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Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) equipped with ducted propellers exhibit increased maneuverability. However, ducting also influences the AUV's dynamic characteristics. Accordingly, it is crucial to analyze the effect that ducted propellers exert on an AUV's hydrodynamic performance. This paper utilizes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to study this impact. Firstly, two AUV models with identical geometry except for the presence of ducted propellers were constructed using 3D software. Subsequently, two sets of overlapping grids for the CFD hydrodynamic analysis were created, each for one of the AUVs. Hydrodynamic coefficients for both models were obtained by calculating their translational and rotational motions, and differences between these coefficients were analyzed to evaluate the ducted propellers' effect. The computational results reveal that ducted propellers augment the inertial hydrodynamic forces in surge motion while reducing those in sway, heaven, pitch, and yaw motions. In addition, the presence of ducted propellers heightens the viscous hydrodynamic forces during translational motion and diminishes them during rotational motion. The ducted propeller further impacts the AUV's streamlined shape, thereby altering the AUV's inertial and viscous hydrodynamic characteristics. Therefore, when designing AUV with ducted propellers, it is critical to consider the effect of ducting on the AUV.

Dynamic target tracking is a crucial technique for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV), enabling key operations such as target detection and reconnaissance. Standard approaches for tracking maneuvering targets often involve the interacting multiple model (IMM) algorithm which integrates the constant velocity (CV) model and the coordinated turn (CT) model. However, these models traditionally utilize fixed transition probabilities and turn rates based on prior information, potentially leading to imprecise state estimations. In response to this, the paper introduces an adaptive parallel IMM (APIMM) based on current adaptive IMM algorithms. This method adaptively adjusts transition probabilities and pairs with the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) algorithm for state prediction of maneuvering targets in a 3D underwater environment. The enhanced algorithm chooses from a model set that encompasses the CV model, the 3D fixed center constant speed and turning rate model (CSCTR) with an adaptive turn rate, and the current statistical (CS) model. Simulation outcomes have demonstrated that this algorithm utilizes posterior information more effectively, possesses an accelerated model switching speed, and improves the prediction accuracy of the underwater dynamic target's state in three-dimensional space by approximately 15%.

Concerning the challenges of limited operational capabilities of autonomous underwater vehicles and the impaired passability caused by the externally mounted propellers on the existing chained multi-body underwater vehicles, this paper presents an overall design scheme for a multi-joint unmanned underwater vehicle composed of a functional carrier and a basic carrier. Initially, the structural arrangements of the functional carrier and basic carrier are introduced. Subsequently, a comprehensive exploration of the key technological principles incorporated in the scheme, such as jet manipulation, vector propulsion, folding antennas, among others is conducted. Lastly, a physical prototype of the basic carrier for the multi-joint unmanned underwater vehicle is developed, followed by successive trials in lake and sea environments. In the directional variable depth navigation tests, the depth error was no more than ±0.1 m, and the heading error was not exceeding ±1°. These experiment results validate the sailing capabilities of the basic carrier of the multi-joint unmanned underwater vehicle, thereby confirming the feasibility of the proposed design scheme for a multi-joint unmanned underwater vehicle in this paper.

为探究城市居民低碳出行意向与行为差异的原因和异质性，基于大中小城市、老中青群体1 263名居民的低碳出行问卷调查数据，采用双变量Probit模型和组间平均边际效应（AME），分析了城市和群体间低碳出行意向与行为一致性的影响因素及群体差异。结果表明：有低碳出行意向与行为的居民比例仅为12.6%，有低碳出行意向而未向行为转变的居民占55.3%，意向与行为不一致的现象在一线城市和青年群体中尤为明显。从平均边际效应的结果看，有无私家车是导致一线、二线城市居民和中、青年群体低碳出行意向与行为不一致的关键因素。环境意识和主观规范对老年群体的低碳出行意向与行为一致性具有更显著的积极影响。研究所揭示的影响不同群体低碳出行意向与行为一致性的关键因素，可为低碳政策的异质化实施提供理论参考。

Cooperative vehicle platoon control has great potential in relieving traffic congestion, improving driving safety and fuel economy, which is closely related to the progress of communication technology, especially the development of vehicle-to-vehicle communication technology. However, in the real scene, vehicle-to-vehicle communication is not ideal, and there are communication packets losses, delay and other phenomena, which affect the stability and tracking performance of the vehicle queue. For this reason, this paper studies the distributed cooperative control method of vehicle platoon in case of communication packets losses, and constructs a vehicle platoon system model considering Bernoulli packet loss model, then designs a distributed controller suitable for communication topology based on directed spanning tree with the leading vehicle as the root node. The relationship between packet loss probability and vehicle platoon stability is analyzed subsequently. Finally, we derives a sufficient condition to ensure the asymptotic stability of platoon, i.e., the inequality of the weight coefficient matrix of the cost function. The numerical simulation results show that when the designed vehicle platoon system model and distributed controller are used, and the weight coefficient matrix of the cost function satisfies the inequality conditions, if the probability of packet loss increases, the convergence time of the queuing tracking error will be prolonged, and the tracking error will increase. This verifies the negative correlation effect of packet loss probability on the stability and tracking performance of the designed distributed controller.

Due to the strictly restricted free area, vehicles have difficulties to pass through mine narrow corridors. To solve this problem, this paper presents a trajectory planning method based on optimal control. Narrow corridor model and vehicle single-track kinematics model are adopted to construct the trajectory planning model based on optimal control with an approximate space-discretization strategy considering factors like vehicle passage time, vehicle-boundary collision and vehicle actuator range. By vehicle kinematics integral, the control variable sequence solved by the above trajectory planning model leads to an initial optimal trajectory. Taking the discretization impact on trajectory continuity into account, the final target trajectory is formed after smooth the initial optimal trajectory by quadratic programming. Simulation results show that the trajectory generated by the proposed method is effective in narrow corridor scene, and the generated trajectory is continuous and smooth. Compared with the baseline method, the average maximum curvature reduces from 0.094 m-1 to 0.040 m-1 and the average passing time reduces from 6.18 s to 4.80 s in evaluate scenarios.

Groundwater environment is closely related to the protection and restoration of surface ecological environment, and the detection of groundwater resources is an important content to master the characteristics of groundwater environment. In the setting of the ecological restoration of Hongshaquan Open-pit Mining Area, four different geoelectric models are constructed on the basis of geological column and its resistivity logging curves obtained by a borehole. Based on one-dimensional forward theory, the transient electromagnetic induced voltage and its apparent resistivity response curves with a small coil device are obtained. Comparative analysis for these curves shows that induced voltage and its apparent resistivity under different aquifer geoelectric model conditions are sensitive to aquifer water-bearing response, and there are obvious differences between them in 0.01-50 ms, which reflects the feasibility of using small coil transient electromagnetic method to detect groundwater resources in the study area in theory. Combined with the field detection test data and drilling exposure, the effectiveness and reliability of small coil transient electromagnetic technology in the detection of groundwater resources are verified.

