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On the basis of complex system theory and the frontier researches of Chinese and foreign linguistics in this field, this paper systematically discusses the conceptual connotation of language complexity, and generalizes the essential characteristics in quality and quantity, which is non-linearity and high organizational depth. The non-linearity is mainly manifested as imbalance, emergence and interactivity, while the high organizational depth as multi-level, multidimension, multi-stage, high cardinality, etc. Generally speaking, the more complex the information is, the longer the minimum description length (MDL) of it is, and the higher resource/cost consumption is. In the relation of unity of opposites between complexity and simplicity, language complexity is absolute, while simplicity is relative. Complexity is always in dominance, while simplicity always serves as a lever to balance, control and regulate complexity. They are developing nonlinear adaptive interactions, which leads to the formation and development of linguistic paradigm system (such as grammatical paradigm and rhetorical paradigm). The conclusion provides a theoretical basis for the study of language complexity.

General practitioners (GPs) play an important role in diabetes care in primary care as the "gatekeepers" of population health. The management of diabetes can slow its progression, reduce complications and improve patient outcomes, which requires effective communication and collaboration between patients and their doctors. GPs with good communication skills can help to build long-term care relationships with diabetes patients and help them develop effective self-management skills. This paper summarizes the design and development of diabetes communication skills training for GPs guided by research team with multiple theoretical frameworks, including evidence-based findings from systematic review, experiences and ideas of diabetes patients communicating with GPs based on qualitative studies, prioritization of training content for patient-doctor communication in GPs captured by mixed-methods research, in order to provide new ideas for high-quality diabetes management in primary care and inform the design of training programmes for GPs based on evidence and medical education frameworks.

In this study, an aptamer-functionalized magnetic bead-based fluorescence sensor for the detection of Cronobacter sakazakii in milk powder using hybridization chain reaction (HCR) amplification was constructed. First, the sequence HP, combining a trigger sequence and an aptamer sequence which complement each other to form a stable secondary structure, and the hairpin sequences H1 and H2 were cleverly designed. Then, aptamer-functionalized magnetic beads were prepared by pentanediol reaction and avidin-biotin reaction. C. sakazakii was incubated with the aptamer magnetic beads. The aptamer sequence in HP recognized the target, causing conformational change of HP to expose its trigger sequence. The chain assembly of H1 and H2 was triggered by HCR to produce long double-stranded DNA, and the fluorescent dye SYBR Green I (SG) bound to the long double strands of HCR products by intercalation and slot binding. Finally, graphene oxide (GO) was added to adsorb free H1, H2 and SG on its surface via π-π stacking, so the fluorescence signal was quenched. However, the HCR products could not be adsorbed on the surface of GO, so SG binding to the HCR product emitted a strong fluorescence signal dependent on the target concentration, thus allowing quantitative detection of C. sakazakii. The detection limit of this method was 2 CFU/mL for pure culture and 8 CFU/g for milk powder. It gave results for milk powder samples in good agreement with those obtained by the traditional microbial culture method. This method has the advantages of no requirement for DNA extraction, fast operation, high stability, specificity and sensitivity, so it provides a potential method for the on-site rapid detection of C. sakazakii.

Our aim was to improve the catalytic efficiency of L-threonine dehydrogenase (L-TDH) on L-threonine dehydrogenation to synthesize ethyl L-2-aminoacetate. An L-TDH gene from Escherichia coli was mined and solubly expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3) through pACYCDuet-1 expression system. The expressed enzyme was purified and characterized. The results showed that high-level soluble expression of L-TDH was achieved in E. coli BL21(DE3), and the enzyme activity in the lysate was 19.13 IU/mL, which was about 79 times higher than that the level of E. coli BL21 (DE3) background expression. The specific activity of the purified L-TDH was 12.77 IU/mg; its optimal reaction temperature was 45 ℃, and its optimal reaction pH was 9.0. The residual enzyme activity was still more than 90% after being held at 35 or 40 ℃ for 120 min. In addition, the kinetic parameters of EcTDH were better than those of other reported L-TDHs, and EcTDH was superior in the synthesis of 2,5-dimethylpyrazine (2,5-DMP) by converting L-threonine. Our findings could lay a theoretical foundation for the industrial production of 2,5-DMP.

The LowMC is an algorithm with low multiplicative complexities. For the parameter with limited data complexities and low number of S-boxes, the difference enumeration attack was proposed, which could theoretically attack all rounds of the LowMC. Considering that the original attack is based on the random linear layer,the strength of LowMC algorithm against differential enumeration attacks under a specific linear layer deserves more study. The difference enumeration attack cannot reach theoretical rounds through the research on the so-called key initial round. In terms of some LowMC instances, the key initial round is smaller than the theoretical value, which leads to the failure of the difference enumeration attack. Since the number of rounds of the LowMC is completely based on existing attacks, the analysis is of great significance to the rounds design of the LowMC.