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【Objective】 Optimizing water distribution in canal-irrigation districts is a prerequisite to improve irrigation water use efficiency. This paper proposes an optimization method to distribute water in two-level canal-irrigation systems. 【Method】 The method was based on water supply to irrigation districts; it optimizes volume of water distribution, water distribution flow rate and time for each water use unit. We considered two scenarios. The first one was insufficient irrigation where water supply cannot meet water demand during the growing season of crops, in which the model calculated the allocated water for each water user first using water resource allocation coefficient, and then determined the water distribution using the optimal distribution model. The second was sufficient irrigation where water supply meets water demand; we first ranked the priority of the water distribution to each user, and then determined the volume of optimal water flow and timing. The objective of the optimization in both scenarios was to maximize water flow rate and expedite water distribution. The model was applied to the Bojili Irrigation District. 【Result】 The model can optimally allocate and distribute water across the canal system. When water supply is ample, the model can optimally determine water distribution sequence based on the allocation coefficient. When water is scarce, the model can optimally allocate water to each user based on the distribution coefficient. In both scenarios, water distribution flow rate in the main and branched canals exceed 80% and 75% of the maximum flow limits in the first and second scenarios, respectively. The water distribution period for the first and second scenarios is 10.90 and 17.84 days, respectively. 【Conclusion】 The model we developed is effective and provides an improved water allocation method for water management in irrigation districts.

Precipitation is a vital physical parameter of the earth surface system, and accurate estimation of spatiotemporal patterns of precipitation is essential for flood disaster monitoring, drought monitoring, and water management. However, regional precipitation, which is derived solely from rain gauges, remote sensing, and weather radar, is subject to large uncertainties, especially for topographically complex mountain areas. Multi-source precipitation data fusion is a practical method for achieving high-accuracy and high-resolution precipitation information. This study proposes an XGBoost-based geostatistical fusion method (XGBoost) for combining information from ground-based measurements, radar precipitation, and other auxiliary parameters, to improve the accuracy of the spatiotemporal distribution of precipitation in geographically complex mountain areas. In the XGBoost-based geostatistical fusion model, radar precipitation and terrestrial parameters, which include longitude, latitude, digital elevation model data, aspect, slope, enhanced vegetation index, and distance from the coastline, are considered as the independent variables. The XGBoost-based geostatistical fusion model was applied to a regional rainstorm event that lasted from August 26th to 30th, 2018, in northern Guangdong using daily measurements from 206 rain gauges and 51 stations for model training and validation. The fused results were further compared with the results obtained from the multiple linear regression kriging method (LM). Validation using ground-based precipitation measurements was applied for different data fusion methods based on the coefficient of determination (R2), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE). The experimental results indicated that: (1) The ground-based precipitation data were positively associated with radar precipitation, and the correlation coefficient between the ground-based precipitation data and the terrestrial parameters varied significantly with measurement time over the regional rainstorm event. (2) The XGBoost produced 1 km precipitation prediction with higher accuracy than the LM before residual correction. (3) The accuracy of fused precipitation with the XGBoost-based geostatistical method was reduced after residual correction, but the accuracy of the LM was increased. The XGBoost-based geostatistical method produced 1-km precipitation with lower accuracy than the TsHARP utility on August 27th and 29th; however, in general, the XGBoost-based geostatistical method outperformed the LM because the nonlinear relationships between the ground-based precipitation data and the independent variables were considered in XGBoost. (4) The XGBoost-based geostatistical method captured the differences in precipitation for different land cover patterns and produced the spatial details of fused precipitation over the complex mountain areas.

