Search

Objective·To investigate the effect of icariin on the transition from acute kidney disease (AKI) to chronic kidney disease (CKD) in mice and the possible mechanism.Methods·C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with aristolochic acid for 2 weeks to mimic AKI to CKD transition. Icariin was intragastrically administered for 2 or 5 weeks at the end of 2 weeks of aristolochic acid injection or 1 week before modeling. The renal function and pathological injury of the mice were monitored. The mitochondrial structure of renal tubular epithelial cells was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The indexes related to fatty acid oxidative metabolic pathway, fibrosis, and inflammation were detected by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and immunohistochemical staining. The rat renal fibroblast cell line and the rat renal tubular epithelial cell lines were co-cultured in Transwell cell chambers to simulate the interaction between the two types of cells. The renal tubular epithelial cells were pretreated with icariin for 1 h, and then treated with aristolochic acid for 24 h. After removing the two drugs, the renal tubular epithelial cells and the fibroblasts were co-cultured for 24 h. The mRNA or protein expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (Ppara), pro-fibrotic factors, inflammatory factors, activated caspase-3 (cleaved caspase-3), and extracellular matrix-associated genes in renal fibroblasts were detected by qPCR or Western blotting. The renal tubular epithelial cells were transfected with Ppara-siRNA to observe the expression changes of cleaved caspase-3 and the related indicators of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidative metabolism in the downstream of PPARα after icariin intervention prior to aristolochic acid.Results·Compared with the control group, the serum creatinine and urea nitrogen levels of the mice injected with aristolochic acid only were significantly higher, with a large number of inflammatory cells infiltrating into the kidney and serious renal tubular injury at the end of 2 weeks of aristolochic acid injection and 2 weeks after the last injection (4 weeks). The renal function was significantly improved, and the pathological damage was attenuated in the mice pretreated with icariin. After 4 weeks of modeling, the mitochondrial structure of renal tubular epithelial cells was seriously damaged in the aristolochic acid group, and the mRNA levels of fatty acid oxidative metabolic pathway-related genes were significantly downregulated, compared to the control group, accompanied by macrophage infiltration and renal fibrosis. Icariin pretreatment attenuated these damages generated by aristolochic acid. The serum creatinine and urea nitrogen levels, renal pathological injury, and fibrotic markers of the mice treated with icariin at the end of 2 weeks of aristolochic acid injection showed no difference from the aristolochic acid group. In the in vitro experiments, aristolochic acid treatment suppressed Ppara mRNA expression and elevated cleaved caspase-3, inflammatory factors, and pro-fibrotic factors in renal tubular epithelial cells. It also upregulated the expression of extracellular matrix-related genes in co-cultured renal fibroblasts. In contrast, icariin pretreatment abrogated the changes caused by aristolochic acid. The knockdown of Ppara by siRNA in renal tubular epithelial cells removed the preventive effects of icariin on aristolochic acid inhibiting fatty acid oxidative metabolism and promoting cell apoptosis.Conclusion·Icariin prevents AKI to CKD transition induced by aristolochic acid in mice. It may play its protective role by improving the mitochondrial fatty acid oxidative metabolic pathway, especially through PPARα, in renal tubular epithelial cells.

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics of autoimmune gastritis associated diseases, and review the related literatures so as to provide reference for clinical practice. Methods: Three cases of autoimmune gastritis were diagnosed by endoscopy and serological examination due to gastrointestinal symptoms accompanied with anemia, gastric neuroendocrine tumor or abnormal index of liver function respectively, and the correlation between autoimmune gastritis and associated diseases was explore. Results: Case 1 presented with " nausea accompanied by intermittent vomiting and anemia for 1 month", and serological examination indicated megaloblastic anemia postoperative pathology of gastric hyperplasia lesions showed local high-grade neoplasia tubular adenoma after admission. Case 2 presented with "repeated middle and upper abdominal discomfort for several months". Postoperative pathology of gastric hyperplasia lesions was neuroendocrine tumor (G1 stage) after admission to hospital. Case 3 presented with "abnormal index of liver function", and liver biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of primary biliary cholangitis after admission to hospital. Due to the thin mucosal layer of fundus and submucosal vessel penetration of gastric mucosa atrophy, chronic atrophic gastritis was observed in gastric pathology in all patients. Therefore, all serum tests showed positive results for endogenous factor antibody and parietal cell antibody, and all patients were diagnosed as autoimmune gastritis. Subsequent literature analysis suggested that autoimmune gastritis was associated with the development and progression of megaloblastic anemia, neuroendocrine tumor, primary biliary cholangitis and so on. Conclusions: Three cases reported were treated as megaloblastic anemia or gastric neuroendocrine tumor or abnormal index of liver function on first visit, and subsequently were diagnosed as having autoimmune gastritis. Attention should be paid to autoimmune gastritis associated diseases.

Objective To understand the current situation of chronic kidney disease in the elderly in urban communities and to explore its influencing factors. Methods The data were based on the National Basic Public Health Service Project in Qingyang District, Chengdu in 2019. The physical examination data of the elderly aged 65 years or older were used and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated from serum creatinine using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. CKD was defined as eGFR less than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m². Kruskal-Wallis H test, Chi-square test and linear trend Chi-square test were used to compare the differences in the prevalence of CKD among the elderly in urban communities with different characteristics, and the influencing factors of CKD among the elderly in urban communities were explored by multivariate logistic regression model. Results Among the 23 851 elderly in urban communities, the prevalence of CKD was 9.8%, and the awareness rate was 6.1%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age 80 years or older (OR = 9.874, 95% CI :8. 576-11.369, P < 0.001), smoking (OR = 1.221, 95% CI: 1.031-1.447, P = 0.021), dyslipidemia (OR = 1.400, 95% CI: 1.274-1.539, P <0.001), hypertension (OR = 1.711, 95 % CI: 1.546-1.894, P < 0.001) and diabetes (OR = 1.151, 95 % CI: 1.043-1.27, P = 0.005) were positively related to CKD. Higher education (OR = 0.644, 95% CI: 0.526-0.787, P < 0.001) and everyday physical activity (OR = 0.647, 95% CI :0.571-0.732, P <0.001) were negatively related to CKD. Conclusion The prevalence of CKD in the elderly in urban communities is high, but the awareness rate is low. To optimize the management of CKD in urban communities and aim at lowering the development of CKD and slowing its progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the dental application of nano materials has made progress in clinical treatment, such as implant surface modification as well as antibacterial, and controlled release. However, the active physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials may pose a potential safety risk in humans. Dental nanomaterials used for oral application can be released into the blood through a variety of mechanisms, and they can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and enter the central nervous system. Moreover, nanomaterials can also directly affect the central nervous system through the olfactory nerve and via sensory nerve terminal transport, causing organic and functional damage to central nerves, and even causing neurotoxicity during embryo development. Nanomaterials can interact with biomolecules such as cells, genes, and proteins in the body, and can produce neurotoxicity through the mechanisms of inducing oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, cell autophagy, apoptosis, genotoxicity, etc. Factors affecting the toxicity of nanomaterials include particle size, concentration, and solubility. Dental nanomaterials and their pathways into the central nervous system, as well as the mechanisms that may cause neurotoxicity, will be discussed on this review.

