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Objective To summarize the causes, treatment and prognosis of severe epistaxis after transnasal endoscopic skull base surgery. Methods and Results There were 12 patients with delayed severe epistaxis after transnasal endoscopic skull base surgery from February 2007 to January 2018. Surgical methods included endoscopic electrocoagulation hemostasis in 7 cases (7/12), DSA-assisted endoscopic electrocoagulation hemostasis in one case (1/12), DSA-assisted superselective arterial embolization in 3 cases (3/12), and DSA-assisted superselective arterial embolization combined with endoscopic electrocoagulation hemostasis in one case (1/12). Successful hemostasis occurred in 11 cases, and one case died. Patients were followed up for (17.21 ± 3.42) months without epistaxis recurrence. Conclusions Epistaxis mainly occurs over 7 to 14 d after transnasal endoscopic skull base surgery. The choice of operation methods is related to the location of bleeding and responsible artery. Endoscopic electrocoagulation hemostasis is an effective method without serious complications. Patients with internal carotid artery (ICA) pseudoaneurysms can be cured by endoscopic electrocoagulation hemostasis plus arterial embolization. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2019.04.009

Objective To investigate the imaging characteristics and nasal endoscopic repair surgery for delayed postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea in patients with pituitary tumor. Methods From June 2009 to November 2014 there were 23 cases with delayed CSF rhinorrhea in our hospital, which occurred one year to 5 years after the operation for pituitary tumor. Pituitary hormone assay, head MRI, cisternal CT and nasal endoscopic examination were performed in all patients. After definite diagnosis the patients underwent nasal endoscopic repair surgery of CSF rhinorrhea. During the operation, large leakage orifices were packed with muscle, and then patched with xenogenic acellular dermal matrix, while the small ones were directly patched with xenogenic acellular dermal matrix after tumor resection, and the sphenoid sinus was packed with gelatin sponge and iodoform gauze. Results Patients were hospitalized for 3 to 5 weeks. Among them, 20 patients were successfully recured after one nasal endoscopic repair surgery, 2 underwent the second surgery, and one underwent the third surgery. Patients were followed up for 3 months to 5 years with no CSF rhinorrhea reoccurred. Conclusions Delayed postoperative CSF rhinorrhea in patients with pituitary tumor were likely due to residual tumor growth and postoperative radiotherapy. Pituitary tumor often occur in sella, thus nasal endoscopic resection and repair surgery is feasible in treatment. The surgery is safe and the success rate is high. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2017.09.012

From June 2005 to October 2012, there were 135 cases with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea admitted in our hospital who underwent nasal endoscopic repair surgery, and intracranial infection happened in 3 cases after surgery, including intracranial mucormycosis in one case, brain abscess in one case and bacterial infection in one case. These 3 cases underwent surgery to clear up the focus of infection, supplemented by antifungal drugs or antibiotic therapy. Case 1 and Case 2 were followed up for 2 years without CSF rhinorrhea or intracranial infection; Case 3 died due to multiple organ failure. The intracranial complications after nasal endoscopic surgery for repairing CSF leakage are rare and need combined treatment of relevant departments. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2014.08.016

Objective To explore the surgical management of second tracheotomy. Methods Retrospective analysis of 32 cases with recurrent cerebrovascular disease or pulmonary infection who under⁃went second tracheotomy in our hospital from 2008 to 2010. Results These 32 cases were operated successfully without complication. Among these cases, 6 patients occurred hemorrhage after operation and the hemostatic effect was good. Conclusion Second tracheotomy is difficult. It depends on the first tracheotomy condition and the trachea exposure to decide the operation mode and incision position. DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1672⁃6731.2012.01.017

The article focuses on a study related to the differential display gene expression of multiple drug-resistant strain of chicken Eimeria tenella protozoan parasite from Shijiazhuang in China. It discusses the use of differential display technique integrated with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for gene expression, analysis of PCR products on denaturing polyacrylamide gels by silver-straining, and the detection of a clone of the strain by dot-blot nucleic acid hybridization method.

The article presents a study which aims to identify the effects of traditional Chinese medicine and Qiudi on Eimeria tenella infected chickens. The inoculated chickens were given water with Qiudi. Results indicated an increase in serum thymidine phosphorylase of inoculated chickens that took traditional Chinese medicine and Qiudi compared to the inoculated chickens that did not receive any of the medications.

