the first trimester abortion rate (number of spontaneous abortion within 12 weeks÷pregnancy cases) X100% were calculated. The fasting blood samples were taken for assaying serum LEP and APN contents using ELISA, blood glucose level using hexokinase assay, and serum insulin by using chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay, separately., Results: After the treatment, the pregnancy rate and the level of APN were significantly higher (P<0.05), and the BMI, WHR, HOMA-IR and LEP levels were all obviously lower in the acupuncture group than in the control group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups in the persistent pregnancy rate, abortion rate and ovulation rate (P>0.05)., Conclusion: Acupuncture at the eight points around the umbilicus can raise the pregnancy rate in obese type PCOS patients, which may be related to its effects in up-regulating serum APN and lowering BMI, WHR, HOMA-IR, and serum LEP levels.

In this study, 130 surface soil samples were collected at an industrial pollution site in Beijing and the contents of As, Be, Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Ti, Zn, and 16 PAHs were determined. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was used to analyze the sources of heavy metals and PAHs, and the contributions of these sources to carcinogenic risk and hazard index in the study area were calculated. The results showed that the contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, As, Zn, and Cr in the soil exceeded the background values in different degrees; Cd, Hg, Pb, Zn, and Cu exceeded the background values by>50%. Low molecular weight PAHs (two and three rings) and high molecular weight PAHs (four to six rings) accounted for 39.6% and 60.4% of the total content of 16 PAHs. The PAH content at 77% of the sampling points at the target site was more than 1000 μg ·kg -1 , which suggests severe PAH pollution at the site. Heavy metals Be, Ti, As, and Ni mainly originated from natural sources. There are three major sources of 7 heavy metals and 16 PAHs at the site: coal combustion (Hg and ∑16PAHs), smelting (Cu, Cr, Pb, and Zn), and traffic (Sb and Cd). The contribution rates of these sources to the total average contents of seven heavy metals and sixteen PAHs at 130 sampling sites were 8.46% (coal combustion), 90.61% (smelting), and 0.94% (traffic). Human health risk assessment results showed that the carcinogenic risk of seven heavy metals and ∑16PAHs ranged from 4.17×10 -6 to 39.38×10 -4 , and the hazard index ranged from 0 to 32.23. The maximum carcinogenic risk and hazard index values were calculated near the coking plant. Benzo[α]pyrene was the PAH that posed the highest carcinogenic risk and Zn was the heavy metal that had the highest hazard index value. The average carcinogenic risk of coal combustion was 2.16×10 -4 , accounting for 50.26% of the total average carcinogenic risk. The average hazard index of smelting was 0.834, accounting for 56.43% of the total average non-carcinogenic risk. These two pollution sources are responsible for the high levels of heavy metals and PAHs in the soil of the steel smelting sites that pose the most severe health risks. The results of this study can provide reference for soil remediation and process optimization at other heavily polluted industrial sites.

The treatment of pain with complementary and alternative medicine has gradually attracted international attention. Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) with clear composition and mechanism will become a new starting point for new drug research and development. Siegesbeckiae Herba is a commonly used TCM herb in the treatment of rheumatic arthralgia. With a clear chemical composition, Siegesbeckiae Herba has a long history of clinical application and a certain modern research basis in the treatment of chronic pain. It has good research and development prospects in the treatment of analgesia. Based on the occurrence principle of pain and the known mechanism of action of Siegesbeckiae Herba, we discussed the advance of studies on Siegesbeckiae Herba in three aspects, namely inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain and cancer pain, so as to provide reference for further basic research and development and application of new TCM.