ObjectiveTo describe the incidence and distribution characteristics of congenital heart disease in newborns， and to analyze the trend of the notification rate from 2009 to 2018 in Chongming District， Shanghai.MethodsBased on the shanghai birth defects surveillance system， newborns delivered in all medical institutions in Chongming District from 2009 to 2018 were examined for congenital heart disease at birth and followed up to 42 days. The notification rate and trends of various congenital heart diseases were described.ResultsThere were 548 cases of neonatal congenital heart disease in Chongming District from 2009 to 2018， and the notification rate was 20.11‰ （95%CI： 18.47‰-21.85‰）， with statistically significant differences between years during the study period （Z=10.616， P

ObjectiveTo understand the quality of life in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis within three years after treatment， determine its related factors， and make suggestions for improving the short-term quality of life in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis after treatment.MethodsA telephone survey was used to investigate registered tuberculosis patients in Shanghai in 2018 using the short form 12 （SF-12） and the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD） assessment test questionnaire （CAT）.ResultsA total of 975 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis who had completed the treatment were included in the study. The total physiological score was determined to be 49.18±10.25， and the total psychological score was 50.27±8.03 （t=5.62，P

ObjectiveTo determine the epidemiological characteristics of measles in Jinshan District of Shanghai in 2002‒2019.MethodsThis study was a secondary data analysis using measles surveillance system and epidemiological case reports in Jinshan District from January 2002 through December 2019. Temporal characteristics of the disease onset was determined by a concentration method. ArcGis 10.4 and SaTScan 9.6 software were used for spatiotemporal clustering scanning analysis.ResultsFrom 2002 through 2019， a total of 289 cases of measles were reported in Jinshan District， Shanghai， with an average annual incidence of 2.24 per 105. The annual incidence fluctuated from 0 to 11.27 per 105. The highest incidence was recorded in 2005 （11.27 per 105）， followed by a decline； however， there was a rebound in 2008 （5.26 per 105） and 2015 （3.30 per 105）. The concentration M was determined to be 0.62， showing a clear seasonality concentrated in February to May. The spatiotemporal scan found that spatial and temporal clusters were more likely to occur in the areas with higher population density such as Zhujing Town and Shihua Community and between 2002 and 2009. The majority of measles cases were infants and children under the age of 1 and adults aged 20‒39 years. Approximately 66.78% of measles cases reported unknown vaccination history. In addition， in children aged 8 month to 4 years， the vaccination rate of measles-containing vaccines in the domestic migrants was much lower than the local residents （χ2=4.44， P=0.035）.ConclusionThe incidence of measles in Jinshan District presents a downward trend. The population affected has a "two-way displacement"， which is concentrated in the more populated areas. It is necessary to strengthen measles surveillance and implement supplementary immunization programs with measles-containing vaccines for at-risk populations.

In view of problems of single function and no information collection function existed in traditional electromagnetic valve driver of hydraulic support electro-hydraulic control system , the paper put forward a design scheme of a new type of electromagnetic valve driver for hydraulic support, and introduced hardware composition, design of internal circuit and software of the driver. The driver has been successfully used in working face of automatic combination cutting-and-conveying unit and automatic coal plough unit, and has stable and reliable in running.

The experiment was to study the effect of calcium zinc mixture feed additives on production performance and milk quality of dairy cows. A total of 180 lactating period Holstein dairy cows with similar pens, parity and days of lactation were randomly divided into two groups, with 90 replicates in each group. The dairy cows in control group were fed with a full-mixed diet, and the dairy cows in test group were fed with a full-mixed diet + 500 mL/(head ·d) calcium and zinc mixture, for 3 d consecutive, then stopped for 4 d, lasted for 35 d. The results showed that compared with control group, the feed conversion rate of dairy cows in test group was increased by 2.18%. Milk yield of dairy cows in test group was increased by 0.35%, 11.31%, 2.89%, 3.10%, 1.83% and 3.84% on the 7th, 14th, 21th, 28th and 35th day and the whole process, respectively. Milk yield of dairy cows on the 14th day increased significantly. Milk fat percentage and milk protein of dairy cows in test group were slightly lower. Somatic cell number and persistence of dairy cows in test group were increased slightly. Urea nitrogen of dairy cows in test group was decreased slightly. The average economic benefit in each cow per day of dairy cows in test group was increased by 8.24%. The experiment indicates that adding calcium zinc mixture in total mixed diet has no significant effect on feed conversion rate, tends to improve milk yield in a certain stage, which has no significant effect on milk quality, can improve economic benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the tracking accuracy and disturbance suppression ability of fast steering mirror (FSM), a FSM closed-loop control system based on active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) is established, and the parameter setting method of ADRC is studied. Because the setting efficiency of ADRC parameters by trial and error method is low, and it is easy to fall into local optimization by particle swarm optimization (PSO), an improved PSO (IPSO) algorithm based on skip tongue line adjustment of inertia weight is proposed. Through the system simulation experiment, considering the vibration of satellite platform, ADRC and traditional proportion integration differentiation (PID) controller based on IPSO and PSO are used to control FSM respectively. The results show that when tracking high-frequency sinusoidal signals with different frequencies, the tracking accuracy of FSM controlled by ADRC based on IPSO is significantly improved compared with the other two controllers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the expression of hepatitis B-virus X gene (HBX) in adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) and determine its clinical significance. Methods Between June 2008 and October 2012, in-hospital patients with salivary gland tumors who were treated at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Kunming Medical University, were enrolled to this study. HBeAb-positive patients were defined as those exposed to hepatitis B vims (HBV) or harboring persistent HBV infection regardless of being HBeAg positive or negative. According to the pathological results, all patients were divided into ACC group and control group. Immunohistochemical staining and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to detect HBX expression in ACC group and control group. Results HBX expression was mostly detected in the cytoplasm of ACC cells. Minimal HBX expression was detected in the nucleus. HBX expression was significantly higher in ACC than in Warthin's tumor. A significant difference was observed between the two groups. Conclusion HBX is expressed in ACC and may be associated with the development of ACC. HBX might serve important functions in the carcinogenesis and development of ACC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the feasibility and effect of free latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap in the reconstruction of giant head and neck defects., Methods: Free latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap on the cadaver was simulated dissected, and measured by Image-Pro Plus 6.0 to assess the feasibility of repairing giant head and neck defects. Between May 2011 and September 2022, seven patients with giant head and neck defects of different causes repaired with the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap were retrospectively analyzed., Results: The diameter of the initiating thoracodorsal artery was (4.03±0.56) mm, and the mean lengths of the arteriolar and venous pedicles of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flaps obtained from human specimens were (85.5±10.5) mm and (104±4.2) mm, respectively. Among 7 patients, 5 cases had scalp defects, the remaining 2 cases had neck defects. There were no substantial postoperative problems in the donor site, and all seven latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flaps were successfully transplanted., Conclusions: For the treatment of considerable head and neck deformities, the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap is an optimal muscle flap due to its abundance of tissue, enough length of vascular pedicles, and sufficient venous drainage.