Objective To investigate the biological roles and potential regulatory mechanisms of microRNA-4465 (miR-4465) in colon cancer cells. Methods qPCR was used to detect the miR-4465 levels in SW480, HT-29 and HCT-116 cells; then miR-4465 was overexpressed in HCT-116 cells, and cell viability and apoptosis were detected by MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively; the Caspase-3 activity was measured by a kit; the cell invasion was detected by Transwell assay; the targeting relation between miR-4465 and HMGA1, HMGA2, EZH2 were determined by the luciferase reporter gene assay. The protein and mRNA expression levels of HMGA1, HMGA2 and EZH2 were detected by Western blot and qPCR, respectively. Results The expression of miR-4465 was significantly down-regulated in SW480, HT-29 and HCT-116 cells (P < 0.05). Overexpression of miR-4465 reduced the viability of HCT-116 cells, increased cell apoptosis, enhanced Caspase-3 activity and suppressed cell invasion (all P < 0.05). MiR-4465 directly targeted 3'-UTR of HMGA1, HMGA2 or EZH2, thereby regulating their expression negatively. Conclusion MiR-4465 overexpression could reduce the viability of colon cancer cells, promote cell apoptosis and suppress cell invasion, which may be related to the negative regulation of HMGA1, HMGA2 or EZH2.