In this study,a nano drug delivery system GA-DTX-NGO which could be used for liver tumor photothermal and chemotherapy was prepared and characterized,with docetaxel(DTX) as model drug,glycyrrhetinic acid(GA) as the target molecule,and nano graphene oxide(NGO) as the photosensitizer. Firstly,GA-NGO nanocomposites were synthesized by the amidation reaction,and then GA-DTX-NGO was prepared by ultrasonic dispersion method. The encapsulation efficiency and drug loading ratio were determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) and ultracentrifugation; the morphology was observed by transmission electron microscopy(TEM). The photothermal conversion test was carried out by laser irradiation at 808 nm and the drug release test in vitro was performed using reverse dialysis. Finally,the effect of GA-DTX-NGO on SMMC-7721 liver tumor cells proliferation was determined by using MTT assay. The results showed that GA-DTX-NGO had good water dispersibility,and TEM results showed a lamellar structure with about 200 nm in diameter. The encapsulation efficiency and drug loading ratio of GA-DTX-NGO were(98. 89 ± 0. 07) % and(64. 74±0. 26) %,respectively. GA-DTX-NGO had strong photothermal conversion performance under 808 nm of laser irradiation. The drug release test in vitro results showed GA-DTX-NGO had obvious sustained-release effects and temperature-dependent release characteristics. The results of cell assay showed that GA-DTX-NGO could effectively inhibit the proliferation of SMMC 7721 cells in a concentration-and time-dependent manner,and the inhibitory effect was enhanced after combination with the near-infrared therapy. In conclusion,the preparation process of GA-DTX-NGO nano drug delivery system is feasible,which could provide some theoretical basis for further study of photothermal and chemotherapy on liver tumor.

Speckle type BTB/POZ protein (SPOP) is one of the most frequently mutated protein in prostate cancer. In this study, proteomics and metabolomics were integrated to study the effects of SPOP mutation on metabolism. First, LNCaP control (CON), SPOP wild-type (SPOP&#95;WT), and SPOP mutation (SPOP&#95;Y87N and SPOP&#95;F133L) cells were subjected to a metabolomics study. The metabolomics data of LNCaP CON, SPOP&#95;WT, SPOP&#95;Y87N, and SPOP&#95;F133L cells were evaluated by partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Four groups could be clearly differentiated with an explanation ability of R 2 X =0.512, R 2 Y =0.616 and predictive ability of Q 2 =0.475. Totally, 36 differential metabolites were defined with variable importance for the projection (VIP) value > 1. Then, the 36 metabolites were subjected to one-way ANOVA analysis. Fumaric acid, malic acid, citric acid, aspartic acid, and asparagine were increased in LNCaP SPOP mutation cells compared to that in LNCaP SPOP&#95;WT cells. Using a proteomics study, 909 differential proteins were found in LNCaP SPOP&#95;Y87N and SPOP&#95;F133L cells. MetaboAnalyst 3.0 was used to enrich metabolic pathways by using differential metabolites. KOBAS 3.0 was used to enrich metabolic pathways by using differential proteins. Both metabolomics and proteomics analysis showed that the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis were significantly changed. To validate these findings, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomics was performed in Du145 SPOP knock-out cells. The results indicated that the TCA cycle was activated in Du145 SPOP knock-out cells. Collectively, this study found that SPOP mutation significantly promoted TCA cycle in prostate cancer cells.