Objective: To analyze the clinical and genetic features of three patient diagnosed with Kleefstra syndrome., Methods: Whole exome sequencing (WES) was carried out for the probands and their parents. Suspected variants were validated by Sanger sequencing. Copy number variations (CNV) were detected by CNV-seq and validated by real-time PCR., Results: Proband 1 was found to carry a de novo heterogeneous variant (c.823+1G>T) of the EHMT1 gene, which may affect its expression. Based on the guidelines of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, the variant was predicted to be pathogenic (PVS1+PS2+PM2). Proband 2 was found to carry a de novo missense variant c.439C>G (p.L147V) of the EHMT1 gene, which was predicted to be likely pathogenic (PS2+PM1+PM2+PP3). Proband 3 was found to carry a heterozygous 520 kb deletion at 9q34.3 by CNV-seq. The deletion has encompassed the whole of the EHMT1 gene. Real-time PCR has detected no CNV of this region in her parents., Conclusion: Variants of the EHMT1 gene probably underlay the disease in these patients. Genetic testing has provided a basis for their clinical diagnosis.

Objective: To delineate the clinical feature and genetic basis of four patients with congenital neutropenia., Methods: All patients were subjected to whole exome sequencing (WES). Suspected variants were verified by Sanger sequencing., Results: The patients (two boys and two girls), aged 7 to 15 months, suffered from neutropenia and recurrent infections. Bone marrow smears showed a significant decrease in the proportion of rod-shaped and lobulated granulocytes, which suggested impaired development and maturation of bone marrow neutrophils. WES has discovered heterozygous variants (c.496G>A, c.58C>G, c.391G>A and IVS1+5T>A) of the ELANE gene in the patients. Among these, c.58C>G and IVS1+5T>A were unreported previously. Follow up revealed patients 1 and 3 had periodic neutropenia, while patients 2 and 4 had severe congenital neutropenia. After attaining the definite diagnosis, the patients were treated symptomatically., Conclusion: The main clinical feature of congenital neutropenia is refractory recurrent bacterial infections, for which mutations of the ELANE gene are a common cause. Two novel pathogenic ELANE variants have been discovered in this study.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a characteristic index of water quality, and reflects many factors, such as the economic development and protection policies of watershed. In this study, surface water samples were collected from four watersheds with different levels of urbanization in Ningbo. The DOM was analyzed using an excitation-emission matrix combined with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) to explore the relationship between land-use and DOM. The results show that the urbanization level affected both the amount and the composition of the DOM in the studied watersheds. The concentrations of DOM evaluated by dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in urban areas (DOC=3.18 mg·L -1 ) and an urban-rural combined area (DOC=7.45 mg·L -1 ) were much higher than those in rural areas with low urbanization (DOC between 2.16 and 2.62 mg·L -1 , ANOVA, P <0.001). A total of seven PARAFAC components were identified in the studied watersheds, mainly including humic-like and protein-like substances. In the highly urbanized area, DOM was mainly composed of humic-like substances, with a proportion of 61.3%. However, the water samples from the urban-rural combined area exhibited a high proportion (59.4%) of protein-like substances, indicating a strong influence of sewage and industrial discharge. In contrast, although the DOM amounts in rural areas were relatively low, the proportions of humus-like substances were high, ranging from 63.6% to 65.7%. Agricultural non-point sources were the main contributor to DOM in these areas. Moreover, the results suggest that the urbanization process could intensify the damage to the surface waters. At the initial stage of urbanization (i.e., urban-rural combined area), contaminants are mainly discharged from sewage and industrial sources; when urbanization reaches a certain level, e.g., with a well-constructed sewage collection system, water contaminants originate more from surface runoff rather than sewage. The results of this study suggest that the EEM-PARAFAC technique can provide semi-quantitative source tracking of surface water, as well as an inexpensive and effective tool for policy makers to overcome the insensitivity of general water quality indices.

Objective: To explore the short-term hemodynamic change of fluid challenge (FC) with crystalloid or colloid and define fluid responsiveness at the optimal time in patients with septic shock., Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted. Septic shock patients monitored with pulmonary catheters admitted to medical intensive care unit (ICU) of the Peking Union Medical College Hospital from July 2016 to December 2018 were enrolled. All included patients received FC and were divided into two groups according to the type of fluid used, i.e. crystalloid group (normal saline for 500 mL) and colloid group (4% succinyl gelatin for 500 mL). The choice of fluid type was decided by the attending physician. Hemodynamic variables were measured at baseline, and 0 (immediately), 10, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 minutes after FC, included cardiac index (CI), heart rate (HR), mean artery pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP) and pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (PAWP). Fluid responsiveness was defined as CI increased by more than 10% after FC. The data were analyzed by repeated measurements of variance between the two groups as well as responders and nonresponders., Results: Forty patients were included, 20 cases each in colloid group and crystalloid group; of whom 26 were fluid responders with 12 of colloid group and 14 of crystalloid group. Of the 14 nonresponders, 8 were of colloid group and 6 of crystalloid group. (1) Compared with before FC, CI (mL×s -1 ×m -2 ) was significantly increased in crystalloid and colloid groups after FC (71.7±16.7 vs. 65.0±16.7, 68.3±25.0 vs. 63.3±23.3, both P < 0.05). In the colloid group, volume expansion increased the CI to maximum (76.7±18.3) at 30 minutes after FC, at 120 minutes after FC, a significantly higher CI (70.0±16.7) was also observed (P < 0.05), an increased in CI ≥ 10% was observed at 60 minutes after FC. In the crystalloid group, CI was increased to maximum at 10 minutes (73.3±28.3) and decreased to baseline at 60 minutes, an increased in CI ≥ 10% was also observed at 10 minutes after FC. In addition, there was no significant difference in CI changes between colloidal group and crystalloid group at different time points after FC. (2) CI did not change over time in nonresponders groups, whereas in responders CI increased parallelly to that in both crystalloid and colloid groups over time. However, an increased in CI ≥ 10% was observed through the 120 minutes after FC in responders of colloid group compared with that of at 30 minutes after FC in crystalloid group. There was significant difference in CI changes between colloidal group and crystalloid group at 30, 45, 60, 90 minutes after FC (mL×s -1 ×m -2 : 18.3±3.3 vs. 8.3±1.7, 18.3±3.3 vs. 5.0±1.7, 13.3±1.7 vs. 3.3±1.7, 11.7±3.3 vs. 3.3±1.7, all P < 0.05). (3) The maximal values of CVP and PAWP were observed at the end of FC. In colloid group, both the two variables were notably higher than that before FC over 120 minutes compared with that of only at 10 minutes in crystalloid group. The MAP in colloid increased to maximum immediately at the end of FC and decreased to baseline at 45 minutes, however, the MAP in crystalloid group and HR of both groups showed no differences over 120 minutes., Conclusions: Hemodynamic changes were significantly different between crystalloid and colloid after FC in patients with septic shock. Therefore, the timing of fluid responsiveness assessment should be different individually. The assessment time of colloid group may be prolonged to 30 minutes after FC while that of crystal group can be at 10 minute after FC.