In this study, five types of Aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx) strands with different widths and percentages were mixed to prepare oriented strand board (OSB) panels and their impacts on the internal bonding strength (IB), stiffness (MOE), and bending strength (MOR) of OSB were investigated. The results showed that strands with different widths at different ratios showed a significant effect on the manufacture process and qualities of the obtained OSB. The influence mechanisms of the width combination of strands on the performance of OSB was also revealed. This study could provide references for further improving the quality of OSB products, improving resource utilization, reducing the carbon footprint of wood-based panel production and reducing manufacturing costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abnormalities in lipid metabolism induce myocardial structural and functional disorders, leading to the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), which has become a hotspot in current DCM research. The transmembrane glycoprotein CD36 is a multifunctional membrane protein that facilitates fatty acid transport, which is involved in the regulation of cardiac lipid metabolism. CD36 signaling plays a key role in the pathogenesis of DCM mediated cardiac injuries. This article summarizes the structure of CD36 and its role in specific cell types, and further explores the pathophysiological role of CD36 in DCM, proposing that targeting CD36 may prove to be a potential pharmacological strategy in the prevention and treatment of DCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the key influencing factors during the flaking process of yellow birch (Betula arneghaniensis brittori) wood strands with the aim of achieving energy efficiency, improving utilization of wood resources and enhancing wood strand quality by optimizing parameters and flaking processes of the disc flaker. The impact of disc flake knife rake angle, clearance angle, knife projection, counter knife angle, wood temperature, flaking direction, and wood flaking height on the production process of yellow birch wood strands were discussed. Birch wood strand length distribution and tensile strength were evaluated as the indicators of wood strand flaking quality, while strand curl index and flaking energy consumption during the cutting process were used to evaluate the production control of high-quality yellow birch wood strands.The results showed that longitudinal flaking can obtain better wood strand quality, and increasing the wood temperature and counter knife angle can effectively improve it as well. However, the increase of counter knife tingle resulted in more energy consumption. This study was significant for guiding the flaking process of oriented strand board (OSB), improving the efficiency of wood resource utilization, and enhancing economic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective]The components of volatile and characteristic aroma in Guipu No.3 grape pulp were analysed in order to provide references for its development and utilization. [Method]The volatile components in Guipu No.3 grape pulp were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which were extracted using solid-phase micro extraction method. By applying odor activity value (OAV), the components of active and characteristic aroma were identified. [Result]Thirty-nine components of volatiles had been identified, including alcohols, esters, aldehydes, ketones, terpenes, etc. Total volatile content reached up to 32 mg/kg. The components of higher content were 4-hydroxy-2-butanone, ethyl butyrate, hexanal, ethyl 2-butenoate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl propionate. Seventeen of thirty-nine volatiles components were identified to be active aroma components, among them, the characteristic aroma components included ethyl butyrate, ethyl 2-butenoate, ethyl isobutyrate, ethyl hexanoate, hexanal, 4-hydroxy - 2-butanone and ethyl valerate, showing up fruity, fatty, green and rose-scented. [Conclusion] Guipu No.3 grape was characterized by abundant aroma components, various aromas and fresh aroma, which is suitable for making fresh consumption type wine, such as dry white wine or sweet white wine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigated the expression of CIAPIN1 and to analyze its relation with the progression of colon cancer. Methods 28 cases colon cancer tissues, tumor adjacent tissues and clinical data were collected, all cases were not given chemotherapy or radiotherapy. CIAPIN1 was examined by western blotting in 28 cases tumors tissue and adjacent tissues. Results The expression level of CIAPIN1 in tumor tissues was significantly lower than that in tumor adjacent tissues. The positive rate level of CIAPIN1 expressions in tumor tissues and tumor adjacent tissues was 17.9% and 85.7% respectively (P = 0.000). The expression of CIAPIN1 had a negative correlation with tumor size or tumor stage in colon cancer, but its relationship of CIAPIN1 to gender of patients, tumor location, and tumor-marker protein (CEA, CA50, CA199, CA242, CA724) was not found. Conclusions The down-regulation and deletion of the expression of CIAPIN1 may be associated with colon cancer. CIAPIN1 has a negative correlation with tumor size or tumor stage in colon cancer, but it is independent of gender of patients, tumor location, and tumor-marker protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The fresh-keeping technology and the change rules of qualities of Guangxi winter Kyoho grapes during storage were studied to provide theoretical references for Guangxi Kyoho grape preservation and fresh-keeping. [Method] Winter Kyoho grape , as the test material, was post-processed by seven freshness keeping (chemical and biological freshness keeping) treatments with non-processing fruit as the control. The qualities indexes of grape fruits were determined every month for 5 continuous times. [Result] The results showed that with the extension of storage period, abscission rate and pH rose, while intact rate decreased constantly. TS (total sugar)content rose first and then fell. TA (titratable acid), TSS (total soluble solids)and Vc content were degradative. Intact rate of chemical freshness treatments was over 85% after 5 months storage, however, it was only 13.66% in the contorl. Contents of TS, TSS and Vc of all fresh-keeping treatments were significantly higher than those of the control at the same period (P< 0.05). Contents of TA of chemical freshness keeping were higher than those of the control. The biological freshness keeping agents could keep good value of grape fruit in a short storage period (0-3months). [Conclusion]Cold storage with freshness keeping agents could effectively maintain the quality of grape fruit and the best storage period of Guangxi winter Kyoho grapes is 0-3 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To retrospectively investigate the nutritional risk and nutritional support treatments hospitalized patients with gastric cancer in Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, from January 1, 1998 to June 30, 2011. Methods The questionnaire of NRS2002 was used to screen the nutritional risk in patients with gastric cancer, and investigate the nutritional support treatment in these patients. Results (1) A total of 320 patients with gastric cancer had nutritional risk. (2) The levels of serum albumin were not always lower in those patients with nutritional risk; the proportion of these patients with lower normal body mass index (BMI) was significantly higher than those patients without nutritional risk, while some patients with nutritional risk had normal body ma index (BMI); There was no statistical significant difference in nutritional risk between different genders (P = 0.149); There was statistical significant difference in nutritional risk between different TNM stages (P = 0.030), and between different ages (< 60 vs. ≥ = 60 years P = 0.009) .43% patients with nutritional risk were not given nutrition support treatment, but 10% patients without nutritional risk accepted nutrition support treatment. The main ways of nutrition support treatment were parenteral nutrition (PN), enteral nutrition (EN), or parenteral nutrition and enteral nutrition (PN + EN). Conclusions (1) The hospitalized patients with gastric cancer have high incidence of nutritional risk and nutritional risk screening should be usually used to those patients. (2) The levels of serum protein and BMI can't predict nutritional risk. Aged and advanced stage patients have higher incidence of nutritional risk. (3) Nutrition support treatment remains to be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To implement the thought of people-oriented, to carry out the scheme of high-quality applied talents, and to achieve the training goal of independent colleges, the reform and innovation of experimental teaching pattern and promotion of experimental teaching quality are important initiatives to cultivate students' innovation consciousness and innovative ability. This paper analyzed the problems of independent college laboratories in their opening process. The problems contained that lab resources were not concentrated, laboratory staff were not enough and measures lacked for incentiving corresponding teachers. Zhijiang college optimized and integrated experimental resource, set up an opening experimental platform, established experimental management system and encouraged the students to participate in the opening experimental teaching. The students achieved remarkable results by participating in the practice of open experimental teaching activities. A new approach to experimental teaching and the talent cultivation of independent colleges had been explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sample selection can speed up the training of Fuzzy Support Vector Machine(SVM). However, it is difficult to select effective sample and the selection ratio is very high. This paper proposes a new sample selection method for Fuzzy SVM based on shadowed sets. We divide the fuzzy sets into three subsets, i.e. trustable data sets, trustless data sets and uncertain data sets. The samples are only selected in trustable data sets and uncertain data sets by using the subspace selection algorithm and the border vector extraction method respectively. Experimental results show that the training time and selection ratio is significantly reduced without any decrease in generalization ability by using the samples chosen by the proposed method. Furthermore, it improves the prediction performance of the classifiers when the data sets contain noises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: To observe the three dimensional changes of upper arch using laser scan. METHODS: 40 patients aged from 15 to 21 suffering from Angle's Class II subdivision I malocclusion combined with deep overbite were selected from the Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Shandong University. The patients were divided into two groups randomly, after the overbites of the two groups were opened using different methods, plaster models were made for each patient. Then, digital research models were available through laser san and three dimensional imaging technique. Finally, the changes in three dimensions of the maxillary teeth were measured. Student's t test was performed using SPSS 13.0 software package. RESULTS: In the sagittal dimension, the incisors had a tendency of labial inclination: Canines and the first permanent molars were likely to move distally; No distinct changes were found in the second pemolars; According to whether or not there were tip back of the archwires and "8" shaped ligation there was significant difference in the change of both incisors and the first molars (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in the change of canines and the second molars. In the vertical dimension, incisors and the distal-buccal cuspids of the first molars had a tendency of intrusion while the second premolars were likely to extrude; there was no significant change in canines and the mesio-buccal cuspids of the first molars and there was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). In the transverse dimension, the widths of arches in the molar zone had a tendency to increase, while there was no significant change in canine and premolar zones between the two groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Standard Ni-Ti rocking chair arch wire can bring about many changes to the teeth and dental arch in three dimensions and its effect on deep overbite is remarkable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotics are mainly used for disease treatment and prevention, and β-receptor agonists are mainly used in the clinical treatment of respiratory diseases. Both types of drugs are also widely used in animal husbandry and aquaculture to promote animal growth and prevent disease. These drugs enter the human body through many routes and cause harm to human health. Teenagers are in a critical period of growth and development, and long-term antibiotic exposure may have adverse effects on their bodies. In this study, 442 teenagers aged 11-15 years were recruited from a middle school to investigate the body burden of various antibiotics and β-receptor agonists. The seven categories of antibiotics, including five macrolides, four tetracyclines, 10 quinolones, 11 sulfonamides, three β-lactams, one quinoxaline, and one lincosamide, and four β-receptor agonists were determined by isotope dilution and solid phase extraction coupled with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Analyte levels were corrected using urine creatinine, and detection rates were used for data analysis. Pearson's chi-squared test was used to analyze the correlations between detection rate and gender, age, or body mass index (BMI). Logistic regression was used to evaluate the correlation between detection rate and different groups after adjusting for confounding factors. The results showed that 397 teenagers had at least one antibiotic or β-receptor agonist in their urine, with a total detection rate of 89.8%. A total of 29 antibiotics and β-receptor agonists were detected, and the detection rate of each compound ranged from 0.2% to 59.0%. Doxycycline, oxytetracycline, and azithromycin were the top three drugs with the highest detection rates (59.0%, 56.1%, and 34.6%, respectively). Tetracyclines and macrolides were the two antibiotic categories detected most often, with detection rates of 81.9% and 42.3%, respectively. Among the antibiotics investigated, preferred veterinary antibiotics (PVAs) had the highest detection rate (85.1%), followed by human antibiotics (HAs) (41.0%). The overall detection rate of β-receptor agonists was 2.7%. Statistical analysis showed that the male was prone to be exposed to tetracycline antibiotics (odds ratio (OR)=2.17). The detection rates of macrolides differed among the different age groups and were higher in those aged 12-13 years than in those aged 11 years. As the BMI of the teenagers increased, the detection rate of macrolides gradually increased. After adjusting for age and gender, teenagers with obesity were found to be 2.35 times more likely to be exposed to macrolides than those with a normal weight. The findings suggest that teenagers are generally exposed to low levels of antibiotics, that food and the environment may be the main sources of antibiotic exposure in teenagers, and that macrolide exposure may be associated with adolescent obesity.

