Search

Objective To investigate the population data of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections among voluntary blood donors in Guangzhou between 2012 and 2022, and analyze its characteristics and trends, so as to provide valuable data for formulating targeted prevention and ensuring blood safety. Methods Voluntary blood donors samples from 2012 to 2022 were screened for p24 antigen and anti-HIV by two ELISA diagnostic kits and HIV RNA by nucleic acid test(NAT). The reactive blood samples were sent to the Disease Control and Prevention Center of Guangzhou for anti-HIV confirmatory test by Western blot. The population characteristics of blood donors with confirmed-positive HIV were subsequently analyzed. Results There were a total of 3 351 596 blood samples from voluntary blood donors in Guangzhou from 2012 to 2022, of which 708 samples were confirmed-positive of anti-HIV, with a total positive rate of 21.12/100 000, showing a decreasing trend (P

In order to evaluate the accuracy and applicability of a two-step chemical scheme for kerosene in supersonic combustion under low total temperature, computations of the three-dimensional combustion flow field of scramjet have been performed with this model. The results were obtained with the combustor configurations including a rectangular combustor with single-cavity and a circular combustor with dual-cavity, and with the total temperature including 950 K and 600 K. Results show that the simulated wall pressure and combustion flow field are in agreement with the experiments, and the simulated flow field can accurately reflect the chemical energy release during the combustion process. As expected, more overall information of combustion flow field including the flow structure, the physical variable distribution and the combustion mode can be obtained by analyzing the numerical results.

Building layover detection is a crucial step in the 3D Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging process in urban areas. It affects imaging efficiency and directly influences the final image quality. Currently, algorithms used for layover detection struggle to extract long-range global spatial characteristics and fail to fully exploit the rich features of layover in multi-channel SAR data. To address the issue of insufficient accuracy in existing layover detection algorithms to meet the requirements of urban 3D SAR imaging, this paper proposes a deep learning-powered SAR urban layover detection method that combines the advantages of the Vision Transformer (ViT) model and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The ViT model can efficiently extract global and long-range features through a self-attention mechanism, whereas the CNN has strong local feature extraction capabilities. Furthermore, the proposed method in this paper incorporates a module for investigating inter-channel layover features and interferometric phase layover features based on expert knowledge, which improves the accuracy and robustness of the algorithm while effectively decreasing the training pressure on the model in small-sample datasets. Finally, the proposed algorithm is tested on a self-built airborne array SAR dataset, and experimental findings revealed that the proposed algorithm achieves a detection accuracy of >94%, which is significantly higher than other layover detection algorithms, completely revealing the effectiveness of this method.

The engineering geological conditions of Lenggu hydropower station located in the middle reaches of Yalong River are very complex, and large-scale landslides are very developed. Taking Xiari landslide of Lenggu hydropower station on Yalong River as an example, the stability development trend of landslide after impoundment is studied by means of test and numerical simulation on the basis of detailed field investigation on the spot. According to the geomorphic morphology, material composition, drilling data and field investigation, the Xiari landslide is divided into three zones, among which the zone II has been deformed and damaged to some extent, and the stability is the worst. The numerical simulation shows that the overall stability of the landslide is fairly good before the impoundment, and the deformation only occurs at the front edge. After the impoundment, the deformation of the landslide is obviously enlarged and the front edge slides along the existing secondary slip zone. It is suggested that lattice anchor and anti-slide pile should be used at the front edge of the Xiari landslide, and the InSAR technology should also be used for early identification, monitoring and early warning of landslide hazards. This study provides an important basis for the prevention and control of reservoir bank landslide in Lenggu Hydropower Station, and has a certain reference significance for the study of the same type of landslide. This study provides an important basis for the prevention and control of reservoir bank landslide in Lenggu Hydropower Station, and has a certain reference significance for the study of the same type of landslide.

Interleukin(IL)-35 is a new member of the interleukin-12 superfamily. Since its first report in 2007, IL-35 rapidly became a research highlight in the field of immunology. Like other IL-12 superfamily members, IL-35 was a heterodimer which was composed of an α chain P35 and a β chain Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 3 (EBI3). Recent research work revealed two distinct roles of IL-35. Firstly, IL-35 is highly expressed in some kinds of inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases and plays import roles in the pathogenesis. Secondly, IL-35 is positively expressed in some cancers and plays some roles in the process of tumor progression. Here we demonstrate the structure and the signalling of IL-35. We reviewed the the roles of IL-35 in promoting tumor progression.