A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with fluorescence detection (FD) was established to simultaneously determine plasma indole and skatole. Plasma samples were pretreated by liquid-liquid extraction. Chromatographic separation was accomplished on a Shim-Pack VP-ODS column (150 mm×4. 6 mm, 4.6 μ m) using an isocratic mixture of 15 mmol/L sodium dihydrogen phosphate solution and methanol (40:60, v/v). The fluorescence excitation and emission wavelengths were 274 nm and 340 nm, respectively. The linear ranges were 2.22-88.89 μ g/L for indole and 1.11-44.44 μ g/L for skatole. The detection limits were 0.11 μ g/L and 0.06 μ g/L for indole and skatole, respectively. The recoveries were in the range of 95.5%-112.3% with the relative standard deviations less than 6.8%. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of plasma from healthy pregnant women ( n =46) and pregnant women with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection ( n =29). The results showed that plasma indole and skatole levels were significantly different between two groups. In pregnant women with HBV infection, the concentrations of indolic compounds were positively associated with transaminase levels.

Purpose: To compare the clinical effects of mandibular angle fracture surgery through intraoral and extraoral approach., Methods: From January 2008 to December 2014, 46 patients with mandibular angle fracture were retrospectively recruited in this study. An intraoral approach was used in 22 cases as group 1 in whom the fractures were fixed by one titanium miniplate alone, the others through an extraoral approach as group 2 in whom the fractures were fixed by two plates. Intermaxillary traction was used in all patients for 3 weeks following the operation. The data was collected in MS Excel 2003 and further analyzed by SPSS13.0 software package., Results: The wound healing was in uneventful group 1, no complication occurred 3 weeks later. On the contrary, 5 cases with postoperative infection and 3 cases with temporary weakness of facial nerve were observed in the group 2. Three months later, postoperative panoramic radiographs showed mandible fractures healed well in group 1; while in group 2, three cases complained of unhealed fractures and unsatisfactory occlusion., Conclusions: Compared with extraoral approach to manage mandibular angle fracture with 2 miniplates, one miniplate through intraoral approach can provide better outcomes.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection (LTBI), and to identify the risk factors in close contacts of pulmonary TB patients among non-resident population in Shanghai., Methods: The study subjects were the close contacts of pulmonary TB patients among non-resident populations in Xuhui, Minhang and Songjiang Districts in Shanghai from 2013 to 2014.Questionnaire interview was applied to collect the socio-demographics, TB-related clinical and TB exposure information from the enrolled TB patients and their close contacts. The T-SPOT.TB test was used to identify the infection of M. TB. LTBI was defined as a positive T-SPOT.TB result inthe absence of signs and symptoms related to TB., Results: In total, 182 pulmonary TB patients and 360 close contacts were enrolled in the present study. The mean age of the close contacts was (34±14) years(range, 2-83 years), including 160 men and 200 women. The T-SPOT.TB test and TB related examination revealed that 17.2% (62/360) of the close contacts were latently infected with M. TB. All the LTBI subjects were household contacts (χ(2)=16.814, P<0.001). In multivariate analysis, the risk of LTBI was statistically associated with the presence of TB symptoms of the index case (OR=2.696, 95%CI: 1.060-6.857) and duration of exposure (OR=1.007, 95%CI: 1.001-1.014); whereas there were no statistically significant associations among age, gender, diagnostic delay of index case, environment of contact place and the risk of LTBI among the studied close contacts., Conclusions: The prevalence of LTBI in close contacts of pulmonary TB patients among non-resident population in Shanghai is 17.2%.Contact with patients with TB symptoms and longer duration of exposure might increase the risk of LTBI.

Objective: To investigate the result of surgical treatment of active infective endocarditis in patients with recent cerebrovascular events, and to evaluate the optimal indication and timing of surgical intervention., Methods: The clinical data of 26 patients with cerebrovascular complications before surgery Between December 2007 and December 2013 were analyzed retrospectively. There were 17 male and 9 female patients, aged (42±14) years. Types of disease included single aortic valvular disease (n=8), single mitral valvular disease (n=12), multiple valvular disease (n=5), and aortic valvular disease with ventricular septal defect (n=1). Type of cerebrovascular complication included cerebral infarction (n=25) and cerebral hemorrhage (n=1). Thirty-one valves were involved in 26 patients, mechanical prosthetic valve replacement (n=25), bioprosthetic valve replacement (n=4), and mitral valve repair (n=2)., Results: The interval between onset of cerebrovascular event and surgical intervention was less than 14 days (n=3), 14 to 21 days (n=13), over 21 days (n=10), and the mean was (20±4) days. There were 33 vegetations found intraoperatively. The mean size of vegetations was (10±4) mm and 19 were found in mitral valve. Two patients died in hospital. One case relapsed after 1 year and underwent reoperation for prosthetic valve endocarditis. The remaining patients recovered with cardiac function of New York Heart Association class I to II after the period of 3 months to 5 years follow-up., Conclusions: Appropriate surgery may effectively improve the outcome of IE patients with cerebrovascular complications. The surgical indications and risks of further neurologic deterioration after cardiac surgery should be assessed comprehensively before surgical intervention.

A highly sensitive method using ultra-fast liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole/linear ion trap mass spectrometry (UFLC-Q/Trap MS) was developed to simultaneously screen and confirm nine beta-blockers (BBs) in porcine tissues (porcine muscle, liver and kidney). The method was used for trace determination of atenolol, pindolol, acebutolol, metoprolol, carazolol, labetalol, bisoprolol, propranolol and penbutolol. The homogenized tissues were hydrolyzed by beta-glucuronidase/aryl sulfatase and extracted with acetonitrile, followed by continuous purification procedures of disperse solid phase extraction (d-SPE) with diatomaceous earth and BondElut cartridge. The ultra-fast chromatographic separation was conducted on a Kinetex C18-XB column (150 mm x 2.1 mm, 2.6 microm) using 0.1% (v/v) formic acid aqueous solution and methanol as mobile phases in gradient elution. The optimized ion transitions were mployed in the mixed-mode of scheduled multiple reaction monitoring (sMRM) -information dependent acquisition (IDA)-enhanced product ion (EPI) scan. Qualification analysis was performed through spectra-matching with on-line lab-built MS/MS library. For quantification stable isotope-labelled analogues of the analytes were used as internal standards. As a result, in porcine liver, kidney and muscle, the nine BBs showed good linearity with all the correlation coefficients (r) more than 0.995 in the range of 0.1-20 microg/L. The limits of quantification (LOQ, S/N > or = 10) were 0.5 kg/kg for all the analytes. The developed method gave average recoveries of 87.5%-111.8% spiked at 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 microg/kg with the relative standard deviations of 4.0%-12. 5%. The proposed method can be used to screen and confirm the nine BBs in a single run, which makes it effective in surveillance and detection of the BBs residues in porcine tissues.