The article presents a research which explores Eimeria tenella's resistance, cited in healthy chickens, to anticoccidiosis medications.

Objective To summarize the clinical features of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), the distribution and description of TSC gene, and to probe into the correlation of genotype with phenotype. Methods According to the 1998 International Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Diagnostic Criteria, a total of 163 TSC patients with pathogenic mutation in TSC gene (3 cases were detected in our hospital, and the other 160 cases were collected from other institutions in China) were enrolled, and their gene detection results and clinical data were analyzed. Results Among 163 cases, TSC1 mutation (31 cases) accounted for 19.02% [32.26% (10/31) in exon 15, 16.13% (5/31) in exon 21, 12.90% (4/31) in exon 18], and TSC2 mutation (132 cases) accounted for 80.98% [9.85% (13/132) in exon 37, 7.58% (10/132) in exon 40, 6.82%(9/132) in exon 33]. The proportion of base replacement in TSC1 was 41.94% (13/31), and 52.27% (69/132) in TSC2. Male patients exhibited significantly more subependymal nodules or calcifications than thefemale patients (χ2 = 8.016, P = 0.005). Sporadic patients exhibited significantly more cortical tubers than familial patients (χ2 = 6.273, P = 0.012). Patients with TSC2 mutations had significantly higher frequencies of hypomelanotic macules than patients with TSC1 mutations (χ2 = 6.756, P = 0.009). Patients with missense mutations were more likely to have facial angiofibromas compared with patients with other mutations (χ2 = 4.438, P = 0.035). Conclusions Exon 15, 21 and 18 of TSC1 and exon 37, 40 and 33 of TSC2 accounted for higher percentage of mutations. Correlating genotypes with phenotypes should facilitate the individualized treatment and prognostic assessment of tuberous sclerosis complex. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2015.04.013

Etiological and clinical analyses of 220 children with cerebrovascular diseases were retrospectively analyzed. One hundred and forty-nine cases (67.73%) were male, and 71 cases (32.27%) were female. There were 186 cases (84.55%) of patients to be found with clear causes, most of which were arteriovenous malformation (80/220, 36.36%), traumatic brain injury (38/220, 17.27%), intracranial infection (15/220, 6.82% ), intracranial aneurysm (13/220, 5.91% ), delayed vitamin K deficiency (12/220, 5.45% ), congenital heart disease (9/220, 4.09%) and cavernous malformation (7/220, 3.18%). The etiological and clinical features of children cerebrovascular diseases are distinct, and timely diagnosis and treatment will help to improve patients' prognosis. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2014.03.017

Objective To explore the relevance between the level changes of serum neuron⁃specific enolase (NSE) and neuronal damage in various seizure types of children with epilepsy. Methods According to the classification criteria of seizure types formulated by International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) in 1981, 190 children with epilepsy were enrolled including tonic⁃clonic seizure group (41 cases), tonic seizure group (34 cases), clonic seizure group (22 cases), myoclonic seizure group (12 cases), atonic seizure group (17 cases), absence seizure group (22 cases), simple partial seizure group (21 cases) and complex partial seizure group (21 cases), and 64 healthy children were enrolled as control group. The long⁃ range vedio⁃electroencephalogram (VEEG) was operated and the blood samples were collected from these cases within 72 h after their seizures. Results The serum NSE levels of epileptic children were significantly higher than control group (P = 0.000). Among these seizure groups, serum NSE in myoclonic seizure group [(32.42 ± 6.62) ng/ml] was significantly higher than the other types, except for tonic⁃clonic seizure group (P = 0.062). There was no significant difference among the other types (P > 0.05, for all). According to rank correlation analysis, there was positive corrlation between serum NSE levels and VEEG abnormal intensity (rs = 0.613, P = 0.000). Conclusion The serum NSE were markedly increased in children with epilepsy after seizures, suggesting that a certain degree of neuronal damage may result from seizures; the higher NSE levels were, the more serious neuronal damage caused by epileptiform discharges was. The serum NSE levels in myoclonic seizure group and tonic⁃clonic seizure group were significantly higher than other seizure types, indicating the two kinds of seizures may result in greater neuronal damage. DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1672⁃6731.2012.05.013