An analytical method combining high-throughput automatic solid-phase extraction with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed to determine 16 antibiotics (macrolides, tetracyclines, quinolones, and sulfonamides) and 4 β -agonists (terbutaline, salbutamol, ractopamine, and clenbuterol) in human urine samples. After thawing at room temperature, 1 mL of urine was sampled and the internal standard was added, followed by the addition of 200 μL ammonium acetate buffer and 20 μL β -glucuronidase, and the mixture was incubated at 37 ℃ overnight. Automatic solid-phase extraction was used to extract the target compounds from the urine samples, and the recoveries were compared using different solid-phase extraction 96-well plates (PRiME MCX, Sep-Pak C 18 , PRiME HLB), types and volumes of rinse solutions and eluents. Satisfactory recoveries of the 20 target compounds were obtained using the Oasis PRiME HLB 96-well plate, with 1.5 mL 10% (v/v) methanol aqueous solution and 2.0 mL methanol as the rinse solution and eluent, respectively. The eluent was concentrated under nitrogen gas at 45 ℃, and the recoveries of the target compounds were compared under different conditions (completely or almost dry, drying to 1 mL, and adding water as a protective agent), and the recovery rate was optimal when water was added as a protective agent. In this study, two types of analytical columns (ACQUITY BEH C 18 and ACQUITY HSS T 3 ) and different gradient elution procedures and mobile phases were compared. The optimal chromatographic effect was realized using an HSS T 3 column (100 mm×3.0 mm, 1.8 μm) and 0.1% (v/v) formic acid aqueous solution-0.1% (v/v) formic acid in acetonitrile as the mobile phase in gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. Comparing the peaks observed using different proportions of methanol aqueous solution and the initial mobile phase as the injection solvent revealed that 30% (v/v) methanol aqueous solution was the optimal solution in terms of peak shape and signal-to-noise ratio. MS was conducted using positive electrospray ionization (ESI + ) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, and the MS parameters were optimized, including the curtain (CUR) and collision gases (CAD). The standard curve obtained using this method exhibited a good linearity (correlation coefficient>0.997), and the respective limits of detection and quantification were 0.02-0.12 ng/mL and 0.06-0.41 ng/mL. At spiked levels of 0.25, 2.5, and 12.5 ng/mL, the recoveries were in the range of 81.7%-120.0% (except that of tetracycline), the intra- and inter-day RSDs ( n =6) were 1.1%-11.0% and 1.2%-13.0%, respectively. Azithromycin, trimethoprim, terbutaline, salbutamol, ractopamine, and clenbuterol displayed moderate matrix effects, but all targets exhibited weak matrix effects after correction using the isotope internal standard. To evaluate the accuracy of this method, BCR-503 (containing salbutamol and clenbuterol) and internal quality control samples were used and the concentrations of salbutamol and clenbuterol were within the reference ranges. Additionally, the mean concentrations of the 20 target compounds of two different internal quality control samples after 7 measurements were in the ranges of 0.44-0.59 ng/mL (0.5 ng/mL) and 1.72-2.16 ng/mL (2.0 ng/mL), respectively, which were satisfactory. In this study, the analytical method employed automatic sample pretreatment with a 96-well solid-phase extraction plate, and the detection efficiency was considerably improved. This method displays the advantages of simple operation, ideal recovery, a high sensitivity and weak matrix effect, which satisfies the requirements for the simultaneous determination of 16 antibiotics and 4 β -agonists in human urine samples. This study provides a crucial method for use in monitoring antibiotics and β -agonists in human urine and studying their exposure characteristics and health risks.

Objective: To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of patients with silicosis combined with pulmonary infection in recent years, to study the distribution and the drug susceptibility of fungal and bacterial pathogens in their sputum samples, and to provide references for the prevention and treatment of silicosis and the appropriate drug use., Methods: The clinical data and drug sensitivity test results of patients with silicosis combined with pulmonary infection diagnosed at the Department of Occupational Diseases, West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University were retrospectively analyzed., Results: A total of 318 patients with silicosis combined with pulmonary infection who received treatment between January 2017 and December 2020 were enrolled. All the patients had positive microorganism test results. All participants were male. Their median age at the time of onset was 51.00 years and the median time of exposure to silica dust at work was 12.40 years. They worked mostly in construction, non-ferrous metal mining, and coal mining. The main types of work they did were pneumatic drilling, coal digging, and mining. The positive detection rates for the first, second and third phases of silicosis were 27.54%, 28.32%, and 32.97%, respectively. A total of 341 strains of fungal and bacterial pathogens were isolated, of which, 54.1% were fungi, including 114 strains (35.8%) of Candida albicans , and 53.1% were bacteria, including 168 strains (52.8%) of gram-negative bacteria, most of which being Klebsiella pneumoniae (30.2%). There was only 1 strain (0.3%) of gram-positive bacteria, namely Staphylococcus hemolyticus . Gram-negative bacilli were most resistant to ampicillin and highly sensitive to penicillin G and ofloxacin., Conclusion: Among patients with silicosis combined with pulmonary infection, the incidence of pulmonary infection increases along with the progress of silicosis. Microorganism analysis reveals high detection rates for fungi and the bacteria detected are predominantly gram-negative bacteria. The overall prospect for drug resistance rate was not optimistic., (Copyright© by Editorial Board of Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences).)

Intervertebral disc degeneration(IDD) is a common clinical degenerative disease of the musculoskeletal system, which increases the risk of lower back pain, severely reduces patients' quality of life and work efficiency, and imposes a large economic burden on society. Mitochondria, as the &quot;power stations&quot; of eukaryotic cells, are involved in many key biological processes, and their abnormal function can induce cellular dysfunction and lead to the development of a series of degenerative diseases. Recent studies have revealed that mitochondrial quality control(MQC) imbalance, characterized by abnormalities in mitochondrial oxidative stress, kinetics, mitophagy and biogenesis, plays an important role in IDD. The research reviewed the progress of the role of MQC in IDD and summarized traditional Chinese medicine monomers and small molecule compounds targeting MQC for the treatment of IDD, with the aim of providing reference and new ideas for studying novel therapeutic strategies for IDD.

Objective To explore the role of microRNA-488-3p (miR-488-3p) in podocytes apoptosis induced by homocysteine (Hcy). Methods Flow cytometry was employed to analyze the ratio of podocytes apoptosis after treated with 0 μmol/L Hcy (control group) or 80 μmol/L Hcy (Hcy group) for 48 hours. The expression levels of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2), Bcl2-related X protein (BAX), and caspase-3 were measured by Western blot analysis in podocytes, after cells were treated with 80 μmol/L Hcy (Hcy group) for 48 hours, and the expression of miR-488-3p was detected by real-time PCR. The transfection and apoptosis ratio of podocytes were also detected after cells were transfected with miR-488-3p inhibitor. Results The apoptosis rate of podocytes increased in cells treated with Hcy, compared with control group. The expression levels of BAX and caspase-3 increased significantly in Hcy group, while Bcl2 expression was suppressed by Hcy. Furthermore, the expression of miR-488-3p increased in Hcy-induced podocyte. On the contrary, podocyte showed an decreased apoptosis rate, expression levels of BAX and caspase-3 decreased after cells were transfected with miR-488-3p inhibitor. However, Bcl2, which was not in this line, showed an increase when the cells transfected with miR-488-3p inhibitor. Conclusion Hcy promotes apoptosis of podocyte by up-regulating the expression of miR-488-3p.