Objective: To investigate the effects of optical genetic techniques on new neurons through the Wnt/β-Catenin pathway., Methods: Neural stem cells (ESCs)were extracted from the cerebral cortex of fetal rat and transfected by lentivirus carrying DCX-ChR2-EGFP gene and the expression of DCX of newborn neurons differentiated from neural stem cells were observed. All cells were divided into 3 groups(n=9): control group, NSCs+EGFP and NSCs+ChR2 groups. The control group was normal cultured NSCs (NSCs group); the neural stem cells in NSCs+EGFP group were transfected with lentivirus carrying EGFP gene. The neural stem cells in NSCs+ChR2 group were infected with lentivirus carrying DCX-ChR2-EGFP gene. After 48 hours of lentivirus infection, 470 nm blue laser irradiation was performed for 3 consecutive days. NeuN + positive cell density(the maturation of neural stem cells)and the ratio of NeuN + /Hoechst in each group were observed. Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of MAP2, NeuN, Neurog2, NeuroD1 and GluR2. Western blot was used to detect the expressions of β-catenin and TCF4 associated with Wnt/β-catenin signaling channel. Verapamil (100 μmol/L, L-type calcium channel blockers) and Dkk1 (50 μg/ml, β-catenin inhibitor) were used to treat stem cells of the NSCs+ChR2 group and then the expressions of MAP2, NeuN, Neurog2, NeuroD1 and GluR were detected by Western blot., Results: After 3 days of 470 nm blue laser irradiation, NeuN + positive cell density(the maturation of neural stem cells)and the ratio of NeuN + /Hoechst, the expression levels of the protein MAP2, NeuN, Neurog2, NeuroD1, GluR and the protein β-catenin and TCF4 associated with Wnt/β-catenin signaling channel detected by Western blot were significantly increased in the group of NSCs+ChR2, compared with NSCs and NSCs+EGFP groups. The expressions of MAP2, NeuN, Neurog2, NeuroD1 and GluR were remarkably decreased after treated by verapamil and Dkk1 in the group of NSCs+ChR2. It was proved that the opening of ChR2 channel producing cationic influx promoted the maturation of neural stem cells and induced by the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway., Conclusion: Optical genetic promoted the maturation of newborn neurons through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Huaier on autophagy of human hepatoma SK-HEP-1 cells and the effect of autophagy on the proliferation of SK-HEP-1 cells. CCK-8 assay was used to evaluate the effect of Huaier on the proliferation of SK-HEP-1 cells under different concentrations and different times. Acridine orange staining was used to measure the effect of Huaier on the autolysosome formation in SK-HEP-1 cells. Immunofluorescence assay was applied to examine the effect of Huaier on the expression and distribution of autophagy marker LC3 in SK-HEP-1 cells. In addition， LC3 expression was also checked by immunoblot analysis in the presence of Huaier. At last， the effects of Huaier in combination with autophagy inhibitor bafilomycin A1 on the proliferation of SK-HEP-1 cells was detected by CCK-8 assay. The results showed that Huaier aqueous extract significantly inhibited the proliferation of human hepatoma SK-HEP-1 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Huaier aqueous extract dramatically promoted the formation of autolysosome in SK-HEP-1 cells. Moreover， Huaier markedly increased the number and intensity of intracellular LC3 fluorescent puncta and up-regulated LC3-Ⅱ expression. These data indicated that Huaier evidently activated autophagy of SK-HEP-1 cells. Additionally， autophagy inhibition significantly attenuated the sensitivity of SK-HEP-1 cells to Huaier treatment. Therefore， autophagy activation is involved in the inhibitory effects of Huaier on the proliferation of human hepatoma SK-HEP-1 cells., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Tissue culture seedlings of Bletilla striata were treated with MeJA, SA and two kinds of endophytic fungi in order to study the effects of those treatments on the physiology and total phenols content. The method of tissue culture was used to culture seeds into seedlings, and then different treatments were applied on them to observe and measure the changes of physiology and total phenols content. We find that the growth of seedlings treated with SA was poor, which treated with 40 μmol•L⁻¹ MeJA, 50 mL•L⁻¹ Hypocrea koningii and 10 mL•L⁻¹ Trichoderma koningiopsis showed better. The activity of SOD, POD and CAT was at a high level under SA treatment of each concentration. The activity of SOD and POD increased as the rise of MeJA concentration, while CAT was highest at 80 μmol•L⁻¹. The activity of SOD and POD increased with the increasing of the concentration of H. koningii treatment, while CAT reached the highest at 1 mL•L⁻¹. The activity of SOD, POD and CAT increased first and then declined with the concentration of T. koningiopsis increasing, and the highest activity was at 10 mL•L⁻¹. The contents of MDA, soluble protein and proline were increased more or less under the four treatments. The content of polysaccharide was at a high level under 60 μmol•L⁻¹ of MeJA. The total phenols content was at a high level under 40 μmol•L⁻¹ of MeJA, 60 μmol•L⁻¹ of SA, 1 mL•L⁻¹ of H. koningii and 10 mL•L⁻¹ of T. koningiopsis. The results indicated that the addition of exogenous MeJA, SA and endophytic fungi under certain concentrations could improve the resistance of B. striata and increase the content of total phenols at some degree and the trearment of MeJA, H. koningii and T. koningiopsis could promote the growth of seedlings under certain concentrations., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Weak information measurement between the spectra is one of the toughest current research issues in the hyperspectral remote sensing domainTraditional measuring methods are difficult to distinguish the weak information differences. The experiment on the lead(Pb) pollution was designed based on its different concentrations, meanwhile, the hyperspectral reflectance, chlorophyll and lead ion(Pb2+) contents of corn leaves stressed by different Pb2+ concentrations were measured. However, it is difficult to distinguish the differences on weak information between the spectra and the pollution levels of corn leaves stressed by different Pb2+ concentrations because the spectral correlation coefficients have reached 0.999 according to the measured results. Due to this fact, a novel spectral similarity measuring method that is the derivative spectral angle tangent (DSAT) model, was put forward based on the spectral derivative processing, tangent function enhancement, spectral angle measurement, piecewise spectral detection and so on. In order to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of DSAT in distinguishing the differences of the similar spectra that their correlation coefficients reach 0.99, the DSAT was used to measure the weak information differences between the spectra of corn leaves stressed by different Pb2+ concentrations by the ways on detecting the whole waveforms and the sub-interval waveforms of corn leaf spectra. The experimental results showed that the relative chlorophyll concentration and Pb2+ contents of corn leaves were significantly correlated with the waveform difference information. It also proves that the DSAT model has better practicability and superiority in distinguishing the difference between the high similarity spectra.