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of cardiac integrin-linked kinase (ILK) overexpression in a rat model of doxorubicin-induced heart failure and the underlying mechanisms., Methods: Rat heart failure model was induced by intraperitoneal administration of doxorubicin (6 injections within 2 weeks: total dose = 15 mg/kg). Five weeks after the first injection, rats with heart failure were confirmed by echocardiography and then randomly divided into Ad-ILK group (intra-myocardial injected with adenoviral vector expressing ILK) and Ad-null group (intra-myocardial injected with empty ad-null, n = 20 each). After 4 weeks, ILK expression and activity were detected by Western blot, cardiac function was determined by echocardiographic and hemodynamic examinations. Apoptosis was measured by TUNEL analysis and cardiomyocyte proliferation was estimated by phospho-histone-H3 staining., Results: Western blot analysis revealed higher expression of ILK as well as the phosphorylation levels of Akt in Ad-ILK hearts as compared with ad-null controls. Four weeks after transfection, LVEF and LVFS were significantly higher in Ad-ILK group as compared with control group [LVEF: (60.56 ± 2.61)% vs. (51.94 ± 2.28)%, P < 0.05; LVFS: (28.10 ± 1.83)% vs. (22.82 ± 1.68)%, P < 0.05]. The LVEDD and LVESD, as well as LVEDP were significantly lower in Ad-ILK group compared with control group [LVEDD: (6.22 ± 0.24) mm vs. (7.15 ± 0.21) mm, P < 0.05; LVESD: (4.42 ± 0.23) mm vs. (5.65 ± 0.25) mm, P < 0.05; LVEDP: (12.96 ± 2.10) mmHg vs. (21.45 ± 2.48) mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa) , P < 0.05]. Reduced levels of serum BNP was also seen in the Ad-ILK group. TUNEL analysis showed that ILK treatment significantly inhibited the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes [(0.23 ± 0.02)% vs. (0.45 ± 0.04)%, P < 0.05]. Moreover, increased cardiomyocyte proliferation was found in Ad-ILK group through the phospho-histone H3 staining [(0.60 ± 0.07)% vs. (0.24 ± 0.03)%, P < 0.01]., Conclusion: ILK gene therapy improves cardiac function in this rat model of heart failure, and is associated with reduced apoptosis and increased cardiomyocyte proliferation.

Objective: To explore the integrated application of sales of child-specific over-the-counter (OTC) cold related medications in retail pharmacies and healthcare visits of children for influenza-like illness (ILI) in surveillance and early warning of influenza among children., Methods: An integrated surveillance system (ISS) was implemented since 2012 in Qianjiang County, a rural area in Hubei Province of China. The daily information from August 1, 2012 to February 28, 2013 of health care visits of children for ILI reported by 80 health facilities and sales of 14 child-specific over-the-counter (OTC) cold related medications reported by 11 pharmacies were extracted from ISS database. Cumulative sums (CUSUM) model was conducted to analyze the degree of fitting and the early warning signal generated; the correlationship was then analyzed further., Results: In 212 days, 983 visits of children for ILI and 12 819 sales by person of child-specific OTC were reported. Conducting CUSUM model, the fitting degree was in the acceptable range, 31 warning signals were generated from ILI data series with 3 peak periods and 14 from OTC data series with 2 peak periods. A similar time trend of two data series was observed with a correlation(r = 0.497, P < 0.05), but without any spatial clustering. And the optimal correlation(r = 0.505, P < 0.05) appeared at a time offset of 4 days preceded by OTC sales., Conclusion: The availability of integrated surveillance system for symptoms could be applied for surveillance of influenza among children; while it could explore the possibility of real epidemic in the very early stage.

To solve the problems of intercalated organoclay such as low surface area and inhomogeneous organic loading, natural vermiculite was activated by acid leaching and then modified by trimethylchlorosilane (CTMS) and triethylchlorosilane (CTES). The modified materials were characterized by FTIR, BET, SEM and TG. Experimental results indicated that the surface area of the modified acid vermiculite (361.0 m2 x g(-1)) was much larger than that of the intercalated organovermiculite (6.0 m2 x g(-1)), moreover, the organic groups were grafted onto the surface covalently. Diethyl phthalate (DEP), a typical hydrophobic micro-organic pollutant, was used to test the adsorption capacity of different adsorbents. The adsorption amounts of DEP were 63.7, 51.2 and 15.7 mg x g(-1) for CTES, CTMS and intercalated organovermiculite in this study, respectively. The high organic affinity of modified acid vermiculite was due to both the bigger surface area and the homogeneous organic loading. The adsorption kinetics was found to follow the pseudosecond-order model. The isotherms exhibited linear characteristics and could be described by Henry and Freundlich equations, indicating that the partition process is the main control mechanism of the removal of DEP.

Objective: To study the prevalence and trend of tuberculosis for related policy development in Shandong., Methods: The population under the current study was randomly sampled, using both stratified clustering sampling and proportional population sampling methods, following the national survey protocol. A total of 35 clusters including about 1500 subjects per cluster were established, representing a population of 9.31 million. Questionnaire interview and chest X-ray exam were applied to all inhabitants above 15 years of age. Sputum microscopy and culture were given to all suspected cases with cough longer than 2 weeks or having abnormal X-ray results., Results: In total, 54 279 subjects were interviewed and examined, accounting for 95.78% of eligible population. Of them, 183 active pulmonary tuberculosis cases were identified, with 60.11% asymptomatic. Two of the 35 (5.71%) clusters had no active tuberculosis cases found, and 24 (68.57%) did not show smear positive results. The standardized prevalence rates of active, smear positive and bacteriologic positive pulmonary tuberculosis cases were 270.87/10(5), 17.45/10(5) and 29.57/10(5), with the estimated case numbers as 211 900 (170 100 - 253 600), 13 600 (5800 - 21 500) and 23 100 (13 200 - 33 000) respectively. Compared to the survey in 2000, the rates on smear positive and bacteriologic positive tuberculosis had decreased significantly, at a rate of 81.63%, and 75.56% respectively. The rates in urban areas and in women decreased quickly than those in rural areas and in men. People living in the rural areas, being elderly or males, had significantly higher prevalence rates of tuberculosis., Conclusion: Remarkable reduction of tuberculosis prevalence had been achieved despite the fact that tuberculosis remained a major public health problem in Shandong province. Symptomatic patients should be under more serious concern in order to improve the detection of early cases. More efforts should be given to rural population, especially elderly, male population.