Minute pulmonary meningothelial-like nodule(MPMN)is a rare respiratory disease with no specific clinical manifestations and requires bronchial or percutaneous lung biopsy for diagnosis.Here we report a case of an old male patient with recurrent cough and sputum as the main manifestations,which failed to be cured by antibiotic.His chest computed tomography showed a mass-like tumorous lesion located in the posterior segment of the right upper lobe,and the pathological diagnosis by percutaneous lung biopsy confirmed MPMN with lung infection.At the same time,we reviewed 34 cases to summarize the clinical data,pathological manifestation,diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis of MPMN.

Objective: To investigate the biomechanical affect of percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy(PTED) on adjacent segments with different degrees of degeneration and related risk of adjacent segment diseases (ASD) caused by this operation., Methods: A healthy male adult volunteer was selected, and the lumbosacral vertebra image data was obtained by CT scan, and the external contour of the bone structure was reconstructed. On this basis, the external contour of the bone structure was fitted by using the smooth curve in 3D-CAD software, and the complete three-dimensional finite element modelof the non degenerate L 3 -S 1 segment and the degenerative models of the L 3 -L 4 and L 5 -S 1 segment were drawn forward. In L 4 , L 5 segment simulating PTED surgery through the removal of right part of articular process and nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus. After PTED was simulated in the L 4 -L 5 segment and the risk of ASD has been evaluated by six changes of biomechanical indicators in flexion, extension, left and right lateral bending, left and right axial rotation conditions., Results: In the finite element model without adjacent segmental disc degeneration, the annulus fibrosus von Mises stress and intradiscal pressure of the PTED model showed only a slight increase under most stress conditions, and a slight decrease in a few conditions, and there was no significant change trend before and after surgery. In the original degenerated adjacent segment disc model, the biomechanical indicators related to disc degeneration in the pre- and post-PTED model showed significant deterioration, leading to an increased risk of potential adjacent spondylopathy., Conclusion: PTED surgery will not lead to the significant deterioration of postoperative biomechanical environment of non-degeneration adjacent intervertebral discs, and the original degeneration of adjacent intervertebral discs is a important risk factor for ASD.

Objective: To evaluate the analgesic effect and application advantage of acupuncture combined with local anesthesia of lidocaine in percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) for the patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF)., Methods: A total of 60 patients with OVCF and receiving PVP at single vertebra under local anesthesia were selected and randomized into an acupuncture plus medication group and a simple medication group, 30 cases in each one. In the simple medication group, the local laying infiltration anesthesia with 1% lidocaine 30 mL was used. In the acupuncture plus medication group, firstly, filiform needles were used to stimulate Hegu (LI 4), Neiguan (PC 6), Jinmen (BL 63) and Yintang (GV 29) with reducing technique, and then the epidermal infiltration anesthesia was followed with 1% lidocaine 4 mL. The needles were retained till the end of operation. Successively, before operation (T 0 ), during skin incision (T 1 ), at the time of working channel completion (T 2 ) and at the time of the injection of bone cement by half a dose (T 3 ), as well as at the end of operation (T 4 ), the mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ) and numerical rating scale (NRS) score were recorded. Besides, the key time of operation and adverse reactions during the operation were recorded, as well as the hospital stays after operation and the subjective satisfaction of the patients., Results: In the acupuncture plus medication group, MAP and HR were lower than those in the simple medication group at T 2 , T 3 and T 4 respectively ( P <0.05). NRS scores in the acupuncture plus medication group were lower than the simple medication group at T 1 and T 2 respectively ( P <0.05). The key time of operation in the acupuncture plus medication group was shorter than the simple medication group ( P <0.05). The incidence of adverse reaction in the acupuncture plus medication group was lower than the simple medication group ( P <0.05) and the excellence rate of subjective satisfaction was higher than the simple medication group ( P <0.05)., Conclusion: Acupuncture combined with medication reduces the dose and adverse reactions of anesthetics, alleviates pain degree of patients, shortens the duration of operation and improves patients' subjective satisfaction in PVP for OVCF.

The increasing rate of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has become the focus of research attention. Soil bacterial community plays an important role in soil nutrient cycling. We stimulated N deposition at the Forest Ecosystem of Fujian Normal University and Global Change Research Station in Chenda Town, Sanming City in the Fujian Province of China. We examined the effect of N deposition on the structure and composition of soil bacterial community using 16S rDNA amplification sequencing. The results showed that short-term addition of N had no significant effect on the soil bacterial diversity and composition, but high N treatment significantly affected therelative abundance of individual bacterial species, which increased the abundance of Copiotrophic group and decreased that of the corresponding Oligotrophic group, indicating that changes in soil bacterial nutrient strategies were driven by the availability of nutrients. Enhanced understanding of the responses of soil bacterial community and nutrient distribution pattern to rapid N deposition could improve the prediction ability about the future environment.

The tamarisk shrub wetland located at the south of Laizhou Bay is the largest tamarisk area existing in the northern China, which is also the important part of the wetland ecological rehabilitation project 'Southern Mangrove Northern Tamarisk' in China. Based on the field data from Changyi National Marine Ecological Special Reserve surveyed in August 2014, we investigated the spatial patterns of vegetation, biomass, carbon content, and the associated environmental parameters in this area. The results showed that the average vegetation biomass and carbon storage were 949.0 g·m -2 and 393.1 g·m -2 , respectively. They were higher in the central area than in the eastern and the western parts, and were generally the highest for the shrub part aboveground, followed by that underground, and the lowest for the litter. There were two single-species communities (dominated by Tamarix chinensis and Suaeda salsa, respectively) and four mixed communities. The carbon storage was the highest for the T. chinensis community, followed by the mixed communities and the lowest for S. salsa community. The water content and conductivity of surface soil in this area were generally low, probably due to the reduced intertidal waves blocked by the dam in the north. The vegetation carbon storage was most influenced by soil nutrients (total nitrogen and total phosphorus) and silt particle content rather than salinity. Furthermore, the alteration of the soil hydrologic condition caused the succession of vegetation communities in this area. When the salt tolerance community (e.g., S. salsa) shifted to the light salt tolerance community (e.g., Setaria viridis, Artemisia capillaries), the vegetation carbon storage increased significantly.

Objective: To investigate the apoptosis-inducing effects of emodin on multidrug resistant leukemia cell line K562/Adr, and to explore the role of Akt-Caspase 3 signal pathway in apoptosis of K562/Adr cells treated with emodin., Methods: K562/Adr cells were exposed to emodin of different doses. The ability of emodin to induce apoptosis of K562/Adr cells was detected by Annexin V/PI double labeled flow cytometry and DNA ploidy analysis, the expressions of procaspase-3, PARP, Akt, p-Akt protein were determined by Western blot., Results: Apoptosis in K562/Adr cells could be induced by emodin in a dose dependent manner, Western blot results showed that emodin down-regulated the expression levels of procaspase-3, Akt, p-Akt, PARA 116 KD in treated K562/Adr cells, up-regulated expressions leves of PARP 85 KD in a time-dependent manner., Conclusion: The Akt-Caspase 3 signal pathway may be involved in these processes.