With more than 26 million confirmed cases and over two million case-fatalities worldwide, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has transformed the dynamics of human lives globally. It has been designated as a pandemic by the World Health Organization. The COVID-19 virus can be transmitted through droplets, aerosols, or direct contact. It possesses evident characteristics of human-to-human transmission. Additionally, COVID-19 is a highly pathogenic new coronavirus, and people are prone to serious respiratory diseases resulting in high mortality after becoming infected. It has posed a great security threat to the entire human society and caused hundreds of billions of economic losses. The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic spread from Wuhan to all other cities in China before Spring Festival, causing serious public health issues and preventing the growth of the social economy. Analyzing the spatial-temporal spread pattern of COVID-19 can support the prevention of the epidemic. Thus, this study aims to analyze the temporal-spatial spread characteristics of COVID-19 in Hubei Province. First, a regression model with variables of migration big data (mobility scale index (MSI) and traffic intensity) is employed to explore the temporal pattern of the spread of the epidemic. Second, the spatial spread characteristics of COVID-19 are analyzed using a regression model comprising transportation information (primary and secondary road transportation networks) and social economic information (2018 GDP data). The results illustrate the following. First, the regression model based on population migration data and daily COVID-19 cases in each city was significant (Sig.=0.00), with R2 up to 0.715, indicating that the independent variable could explain the dependent variable. As indicated by the standardized coefficient results, MSI (0.85) has a greater impact on the daily new cases in each city. Second, the cumulative infection rate per 10000 people was positively correlated with the number of medical institutions and GDP with correlation coefficients of 0.689 and 0.774, respectively, Sig. was less than 0.05. However, it was not correlated with the number of beds (Sig. > 0.05). Third, the spatial regression model based on the traffic network, socio-economic data and cumulative infection rate of ten thousand people in each city of Hubei was also significant. The independent variables in the model can explain the variability of 67.2% of the dependent variables. The results of the standardized coefficient show that the GDP ratio of each city has a greater impact on the model. The results of the study are expected to provide scientific data support for the government and epidemic prevention workers to formulate efficient epidemic prevention and policy decisions. In conclusion, the model fit of multiple regression on the time scale is better than that on the spatial scale. Population migration has the greatest impact on the spread of the epidemic. That is, population mobility has a greater effect on the prevention and control of epidemic situations. The results of the study are expected to provide scientific data support for the government on formulating epidemic prevention policies.

Clarifying regional carbon emissions and their relationship with economic development is of great significance for regional green and low-carbon development. In this study, the night lighting dataset of Anhui Province from 2000 to 2020 was constructed by using multi-source remote sensing luminous images, simulating the carbon emissions of the Province from 2000 to 2020, investigating the change trend of carbon emissions in different time and space, and discussing the interaction mechanism between carbon emissions and economic development. The results showed that compared with the four prediction models, the accuracy verification showed that the CNN-BiLSTM deep learning estimation model had the best accuracy, with R² being 0.882 3, MAE being 23.006 7, MSPE being 16.39%, and RMSE being 33.616 1 under the significance level P<0.001. There were significant differences in the spatial distribution of regional carbon emissions in the province, with the highest annual average carbon emissions being 8.97 Mt/km², the number of carbon emission extreme hotspots decreased from 10 to 9, and the number of extreme cold spots increased from 0 to 3. From 2000 to 2020, carbon emissions showed an increasing trend, with the highest growth rate being 0.061 5 Mt/(km² • a), and carbon emissions and growth rates had high similarities in spatial distribution. The decoupling state between carbon emissions and economic development gradually improved, with an average decoupling coefficient of 0.481 4, and the decoupling state was mainly weak decoupling. Per capita GDP and population size are positive factors of carbon emissions, and energy structure and energy intensity are negative factors. The positive contribution gradually decreases, and the negative contribution gradually increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction of impervious surface (IS) is very important for the development of cities, and linear spectral mixture analysis is commonly adopted to calculate the fraction of IS in the mixed pixel to improve the extraction of the urban IS at the subpixel scale. Owing to errors in the spectra of pure pixels selected from remote sensing images, incorrect fractions of different land cover types often emerge after unmixing. In this paper, the modified endmember selection was proposed to improve the accuracy of the spectral information of endmembers. Sentinel - 2A images were applied to selected endmembers to get the spectral, which was used to modify the spectral information of the endmembers from Landsat8. In addition, the optimization scheme of LSMA results in which the normalized differential vegetation index ( NDVI) and dry bare - soil index ( DBSI) thresholds are used to optimize the mixing results was applied to improve the accuracy of LSMA results. With the WorldView - 2 remote sensing image for sample verification, the results showed that the accuracy of IS fraction extracted by the method in this paper was 20% higher than that of the traditional method, providing reliable theoretical support for endmember selection and IS extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore spatial and temporal variations of tropospheric NO2 column concentration over different land covers in east China from 1997 to 2017, and evaluate the effect of China's environmental protection "12th Five-year Plan" NOx emission reduction policy implementation in east China, the research uses GOME, SCIAMACHY and GOME2A satellite remote sensing monitoring fusion data and land cover data to analyze the temporal and spatial characteristics of NO2 column concentration over east China and different land cover types. The results show that there is a significant difference in tropospheric NO2 column concentration between the north and south. The high value of NO2 column concentration are mainly distributed over the region, such as Shandong and the Yangtze River Delta. There are significant periodic changes and seasonal differences in the tropospheric NO2 column concentration, and winter>autumn>spring>summer. The concentration of NO2 columns increased from 1997 to 2011, with an average annual growth rate of 0.768 X 1015 molec/(cm² · a), and