Objective: To investigate the principle of management of colorectal high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia(HGIN) based on colonoscopic biopsy., Methods: Patients diagnosed as colorectal HGIN based on colonoscopic biopsy in the Changhai Hospital from January 2002 to December 2009 were enrolled in the study. The clinical data of all the patients were collected and analyzed. According to the subsequent operation, cases were divided into local complete resection group and radical operation group. The discrepancy between the biopsy diagnosis and postoperative diagnosis was investigated., Results: Of the 203 biopsy-based colorectal HGIN lesions, 156 underwent radical resection, while 47 received local complete resection. Univariate analyses indicated that tumors located in colon(P=0.02), tumors with sessile growth (P=0.00) and large tumors (P=0.00) were more likely to be treated with radical resection. Postoperative diagnosis revealed that 163 cases(80.3%) were invasive cancers, while the other 40 cases(19.7%) were HGIN lesions. Of the 156 cases resected radically, 140 cases were invasive cancers, 16 cases were diagnosed as HGIN. Of the 47 cases who underwent local complete resection, 24 cases were confirmed as HGIN but the other 23 cases were invasive cancers, in which 15 cases received subsequent radical operation., Conclusions: A large proportion of biopsy-proven colorectal HGIN lesions are invasive cancers. Therefore, local resection should be performed to confirm diagnosis. For highly suspected malignant tumors which can not be removed completely by local resection, if anus can be reserved, a radical transabdominal surgery is recommended even without biopsy-proven malignancy in order to avoid treatment delay.

Objective: To investigate the role of Thl7 cells and the cytokine interleukin-17 (IL-17) in acute allograft rejection in mice., Methods: Mouse models of kidney transplantation were randomly divided into rejection group and isograft group. On the post-operative day (POD) 3 and 7, we tested the serum IL-17 level using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and measured the number of Th17 cells in the renal grafts by flow cytometry. The grafts were harvested and fixed in 10% formalin to prepare paraffin sections for routine pathological inspection., Results: Compared to isograft group, the allograft group showed a significantly higher level of serum IL-17 on POD3 and POD7 (P<0.05), and the level of IL-17 is significantly higher on POD7 than on POD3 (P<0.05). The allograft group showed more infiltrating Th17 cells in the grafts on POD3 and POD7 (P<0.05), and the cell number was significantly greater on POD7 (P<0.05). Pathological examination also showed an increased severity of graft rejection with the post-transplantation time., Conclusion: Thl7 cells may play an important role in the development of renal graft rejection. IL-17 may serve as a potential specific indicator for predicting allograft rejection.

Objective: To explore the surgical strategy for ectopic kidney and evaluate the clinical outcomes., Methods: From January 2000 to October 2009, 35 cases of ectopic kidney were treated surgically in our hospital. Definite diagnoses were established in all the cases by ultrasound, intravenous urography (IVU), cystoscope, CT, magnetic resonance urography (MRU) and radionuclide imaging before the surgery. In these patients, 26 had ipsilateral ectopic ureteral orifice (including 5 with bilateral duplicated kidneys and ureter), 9 had moderate or severe hydronephrosis (including 3 with ectopic kidney calculi), and 24 had dysplastic kidney (24/35). All the patients underwent operations, including 26 with ectopic nephrectomy, 7 with ectopic ureterovesical reimplantation, and 3 with ectopic renal pelvis incision., Results: The clinical effect was satisfactory in all the cases during the follow up of 7 to 29 months., Conclusion: Appropriate surgical approaches according to the concurrent deformities and complications can achieve good clinical results in patients with ectopic kidneys.

Objective: To determine the pattern of resistance to second-line drugs (SLDs) in patients with tuberculosis (TB) in Shanghai, China., Methods: All sputum culture positive patients detected at each district/county TB hospital/clinic in Shanghai during January to December 2009 were enrolled. First-line drug susceptibility testing was routinely performed for each clinical isolate. All clinical isolates with any resistance to first-line anti-TB drug were tested for second-line drug susceptibility., Results: Of the 431 TB patients with any resistance to first-line anti-TB drugs included in this study, 27.8% (120/431) were resistant to any SLDs tested. The rank of drug resistance was as follows: ofloxacin (68/431, 15.8%) > kanamycin (37/431, 8.6%) > para-aminosalicylic acid (35/431, 8.1%) > capreomycin (28/431, 6.5%) > amikacin (23/431, 5.3%) > prothionamide (8/431, 1.9%). Mono-resistance to SLD was the most predominant pattern. Among patients with resistance to SLD, the percentages of mono-resistance were 2/2, 20/36, 22/24 and 43/58 for rifampin-resistant group, isoniazid-resistant group, other-resistant group, and MDR group, respectively., Conclusion: The high prevalence of resistance to SLDs in TB patients suggests the necessity to strengthen the TB control program for drug-resistant TB in Shanghai.

Objective: To investigate the distribution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) Beijing genotype, which was isolated from tuberculosis (TB) patients registered in local TB dispensaries in Deqing and Guanyun county respectively within 1 year, as well as its drug-resistant phenotypic and genotypic profiles and genotyping features., Methods: A total of 399 TB patients were enrolled from 2 counties. Of the 351 TB patients with MTB isolates available, 237 were male, and 114 were female; aged from 18 - 82 (46 ± 35) years. The proportion method and DNA sequencing were used to define the susceptibility of the isolates to 4 first line anti-TB drugs and the related mutation. Beijing genotype MTB strains were identified by Spoligotyping, while the "cluster" strains and the "unique" strains were defined by IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)., Results: Beijing genotype MTB strains were identified in 243 of the 351 strains isolated, and the proportion of multi-drug resistance, mono-resistance to rifampin and isoniazid among Beijing genotype MTB was 18.5% (45/243), 43.2% (105/243) and 22.2% (54/243) respectively, all being significantly higher than the non-Beijing genotype MTB, 7.4% (8/108), 24.1% (26/108) and 12.0% (13/108) respectively. katG and rpoB mutations were observed more common among Beijing genotype MTB than among non-Beijing genotype MTB, 13.2% (32/243) and 4.6% (5/108) respectively, OR = 2.553, 95%CI: 1.031 - 6.324. The Beijing genotype MTB was more likely to be clustered than non-Beijing genotype MTB, 41.2% (100/243) and 11.1% (12/108) respectively, OR = 5.503, 95%CI: 2.851 - 10.622., Conclusions: In eastern rural China, TB patients infected with the Beijing genotype MTB may have a higher risk to develop isoniazid-or rifampin-resistance and multi-drug resistance. The disease is more likely due to recent transmission.

Objective: To describe the anatomy of inferior epigastric artery and its correlation with rectus abdominis muscle in order to provide anatomical basis for reconstruction of defect in the oral and maxillofacial region., Methods: 10 Chinese adult specimens fixed by 10% formalin were simulated for the design of inferior rectus abdominis flap, and then observing, taking a photograph during the cadavers were being operated and measuring by image analysis software in the end., Results: The original external diameters of inferior epigastric artery and length of its trunk were (2.58 +/- 0.60) mm and (85.87 +/- 14.90) mm respectively. Its perforators distribute intensively toward hilum., Conclusion: Whether rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap or deep inferior epigastric perforator flap adapts to reconstruct the defect of oral and maxillofacial region due to invariable traveling of inferior epigastric artery and its wide original external diameters relatively.