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) in the treatment of central lumbar disc extrusion via an interlaminar approach., Methods: Between January 2012 and January 2014, 27 low-back pain patients with radicular central lumbar disc herniations underwent percutaneous endoscopic discectomy through an interlaminar approach. The clinical follow-ups were performed at 3 months, 6 months and 1 year with an extensive postoperative questionnaire, including pain visual analog scale (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI)., Results: Mini-invasive operation was completed successfully in all patients. The mean operative duration was 41 (26-83) min and the average postoperative hospitalization time 5 (2-7) days. The postoperative median VAS and ODI scores significant decreased at all time-points. Twenty-five patients had no longer leg pain. But the recurrence rate of disc herniation stood at 7.4%. One patient undergo reoperation (microscopic discectomy) and another showed a significant relief in pain symptoms after conservative treatment., Conclusion: Endoscopic discectomy via an interlaminar approach for central lumbar disc extrusion offers significant advantages of faciliating rehabilitation, reducing complications, minimizing trauma and lowering expenditure.

Objective: To explore the generation pattern and clinical relevance of de novo HLA-DQ antibodies in renal transplantation., Methods: A total of 175 primary renal transplant recipients without pre-transplant HLA antibodies were recruited from January 2012 to December 2013. The average follow-up period was 10 (6-18) years. They were divided into control group (n = 94) with normal renal graft function (serum creatinine <120 µmol/L); dysfunction group (n = 54) with continued serum creatinine >150 µmol/L over 6 months; and graft loss group (n = 27) with resumed hemodialysis. The sera were collected and screened for de novo HLA antibodies by flow PRA or Luminex mixed beads. And HLA-A, -B, -DR and -DQ specific antibodies were identified by HLA single antigen beads., Results: Positive de novo HLA antibodies were detected in 48% (26/54) of patients from dysfunction group and in 52% (14/27) from graft loss group, but only in 17% (16/94) from control group (P < 0.01). The frequency of de novo DQ antibodies among patients with any positive HLA antibody was the highest in all three groups (14/16, 24/26 and 14/14). Additionally, the average mean peak fluorescence intensity of DQ antibodies was almost the highest when compared to other antibodies. Moreover, when those with positive HLA antibodies in each group were analyzed, 10/16 in control group were detected to have DQ antibodies alone. However, 17/26 of patients in dysfunction group and 14/14 in graft loss group were detected to have DQ antibodies plus HLA-DR and/or -A, -B antibodies. It indicated that the combined presence of DQ-and non-DQ- antibodies was associated with chronic renal graft failure., Conclusions: The presence of de novo HLA-DQ antibodies is frequent after renal transplantation. And it is associated with chronic graft failure when co-displaying with other HLA antibodies. The screening and detection of HLA-DQ antibodies after kidney transplantation may aid early warning of donor antigen-specific activation of immune system and subsequent graft dysfunction. Thus it serves as an indication for early treatment.

Objective: Prednisolone-induced osteoporosis model using zebrafish was used to screen the antiosteoporotic active parts of Dipsacus Radix, in order to investigate the applicability and rationality of the zebrafish model of osteoporosis., Methods: Zebrafish larvae at 5 days post fertilization (dpf) were exposed with 25 micromol/L prednisolone and 0.5% DMSO for 48 h, then except one group of 25 micromol/L prednisolone, other groups of 25 micromol/L prednisolone were treated with a range of concentration (0.025, 0.25, 2.5, 25 microg crude drug/mL) of extract of Dipsacus Radix and its different concentration ethanol elution parts of macroporous resin with 25 micromol/L prednisolone. All groups were incubated in 24-well plates (28.5 degrees C) until 10 dpf. Zebrafish skeleton at 10 dpf were anesthetized and fixed for staining with alizarin red. Quantitative analysis of the stained area was performed by microscopic inspection and digital imaging methods to reflect the amount of zebrafish head skeleton mineralization., Results: The results indicated that head skeleton mineral area and integrated optical density (IOD) of 25 micromol/L prednisolone model group were significantly decreased when compared with vehicle control group, and the extract of Dipsacus Radix and its 30%, 50%, 70% and 90% ethanol elution parts of macroporous resin rescued the further bone loss of zebrafish induced by prednisolone when compared with the model group. HPLC analysis indicated that components of 30%, 50%, 70% and 90% ethanol elution parts of macroporous resin containing saponins and nonsaponins components., Conclusion: Both saponins and nonsaponins can prevent bone loss of zebrafish induced by prednisolone. This novel osteoporosis zebrafish model was successfully used to screen antiosteoporotic active parts of Dipsacus Radix, which had advantages of simple, high efficiency and easy to perform.

Objective: To determine the impact of Traditional Chinese Medicine on patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)., Methods: A total of 225 CKD patients in an outpatient department were recruited for this study, among whom 170 received regular Western and Chinese medicine treatments (control group) and 55 received treatments guided by the theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine (experimental group). The effectiveness of the treatments was determined through a pre-post comparison., Results: Significant pre-intervention differences in age (P < 0.01), stage of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (P = 0.007) and urine protein (P < 0.01) were found between the two groups of patients. But age, gender and proteinuria were not significant predictors on clinical outcomes of the patients in the multivariate regression models. The experimental group had a greater level of decrease in blood urea nitrogen (P < 0.01) and serum creatine (P < 0. 01) than the control group. No significant differences between the groups were found in changes of uric acid (P = 0.475), urine protein (P = 0.058), urine red cells (P = 0.577), and urine white cells (P = 0.01). A greater level of increase in estimated glomerular filtration rate was found in the experimental group compared with the control (P < 0.001). The multivariate linear regression analysis identified group (B = 0.395, P < 0.001) and stage of GFR (B = 0.165, P = 0.008) as significant predictors on the outcomes of treatment., Conclusion: The treatment of CKD patients guided by the theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine can improve renal function through influencing glomerular filtration rate. The effect is more prominent than the regular treatment regime.

Recently, it is unclear about the mechanism of notable regenerated ability of adult zebrafish after spinal cord injury. To investigate the effects of brain on restoration from spinal cord injury, adult zebrafish spinal cord injury model was built and brain samples were dissected at different time points after the injury. Real-time quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization were applied to reveal the dynamics of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (gdnf) and nitric oxide synthases (nos) mRNA expression in various regions of zebrafish brain. The results showed that, compared to sham group at each time points separately, the expression of gdnf mRNA in adult zebrafish brain during both acute phase (4 h and 12 h) and chronic phase of neuroregeneration (6 d and 11 d) increased significantly (P<0.05). The expression of nos mRNA in zebrafish brain enhanced during acute phase, and then reduced to the level lower than the sham group during the chronic phase of neuroregeneration (11 d) (P<0.05). This suggests that brain may promote neural axons regeneration in spinal cord via a more beneficial microenvironment which retains higher level of gdnf and lower level of nos.