a decline trend from 2012 to 2017, with an average annual decrease rate of 1.08 X 1015 molec/(cm² · a). The distribution of tropospheric NO2 column concentration is significantly different over different land cover types. Among them, the concentration of NO2 column in construction land, cultivated land and water area is higher, and the construction land is significantly higher than other land cover types. From 1997 to 2011, the concentration of NO2 columns over various land cover types showed an increasing trend. The fastest growth rate of construction land was 1.24 X 1015 molec/(cm² ·a), and the slowest growth rate of forest land was 0.31 X 1015 molec/(cm² · a). The implementation of NOx, emission reduction policy in east China has a good effect, and under the influence of environmental protection policies, it can achieve sustained growth of the regional economy under low NOx emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This study aims to detect the expression level of interleukin-23 (IL-23) in tongue squamous cell carcinoma tissues and its relationship with clinical prognosis, as well as explore the anti-apoptotic and drug resistance of the tongue squamous cell line-SCC9 before and after treatment with IL-23. Methods The expression of IL-23 in tumor tissues from 28 tongue cancer patients was analyzed by immunohistochemistry assay. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the mRNA expression of Wingless-related integration site (Wnt)l and c-myc in SCC9 cells treated with different IL-23 concentrations. After interferencing the β-catenin with small interfering RNA (siRNA), the expression of β-catenin, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 (ABCG2), and permeabilityglycoprotein (P-gp) in SCC9 was measured by Western blot analysis. The effect of IL-23 on the apoptotic resistance of SCC9 to cisplatin was examined by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium test. Results The expression of IL-23 in tongue cancer tissues was correlated with lymphatic metastasis, nerve invasion, and the recurrence after therapy (P<0.05). After dealing with IL-23, SCC9 showed the upregulation effect of Bcl-2, ABCG2 and P-gp expressions. IL-23 was closely related to the activation level of the Wnt pathway and significantly strengthened the resistance to cisplatin (P<0.01). Conclusion IL-23 activates the Wnt pathway in tongue squamous cell carcinoma, thereby enhancing its resistance to apoptosis and drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the insufficient accuracy and spatial resolution of snow depth products retrieved by passive microwave remote sensing, a new multi-sources data fusion approach is developed for retrieving snow depth. The data from different sources contains visible, passive microwave satellite and in-situ data. The daily in-situ, AMSR-E and SSM/I retrieved snow depth products are used in this study. First, combining in-situ snow depth, the snow depth of Northern Xinjiang is estimated through geostatistical analysis. Then the error variances of each product are calculated using a triple collocation (TO method. Finally, the new snow depth products are obtained by merging in-situ, AMSR-E and SSM/I snow depth data in a least squares criterion where the optimal weights of each product are determined with the TC-based error variances. The merged snow depth is validated against in-situ snow depth and exhibits a higher correlation with in-situ observations than that with original AMSR-E and SSM/I snow depth. The results with higher accuracy demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the predictive risk factors of vocal fold leukoplakia under electronic laryngoscope and influential factors of malignancy. Methods: A total of 163 cases with vocal cord leukoplakia were analyzed retrospectively. The relationship between the clinical features, including site, size, whether involving the anterior commissure, morphology and pathological grade were analyzed. Then the associations with malignant transformation in vocal cord leukoplakia were evaluated by using multiple Logistic regression analysis. Results: There were one side lesions in 96 cases（58.9%）, and bilateral vocal cord lesions in 67 cases（41.1%）. The vocal cord leukoplakia with extension less than half of the vocal cord was observed in 135 cases（82.8%） and beyond half of the vocal cord was seen in 28 cases（17.1%）. Lesions involving the anterior commissure were 42 cases（25.8%）, without involving the anterior commissure were 121 cases（74.2%）. According to morphological features, 82 patients（50.3%） had a superficial type, followed by exophytic type（ n =65, 39.9%）, and ulcerative type（ n =16, 9.8%）. The pathological type included squamous epithelial simple hyperplasia in 65 cases（39.9%）, mild hyperplasia in 44 cases（27.0%）, moderate hyperplasia in 31 cases（19.0%）, severe hyperplasia and carcinoma in situ in 23 cases（14.1%）. 140 cases（85.9%） were in low risk group, and 23 cases（14.1%） were in high risk group. The site of the vocal fold leukoplakia was not associated with the pathological grade（ P >0.05）, whether the vocal fold leukoplakia range exceeds 1/2 of the total length of the vocal fold, and whether involving the anterior commissure were associated with the pathological grade（both P <0.05）. There were statistically significant differences between the pathological grade and the morphological type（ P <0.01）. Ten cases developed larynx cancer, the ratio of malignant transformation was 6.1%. The multiple Logistic regression showed that whether involving the anterior commissure and histopathological classification were the risk factors of malignant transformation in vocal cord eukoplakia. Conclusion: The pathological results of vocal cord leukoplakia can be predicted by laryngoscopy features. Involving of the anterior commissure and histopathological classification are the risk factors of malignant transformation in vocal cord leukoplakia., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Objective: To analyze the relationship between cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation and leukemia relapse after haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT)., Methods: A total of 61 patients diagnosed as hematological malignancies undergoing haplo-HSCT were analyzed retrospectively in our center., Results: In the cohort, 36 patients had CMV reactivation after haplo-HSCT. The 100-day cumulative incidence of CMV reactivation was 59%. Compared with that in patients without CMV reactivation after transplantation, the incidence of leukemia relapse was lower in patients with CMV reactivation (16.9% vs 40.0%, P=0.034). The correlation of CMV reactivation and decreased relapse rate was only found in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (P=0.019). In multivariate analysis, relapsed disease status before transplant was a significant negative predictor of overall survival (OS) and relapse after transplant (RR was 2.866 and 3.331 respectively). CMV reactivation after transplant had a protective effect on disease relapse (RR=0.300, P=0.047)., Conclusions: The rate of CMV reactivation after haplo-HSCT is high. CMV reactivation may reduce risk of relapse in patients diagnosed as acute myeloid leukemia undergoing haplo-HSCT. However, CMV reactivation is one of the important predictors of non-relapse death after transplant, active anti-viral treatment is still needed.