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy technology, as a new analytic method, can be used to determine the content of lignin, cellulose and hemi-cellulose which is faster, effective, easier to operate, and more accurate than the traditional wet chemical methods. Nowadays it has been widely used in measuring the composition of lignocelluloses in woody plant and herbaceous plant. The domestic and foreign research progress in determining the lignin, cellulose and hemi-cellulose content in woody plant ( wood and bamboo used as papermaking raw materials and wood served as potential biomass energy) and herbaceous plant (forage grass and energy grass) by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy technology is comprehensively summarized and the advances in method studies of measuring the composition of lignocelluloses by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy technology are summed up in three aspects, sample preparation, spectral data pretreatment and wavelength selection methods, and chemometric analysis respectively. Four outlooks are proposed combining the development statues of wood, forage grass and energy grass industry. First of all, the authors need to establish more feasible and applicable models for a variety of uses which can be used for more species from different areas, periods and anatomical parts. Secondly, comprehensive near infrared reflectance spectroscopy data base of grass products quality index needs to be improved to realize on-line quality and process control in grassproducts industry, which can guarantee the quality of the grass product. Thirdly, the near infrared reflectance spectroscopy quality index model of energy plant need to be built which can not only contribute to breed screening, but also improve the development of biomass industry. Besides, modeling approaches are required to be explored and perfected any further. Finally, the authors need to try our best to boost the advancement in the determination method of lignin, cellulose and hemi-cellulose by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy from the laboratory to the practical applications. Along with the method of determining the lignin, cellulose and hemi-cellulose by near infrared spectroscopy being unceasingly perfected and matured, this technique will actively have a positive effect on the development of papermaking, forage grass and energy grass industry.

A multiple lines of evidence analysis technology was applied to assess whether sites were contaminated by heavy metals (HMs). Firstly, the baseline upper limit concentration for As and Cr6+ were derived for the two investigated sites based on the analysis of the relative cumulative probability plots of the two metals and their spatial distribution in the soil. The results indicated that the baseline upper limit concentrations for As and Cr6+ at site 1 were 29. 8 mg x kg(-1) and 76. 1 mg x kg(-1), respectively, which were much higher than those reported for the local area by others. But at site 2, the baseline upper limit concentrations for As and Cr6+ were 10.6 mg x kg(-1) and 33 mg x kg(-1), respectively, which were only a little higher than the reported values. Taken the derived baseline concentrations as the assessment criteria, both sites were contaminated by the heavy metals to some degree, which is consistent with the site historical activities review results and element correlation analysis results. At site 1, the As concentration in 3.8% samples exceeded the derived baseline concentration, while the Cr6+ concentration in 6.0% samples exceeded the baseline concentration. At site 2, only the concentration of As in 5.2% samples exceeded the derived baseline value. All the above exceeding rates were much lower than those based on the reported baseline values, which were 77.7% and 96.7% for As and Cr6+ at site 1, respectively and 41.9% for As at site 2. The difference indicates that for a specific site, the baseline concentrations for heavy metals reported in literatures should not be directly applied as the criteria to assess whether the site is contaminated or not, which may cause the results to lose the objectivity and leading to the misallocation of lots of rare resource to remediate soil that maybe not contaminated.