Objective: To evaluate systematically the effect of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LC-PUFA) supplementation of pregnant women on head circumference of newborn infants., Methods: A thorough literature search was done for full texts which studied the effect of n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation of pregnant women on head circumference of newborn infants among PubMed, Cochrane Library, Chinese periodical full text database and Wanfang database using the mesh terms as n-3, long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, DHA, EPA, docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, fish oil, pregnancy, infant. Only randomized controlled trials were chosen for analysis. A total of 74 relevant articles were selected. RevMan 5.0 software was used to perform the Meta analysis on those valid studies. Weighted mean difference was calculated with inverse variance method. The sensitivity analysis was also performed., Results: Eight articles met the inclusion criteria, among which 6 literatures were from developing countries and the other 2 from developed countries. All of them were written in English. These studies were reported from 2001 to 2011. Intervention group included 871 objects with n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation, whereas control group included 894 objects with placebo or no supplementation. Supplementation was associated with significantly greater head circumference of the infants in the intervention group than that of the control group (weighted mean difference was 0.17 cm, 95%confidence interval (CI) was 0.01 - 0.32 cm, P < 0.05). But the difference was no long significant according to the sensitivity analysis (weighted mean difference was 0.16 cm, 95%CI was -0.01 - 0.34 cm, P = 0.07). The funnel plot was symmetrical, indicating there was no publication bias between the eight studies., Conclusion: It can't be confirmed whether supplementation with n-3 LC-PUFA of pregnant women can increase the infants' head circumference at birth from present data acquired.

Purpose: To observe the three-dimensional change of lower arch when NiTi round and square rocking chair archwire was used to open overbite in patients of Angle Class I or Class II with deep overbite,in order to providing experimental basis for clinicians., Methods: Forty patients were chosen according to the inclusion standard. The patients were divided into four groups according to different archwire and with or without use of lace back and cinch back. The patients were taken plaster model before and after the overbite opened by using typical swinging chair labial arch, Laser scan and imageware software were used to make digital model and measure the three dimensional changes of the lower teeth,All data were analyzed with SPSS 12.0 software package., Results: When Rocking chair archwire was used to open overbite, it made the teeth changed in three dimensions, but the arch shape changed unconspicuously. The width between molars increased while the width between the canines and premolars had little change. The arch length had a tendency to increase and the incisors were intruded and had the tendency of labioclination, the incisor labioclination was more significant with lace back and cinch back. The canines showed the tendency of apical clination and there were obvious changes with the lace back and cinch back,the intruding-extruding change was not obvious. The second premolars were elevated, and the mesio-buccal cusp of the first molar did not move while the apo-buccal cusp was intruded.The first molars have the tendency of distal movement and lingual movement when using NiTi square wire., Conclusions: In the process of opening overbite using rocking chair labial arch, there are different three-dimensional changes of the mandibular arch with NiTi round or square archwire, with or without lace back and cinch back.

Objective: To investigate an association between gene polymorphisms of FADS 1 (fatty acid desaturase 1) , FADS2 (fatty acid desaturase 2) and ELOVL2 (elongation of very long chain fatty acids (FEN1/ Elo2, SUR4/Elo3, yeast) -like 2) and paranoid schizophrenia of the Han ethnicity in Jilin province of China., Methods: We genotyped 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms from 3 candidate genes in 100 paranoid schizophrenia cases and 95 healthy controls using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. All samples are from Han ethnicity in Jilin province of China., Results: The genotype distributions of rs174556 in FADS1 gene and rs174617 in FADS2 gene showed no significant difference between case and control groups (P > 0.05). The genotype distribution of rs3756963 in ELOVL2 gene showed significant difference between case group and control group (P < 0.05). The distribution proportion of allele T carriers in case group was higher than that in control group. Trans-phase gene interaction analysis showed that the distribution proportion of combined genotypes included rs3756963 (T/T) was higher in case group than that in control group (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: rs174556 in FADS1 gene and rs174617 in FADS2 gene may not be associated with paranoid schizophrenia. rs3756963 in ELOVL2 gene may be associated with paranoid schizophrenia.

Objective: To study a kind of surgical instrument for the treatment of ankle fractures in elderly patients., Methods: From October 2007 to May 2009, 14 patients (9 males and 5 females,ranging in age from 58 to 81 years, averaged 69.3 years) with ankle joint fractures of type A and B were treated with modified 1/3 tubular plate combined with lag screws. According to the Danis-Weber classification, 6 patients were type A and 8 patients were type B. The AOFAS criteria was used to evaluate clinical effects., Results: All the patients were followed up ranged from 12 to 18 months and healed. The time of union of fractures ranged from 10 to 16 weeks. According to the clinical assess standard of AOFAS, the average score was 88.0 +/- 2.1., Conclusion: It is one of good choices to use modified 1/3 tubular plate and lag screws to treat ankle joint fractures in elder patients.

Objective: To study the effects of zeranol on spermiogenesis function of mice and its possible mechanism., Methods: 40 healthy mature male mice were randomly divided into four groups: negative group and zeranol exposure groups (25, 50, 100 mg/kg). Male mice were respectively administered with zeranol at the doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg for 35 days and killed. The weights of spermary, epididymis and spermatocyst were measured. The sperm counting, motility and the percent of abnormal sperms were observed. Pathological changes of testicle tissue were also observed., Results: In comparison with control group, the visceral coefficient of spermatocysts and sperm counting of zeranol exposure groups were all decreased ( P < 0.05). Sperm motility were significantly decreased in the median and high exposure groups (P < 0.05). Pathological alterations of testes were also observed. Seminiferous epithelium was reduced in exposure groups, loose and anomalistic organization. Sperm counts were also reduced in the lumina of seminiferous tubules with glair., Conclusion: Zeranol have toxicity effect on spermigenesis function of male mice.

Objective: To analyze the reasons and related factors of failures in the treatment of intertrochanteric fracture with dynamic hip screw (DHS) and to increase the therapeutic level of intertrochanteric fracture., Methods: All the 78 cases of intertrochanteric fractures were treated with dynamic hip screws from Dec. 1998 to Dec. 2007 included 42 males and 36 females with an average age of 62 years old ranging from 26 to 85 years. The disease course was from 1 to 49 hours (means 4 hours). According to Evans-Jensen classification of intertrochanteric fracture, 4 cases were type IA, 24 cases were type IB, 13 cases were type IIA, 22 cases were type IIB, 11 cases were type III, 4 cases were type IV. The fracture were fixed with dynamic hip screws following AO operative standard. To analyze the reasons and related factors of the 12 failed cases involving femur head and neck cut-off, tail pin exit, coxa vara, screw loosening, compress screw slip out of the tube, fracture displacement, respectively., Results: All the cases were followed up for 13 months to 7 years with an average of 36 months, 12 cases were failed including 4 cases of femur head and neck cut-off, 1 case of coax vara, 2 cases of compress screw slip out of the plate tube, 2 cases of screws loosening, 2 cases of tail pin displacement 1 case of great trochanter fracture displacement., Conclusion: For intertrochanteric fracture, to interfix with dynamic hip screw is an effective method, the choice of indication, the type of fracture, the bone mineral density and the manipulative technique affect the results.