Objective: This study aims to detect the expression level of interleukin-23 (IL-23) in tongue squamous cell carcinoma tissues and its relationship with clinical prognosis, as well as explore the anti-apoptotic and drug resistance of the tongue squamous cell line-SCC9 before and after treatment with IL-23., Methods: The expression of IL-23 in tumor tissues from 28 tongue cancer patients was analyzed by immunohistochemistry assay. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the mRNA expression of Wingless-related integration site (Wnt)1 and c-myc in SCC9 cells treated with different IL-23 concentrations. After interferencing the β-catenin with small interfering RNA (siRNA), the expression of β-catenin, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 (ABCG2), and permeability-glycoprotein (P-gp) in SCC9 was measured by Western blot analysis. The effect of IL-23 on the apoptotic resistance of SCC9 to cisplatin was examined by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium test., Results: The expression of IL-23 in tongue cancer tissues was correlated with lymphatic metastasis, nerve invasion, and the recurrence after therapy (P<0.05). After dealing with IL-23, SCC9 showed the upregulation effect of Bcl-2, ABCG2 and P-gp expressions. IL-23 was closely related to the activation level of the Wnt pathway and significantly strengthened the resistance to cisplatin (P<0.01)., Conclusion: IL-23 activates the Wnt pathway in tongue squamous cell carcinoma, thereby enhancing its resistance to apoptosis and drug.

Objective: To study the effectiveness of repairing nearly circumferential defect with the submental flaps after resection of laryngeal function unpreserved hypopharyngeal cancer., Method: All the cases were treated with the submental flaps after resection of hypopharyngeal cancer with laryngeal function unpreserved., Result: All 13 flaps were alive. Hypopharyngeal fistula occurred in 2 cases. All patients had normal swallowing function. The patients were followed up 6-42 months. Of 13 cases,3 had recurrence at neck Lymph node, but no local hypopharyngeal recurrence was found. Seven cases were followed up more than 3 years, and only 3 of them survived., Conclusion: Submental flap is an ideal tissue flap submental flap in repairing of approaching circumferential defects after hypopharyngeal cancer ablation with laryngeal function unpreserved for the repairment of after approaching circumferential defects after hypopharyngeal cancer ablation with laryngeal function unpreserved, For it is close to the defect region, safe, easy-to-obtain and easy-to-survive.

Objective: To explore the expression of CCDC67 mRNA between papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and adjacent normal tissues., Methods: Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was employed to detect the expression of CCDC67 mRNA in 48 cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma and their matched adjacent non-cancerous epithelium and cell lines of thyroid carcinoma., Results: There was no expression of CCDC67 mRNA in SW579 and TPC-1 cell line. All cases had the expression of CCDC67 in adjacent normal tissues while the expression of CCDC67 mRNA was down-regulated significantly, only 39.6% (19/48) in 48 cases of thyroid carcinoma. In PTC, the expression rates of CCDC67 mRNA in stage I-II and III-IV were 60% (12/20) and 25% (7/28) and 24.1% (7/29) and 63.2% (12/19) in the lymph node metastasis and non-metastasis groups respectively. Also the expression rates of CCDC67 mRNA in Grades I and II were 61.1% (11/18) and 26.7% (8/30) respectively. And there was significant difference between two groups (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: The down-regulated expression of CCDC67 is one of reasons for inactivation of PTC. And it may play an important role in carcinogenesis and progression of PTC.