Objective: To investigate the contribution of recent transmission in the epidemic of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.TB) and related factors from biomedical and social-demographic perspectives in the Eastern rural areas of China., Methods: Identified by proportion method of drug susceptibility test, 223 drug resistant M.TB isolates and their hosts were included in the present study. These drug resistant tuberculosis isolates were first genotyped by Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units (MIRU), and those isolates with identical MIRU genotype were further classified by IS6110 restricted fragment polymorphism (RFLP). 'Cluster' was defined as two patients' M. TB isolates harboring the identical MIRU genotype and IS6110-based RFLP pattern simultaneously. Unique strains denoted those with the unparalleled MIRU genotype in the study collection. Socio-demographic and biomedical characteristics of host patients were compared between the clusters and unique groups through univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis., Results: Based on the MIRU-IS6110 pattern, there were 52 isolates belonged to the "cluster" group and 171 as the "unique" group. Drug resistant M.TB strain isolated from patients at the age of 30 - 60 year had a higher probability of being clustered, comparing to those from patients below 30 years of age (30.9% vs. 11.9%; OR = 3.297; 95%CI: 1.169 - 9.297). Such finding were also seen in the isolates from patients with previous treatment history compared to newly diagnosed patients (32.9% vs. 18.4%; OR = 2.163, 95%CI: 1.144 - 4.090). The multi-drug resistant M.TB strain was found to have been more frequently clustered when comparing to the mono-drug resistant M.TB (47.2% vs. 15.5%; OR = 4.773; 95%CI: 2.316 - 9.837). The transmission pattern of drug resistant tuberculosis was presented mainly by the sporadic distribution in small group within rural villages., Conclusion: Transmission of drug-resistant tuberculosis was seen in the population living in the Eastern rural areas of China, and causal contact within villages was considered as the main route of recent transmission. Patients at middle age and having previous tuberculosis treatment history might have increased the risk of transmission by patients with drug resistant tuberculosis.

Objective: To investigate the clinical and pathological characteristics of salivary duct carcinoma (SOC) so as to provide basis for the diagnosis and therapy of SOC., Methods: Eight patients suffered with SOC treated in Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Kunming Medical College from March 2001 to February 2009 were studied retrospectively including the clinical data. Meanwhile, eight tumor specimens were examined for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cytokeratin (CK), gross cystic disease fluid protein (CC DFP)-15, androgen receptor (AR) and oncogene C-erBb-2 protein expression via immunohistochemistry., Results: Of the eight patients with SOC, five tumors grew in the parotid gland, the majority of the patients had facial nerve paralysis, three had recurrence. Computerized tomography (CT) showed that no obvious margin and similar crystal. Immunohistochemical staining for the expression of VEGF, CK, GCDFP-15 and C-erbB-2 were carried out in all SOC, while AR in majority., Conclusion: SOC is a high-grade malignant carcinoma among all salivary carcinoma, immunohistochemical analysis of SOC has revealed a variety of similarities to ductal carcinoma of the breast. GCDFP-15, AR and C-erBb--2 may play an important role in pathological diagnosis for SOC.

Objective: To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of obesity and how they related to chronic diseases among middle aged and elderly men in urban Shanghai., Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from a baseline survey from an on-going cohort study of 61 500 men between 40 - 74 of age in urban Shanghai. Study subjects were recruited from 8 communities of an urban district in Shanghai during 2002 to 2006. General obesity was measured by body mass index (BMI >/= 28) and, central obesity by waist to hip ratio (WHR >/= 0.9). Unconditional logistic regression model was used to estimate the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval of chronic diseases associated with obesity after adjustment for potential confounding factors., Results: The aged-adjusted prevalence rates of overweight, overall obesity and central obesity were 36.8%, 7.7% and 49.7% respectively. In this population, 66.7% subjects had ever been diagnosed with one or more kinds of chronic diseases, in which hypertension ranked first with an age-adjusted prevalence rate of 26.5%. After mutual adjustment for WHR and BMI, obesity (BMI >/= 28) appeared to be associated with increased prevalence rates of hypertension, coronary heart disease, gallstone, urinary tract calculus and stroke comparing to men having normal BMI (18.5 < / = BMI < 24) with ORs ranged from 1.16 to 3.13. However, to the lowest quartile, the ORs associated with the highest WHR were between 1.20 and 1.69 for these 5 diseases. All P values for trend tests were less than 0.05. WHR was positively associated with diabetes, with OR as 2.40 (95%CI: 2.14 - 2.70) for the highest quartile comparing to the lowest quartile. BMI was unrelated to the diabetes prevalence. Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease decreased with increasing BMI, but increased with WHR. The corresponding OR was 0.87 (95%CI: 0.77 - 0.98) for the obese men compared to those with normal BMI while 1.26 (95%CI: 1.14 - 1.40) for the subjects with the highest WHR comparing to those with the lowest WHR., Conclusion: The prevalence rates of hypertension, gallstone, urinary tract calculus, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases were higher in obesity men. Central obesity seemed to be related to high prevalence of diabetes.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of gene delivery to the right lateral lobe of the rat liver via a branch of the bile duct using naked DNA., Methods: We evaluated regional gene delivery to the right lateral lobe of the rat liver via a branch of the bile duct, using naked DNA, including pGL3, pCMV beta and Cy3 labeled CMV beta., Results: Gene expression was observed in right lateral lobe of both the damaged and the normal rats liver. The gene delivery efficiency was similar in two groups (P > 0.05). Gene expression was found in the right lateral lobe of damaged and normal livers. Fluorescence was observed in the region of the portal triads, and occasionally, in the lobule., Conclusion: Retrograde infusion of naked DNA via the bile duct is an effective way to deliver genes to in both damaged and normal rat liver.