Objective: To investigate the effects of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) on renal interstitial fibroblast activation following induction by transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta1)., Methods: Normal rat interstitial fibroblast cells (NRK/49F) were treated with TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta1, combining with LIF respectively for different duration with different concentration. Changes in cell morphology and expression of alpha-SMA were evaluated with electronic microscope and Western blot respectively. The collagen I in the supernatant was detected with ABC-ELISA., Results: TGF-beta1 induced renal interstitial fibroblast activation, and this was accompanied by significant morphological transformations and secretion of collagen I. Co-culturing of cells with LIF blocked the morphological transformation. In addition, LIF inhibited TGF-beta1-induced expression of alpha-SMA mRNA and protein (P < 0.01), and decreased the levels of collagen I (P < 0.01) in a dose-dependent manner., Conclusion: LIF suppresses TGF-beta1-induced activation and collagen I secretion of cultured renal interstitial fibroblasts.

The metabolic transformation of the drugs containing carboxylic acid groups can lead to the formation of acyl glucuronide metabolites through catalysis by glucuronosyltransferase, and produce pro-acyl glucuronide intermediate metabolites with electronic activity. Then, protein or DNA adducts appeared after a series of non-enzyme or enzyme reactions. These adducts would change the protein activity and potentially lead to idiosyncratic and genotoxicity. In this paper, we discussed the chemical activity, drug-induced mechanisms, distribution and toxicity resulting from this metabolic activation for these drugs, and stated the status and prospects of research in this field.

Objective: To explore the effects of carbendazim on the testicular development and spermatogenic function of male rats and its action mechanism., Methods: Forty clean-grade impubic male Wistar rats were equally randomized into a low-dose, a medium-dose, a high-dose and a control group, treated respectively with carbendazim at 20, 100 and 200 mg/kg (bw) and Tween-80 solution, all by oral gavage once a day for 80 days. After treatment, the rats were weighed, their testes and epididymides immediately excised, their morphological changes observed and the weights of the right testis and epididymis obtained. Sperm motility and counts in the left cauda epididymis were determined. Histopathological changes, cell apoptosis and the expression of Bcl-2/Bax in the testis were detected by HE staining, TUNEL and immunohistochemical SABC method., Results: The medium- and high-dose groups showed obviously atrophic testes and epididymides, marked histopathological abnormality of the testis, reduced weight of the right testis and epididymis, and decreased sperm motility and counts in the left cauda epididymis (P < 0.01). With the increasing dose of carbendazim, the apoptosis rate and Bax expression were significantly raised, while the expression of Bcl-2 significantly decreased (P < 0.05, P < 0.01)., Conclusion: Carbendazim affects the testicular development and spermatogenic function of male rats, and the mechanism may involve cell apoptosis induced by down-regulation of Bcl-2 and up-regulation of Bax.

Objective: To evaluate the application of a novel tapping mode, magnetic AC mode (MAC mode) of atomic force microscopy (AFM) in observation of the topography and mechanical properties of living chondrocytes., Methods: Specimens of normal knee joint was obtained from 5 patients during amputation due to severe trauma of shank. Chondrocytes were isolated and cultured. Cell slides were prepared, underwent immunohistochemical staining, and observed under AFM by MAC mode. Force curve operation was performed at different regions, nuclear and cytoplasmic, to compare the topographic features., Results: High-resolution images of the ultra-structure of cell surface were obtained under physiological condition with a resolution level to 30 nm. The cells presented a topical profile, i.e., the protuberant nuclear region and relatively flatten cell body. The force curve showed much higher stress and adhesion in the cell body region than in the nuclear region., Conclusion: MAC mode AFM is very useful in research of the ultra-structure and biomechanical properties of cells.

Objective: To study the effect of co-transplant of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) and umbilical cord blood (UCB) CD34(+) cells on hematopoiesis reconstruction in NOD/SCID mice and to investigate the optimal proportion between the two kind of cells., Methods: Female NOD/SCID mice were sublethally irradiated by (60)Co gamma-ray and transplanted with BMMSCs and different ratios of UCB CD34(+) cells. From day +3 till day +42 after transplantation, 20 microl peripheral blood (PB) was collected from the retro-orbital plexus of mice weekly, and the variations of WBC and PLT were counted. Mice were sacrificed 42 days after transplantation, and human CD45 positive (huCD45(+)) cells in PB, BM, and spleen were detected by flow cytometry., Results: Compared with transplant of UCB CD34(+) cells alone, co-transplantation of BMMSCs and UCB CD34(+)cells at ratios of 1:1, 5:1 and 10:1, (1) significantly mitigated the decrease range (P < 0.01) and led to the recovery of WBC and platelet in PB one week earlier (P < 0.05), and the difference among the three groups was not statistically significant (P > 0.05); (2) significantly enhanced hematopoietic stem cells (PB, BM and spleen cells) engraftment in recipient mice, and the effect was most pronounced at the ratio of 10:1. huCD45(+) cells in PB, BM and spleen were increased by (2.75 +/- 0.63), (3.51 +/- 0.86) and (5.18 +/- 0.57) fold, respectively (P < 0.01)., Conclusion: The optimal hematopoiesis reconstruction is achieved by co-transplant of UCB CD34(+) cells and BMMSCs at a ratio of 1:10.

Objective: To investigate the effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGB) on the testosterone synthesis in the Leydig cells of type 2 diabetic rats., Methods: Thirty male SD rats were equally randomised into a normal control, a type 2 diabetic and an EGB group. Morphological changes of Leydig cells were observed by light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), concentrations of serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the mRNA levels in the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage (P450scc), cytochrome P450 17a-hydroxylase (P450c17), 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 (17beta-HSD3) and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD1) from the Leydig cells were examined by RT-PCR., Results: Compared with the normal control, there was a significant decrease in the number and volume of Leydig cells, the levels of serum LH and T and the expression of mRNA in StAR, P450scc, 17beta-HSD3 and 3beta-HSD1 in the type 2 diabetes group. And the expression of the P450c17 gene showed a tendency of descending, but with no significance. Compared with the type 2 diabetes group, 12 weeks of EGB treatment caused very slight pathological changes in the Leydig cells, significantly increased the concentrations of blood LH and T, markedly elevated the levels of mRNA in StAR and P450scc and induced an ascending tendency of the expressions of P450c17, 17beta-HSD3 and 3beta-HSD1., Conclusion: EGB enhances testosterone synthesis and secretion of Leydig cells by reducing the impairment of the testis in type 2 diabetic rats.