Objective: To describe the drug resistance-related molecular characterization and clustering feature of rifampicin-resistant (RIFr) M.tuberculosis (M.tb) in rural area of eastern China., Methods: All patients diagnosed as RIFr M.tb in Deqing and Guanyun county during one year period from 2004 to 2005 were included in the study. By proportion method of drug susceptibility test, 65 isolates were identified resistant to rifampicin and regarded as the studied strains. Hotspots of rpoB gene and katG gene were detected by direct DNA sequencing. Beijing genotype M.tb strains were identified by spoligotyping. IS6110-RFLP (IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism) and clustering analysis were performed on all RIFr M.tb isolates available., Results: The mutations in 81 bp rifampicin-resistance determination region (RRDR) of the rpoB gene were observed among 60 (92%) RIFr M.tb isolates, with mutation in locus 531 observed in the majority of RIFr isolates (37/65). 49 (82%) of the 60 isolates were multidrug resistant TB (MDR-TB), which were referred to as resistant to both RIF and isoniazid (INH). Through spoligotyping, 54(83%) isolates were identified as Beijing genotype strains. In clustering analysis of IS6110-RFLP, 24 isolates were grouped into 11 clusters, suggesting that the recent transmission of M.tb did exist among patients. Regarding the drug resistance profile in clusters, all the isolates in clusters were also MDR-TB. 7 clusters contained isolates carrying different mutations were related to RIF-resistance. Multivariate analysis showed the proportion of new cases in clustered patients is higher than that in the un-clustered patients (new/previously treated: OR = 3.342; 95%CI: 1.081 - 10.32)., Conclusion: The acquisition of rifampicin resistance in M.tb was more likely to be resulted from the selective growth of RIFr M.tb in the specific drug resistant M.tb such as isoniazid-resistant M.tb. Previous elongated irregular treatment might favor the epidemic of RIFr M.tb.

Objective: To explore the time trends of colorectal cancer incidence rates in urban Shanghai from 1973 to 2005., Methods: Data on the incidence rates of colorectal cancer were obtained from a population-based cancer registry in Shanghai. A total of 32 962 colon cancer patients and 24 662 rectal cancer patients were registered. Population estimation were based on periodic censuses, with age- and sex-specific annual estimates derived for the remaining years. The rates were adjusted to the world standard population by using the direct method. Annul percent changes (APCs) in rates were estimated by means of a linear regression of the logarithm of the respective rates on calendar, weighted by the number of incidence cases., Results: The incidence rates of colorectal cancer increased steadily during 1973 to 2005, the age-adjusted incidence rates of colon cancer increased from 6.09 and 5.70 to 14.70 and 14.35 per 100 000 in male and female respectively. The APCs were 3.03% (t = 14.77, P < 0.01) and 3.21% (t = 22.15, P < 0.01). The rates of rectal cancer increased from 7.68 and 6.51 to 11.45 and 8.28 per 100 000 in male and female respectively. The APCs were 1.34% (t = 7.28, P < 0.01) and 0.93% (t = 7.34, P < 0.01). The top APCs for colon and rectal cancer in female were 5.86% and 2.79% at age above 85 and in male those were 4.64% and 2.38% at age of 80-. The APCs of colon cancer were greater than those of rectal cancer at the groups above 45 years old. The average ages when diagnosed were delayed from 57 - 60 to 66 - 70 during these 33 years. The average diagnosed ages of colon cancer were later than those of rectal cancer slightly (from 2003 to 2005, the onset age of male colon cancer: 68.61 +/- 12.17, male rectal cancer: 66.81 +/- 12.62, t = 4.90, P < 0.01; female colon cancer: 69.20 +/- 12.13, female rectal cancer: 67.75 +/- 12.54, t = 3.81, P < 0.01)., Conclusion: The incidence rates of colorectal cancer increased steadily during 1973 to 2005, especially for colon cancer. Further research is needed to identify the causes resulting in these changes.

Objective: To screen the influenza A (H3N2) mimotopes by using phage display library., Methods: Using influenza A (H3N2) monoclonal antibody as selective molecule, a 7 mer phage peptide library was biopanned and positive clones were selected by ELISA, competition assay and DNA sequencing., Results: 21 positive clones were chosen for DNA sequencing. From the experiment and sequencing comparison results, one epitope was comfirmed as mimotope of influenza A (H3N2)., Conclusion: Influenza A (H3N2) mimotope was obtained by phage peptide library screening. The result provide a new approach for new Influenza virals vaccine development.

Objective: To evaluate the performance of MIRUs (mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units) genotyping alone, IS6110-RFLP (IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism) genotyping alone and their combination applied in the molecular epidemiological study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates circulating in rural China., Methods: A cross-sectional study was designed to collect MTB isolates from the TB patients registered in local TB dispensaries of Deqing county and Guanyun county from 2004 to 2005. The proportion method was used to determine drug susceptibility of MTB isolates to the first line anti-TB drugs (isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol and streptomycin). The Beijing family of MTB was identified by Spoligotyping. All isolates were genotyped by MIRUs alone, IS6110-RFLP alone and their combination., Results: Of the 351 studied MTB isolates, 243 (69.2%) had the genotypes that belonged to the Beijing family, and 223 (63.5%) were resistant to at least 1 anti-TB drug, including 53 (15.1%) resistant to isoniazid and rifampin simultaneously or multidrug resistant (MDR). The heterogeneity of 12 MIRUs loci differed from 0.76 in MIRU26 to 0.003 in MIRU2. MIRUs alone identified 235 genotypes (HGI = 0.9317), including 46 "clusters" containing 162 isolates and 189 "unique" pattern/isolates. Thirty-eight isolates comprised the largest MIRUs defined cluster and presented MIRUs type 2233 2517 3533. MIRUs based clusters were further identified by IS6110-RFLP into 28 subgroups containing 80 isolates (HGI = 0.9989). In comparison, IS6110-RFLP determined 267 genotypes from all isolates, including 46 "clusters" containing 130 isolates (HGI = 0.9684) and 221 "unique" pattern/isolates. All the 46 IS6110-RFLP defined clusters could also be further identified by MIRUs into 31 subgroups (HGI = 0.9992). The performance of MIRUs prior to IS6110-RFLP combination was comparable to that of IS6110-RFLP prior to MIRUs combination, especially in Beijing genotype strain (HGI: 0.9930 vs 0.9933) and MDR-TB strains (HGI: 0.9965 vs 0.9963)., Conclusion: For feasibility, cost and discriminatory power, MIRUs prior to IS6110-RFLP combination is more suitable for the massive epidemiological investigation of MTB in rural China.

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of repairing the long defects in rabbits by double-bridging technique and chitosan-collagen chambers., Methods: Thirty Chinese rabbits were divided into three groups randomly. 15 mm defects in right facial nerve of rabbits were repaired in three groups: double-bridging (group I ), nerve autografts (group II), and normal control (group III). General observation, electrophysiological study, histological study and image analysis were performed 12 weeks postoperatively. All results were used to evaluate the nerve regeneration., Results: Chitosan-collagen chambers were obviously degraded 12 weeks postoperatively and there was no foreign body reaction at this stage. They also restrain the formation of neuroma and provided a good microcircumambience for nerve regeneration. The recovery of nerve regeneration were good in group I. The nerve conduction velocity (NCV) and compound muscle action potential (CMAP) of regenerated nerve were analyzed, which showed that there was no significant difference between the group I and group II (P > 0.05), but they all did not recover to normal level(P < 0.01)., Conclusion: Double-bridging technique is a simple method for treatment of long nerve defect and its effect is certain. Chitosan-collage chambers is suitable to implant into body in order to repair a nerve defect with excellent biocompatibility.