Background Inflammation after traumatic brain injury (TBI) could exacerbate secondary brain injury, resulting in neuronal apoptosis and neurological deficit. It is confirmed that recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) plays an important role in neuroprotection after brain injury. This article discusses the potential mechanism of rhEPO therapy that promotes the neurological function recovery after TBI by observing the changes of neutropils and neuronal apoptosis in the brain tissue of mice after fluid percussion injury (FPI). Methods Adult male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: Sham group, TBI group, rhEPO group and normal saline (NS) group. On the first, third and seventh days after FPI, 3 mice were randomly taken from each group, the brain tissue of which was obtained. Then, immunohistochemistry was adopted to observe the expression of myeloperoxidase (MPO) positive neutrophils and Caspase-3 positive neuronal cells in the hippocampal area. During seventh to eleventh day after FPI, 10 mice of each group were subjected to Morris Water Maze Test and escaping latencies were recorded. Results Compared to Sham group, the number of MPO positive neutrophils began increasing from the first day after FPI (P = 0.000, for all) and reached the peak on the third day (P = 0.000, for all) in the TBI group, NS group and rhEPO group, but reduced on the seventh day (P = 0.000, for all); whereas Caspase-3 positive neurons increased significantly 1 d after FPI, peaking on the seventh day. However, the increase of MPO positive cells and Caspase-3 positive neurons in rhEPO group was not obvious. Compared to NS group, MPO positive neutrophils and Caspase-3 positive cells reduced significantly in rhEPO group (P = 0.000, for all) 1 to 7 d after FPI in the observed time points. In the Morris Water Maze (MWM), the latency of mice in rhEPO group reduced as compared to the NS group from the third day after FPI (P = 0.013). The differences were statistically significant as time went on (P = 0.011, 0.000). Conclusion The cognition recovery of mice after FPI can be promoted by rhEPO treatment, the potential mechanism of which is related to reducing inflammation and neuron apoptosis and promoting neural function recovery.

Objective To investigate the influence of polyamine analogue DENSPM (N1, N11-diethylnorspermine) on cell growth of human SNB19 glioblastoma cells. Methods DENSPM was added into the culture medium of SNB19 cells. MTS assay was used to assess cell survival rate. The change of the cell cycle and the value of intracellular H2O2 were evaluated by flow cytometry. The level of polyamine was measured by HPLC. The expression of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT), polyamine oxidase (PAO) mRNA was identified by quantitative RT-PCR. Results Cell survival rate of SNB19 cells decreased markedly after DENSPM treatment (F = 81.915, P = 0.001). DENSPM treatment led to the appearance of typical sub-G1 peak in flow cytometry assay. The levels of putrescine, spermidine and spermine reduced (P < 0.01), while the level of acetylspermidine and acetylspermine slightly increased (P < 0.01). Meanwhile, the mRNA expression of ODC decreased (P < 0.01). The level of SSAT and PAO increased (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively). However, the value of intracellular H2O2 was unchanged (P > 0.05). Conclusion The polyamine analogue DENSPM inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis of SNB19 glioblastoma cells. Reduction of polyamine in SNB19 cells is the possible mechanism of apoptosis. DENSPM may be a potential medication for glioblastoma. DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2011.06.006

Objective To investigate the cognitive change in electrical stimulation (ECS) pre-conditioned rats after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the role of endothelial progenitor cells in brain trauma. Methods Adult male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups randomly: Sham group (n = 61), TBI group (n = 61), ECS pre-conditioned and TBI group (ECS-TBI group, n = 61), ECS group (n = 61). At 3 h, 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h after fluid percussion injury (FPI), 6 rats were randomly selected from each group and the number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells was counted by flow cytometry. At the same time, 3 rats from each group were chosen randomly and brain tissue was taken out. Microvascular density (MVD) of injured hippocampus was measured by vWF immunohistochemical staining. Ten rats of each group were subjected to Morris Water Maze Test and escaping latencies were recorded separately at 7-11 days after FPI. Results Compared with TBI group, the number of endothelial progenitor cells in peripheral circulation increased significantly in ECS-TBI group at 3 hours and 6 hours after brain trauma (P = 0.000, for all), and reduced to baseline gradually afterwards. The vWF+ MVD on the injured side of hippocampus in ECS-TBI group was higher than those of other groups 1d after FPI, and reached to a peak at 7 d (P < 0.01). In Morris Water Maze Test, the escaping latency of ECS-TBI rats were reduced significantly compared to that of the TBI group from 3 d to 5 d after brain trauma (P < 0.01). Conclusion Compared to TBI group, there was less cognitive defect in ECS-TBI group after traumatic brain injury. This protective effect may partially due to enhanced angiogenesis induced by increasing circulating endothelial progenitor cells after ECS. Endothelial progenitor cells accumulated in the injured brain may promote post-traumatic angiogenesis and recovery of neurological function. DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2011.06.005

Background and objective Brain metastasis (BM) is often found in the patients with lung cancer. Radiotherapy is regular and effective means of therapy and it aims at palliating symptoms and prolonging survival time. However, now there are different viewpoints on protocols of radiotherapy and prognostic factors. A retrospective analysis is used to evaluate the results of treatment for 82 cases with brain metastasis from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and explore the prognostic factors to establish a prognostic index (PI) model. Methods From Feb.1995 to Oct. 2006, 82 patients irradiated for BM from NSCLC, with both complete medical charts and follow-up data available, were eligible for this retrospective analysis. A number of potential factors which might affect prognosis after irradiation were evaluated. The significance of prognostic variables in the survival resulted from both univariate analysis by Kaplan-Meier combining with log-rank test and multivariate Cox regression model. The prognostic index (PI) was established based on Cox regression analysis and subgrouping values. Results The follow-up time was 1-120 months. For the entire cohort, the median survival from the start of radiation for BM was 10.5 months, and the actuarial overall survival rate was 50.8%, 23.7% and 5.1% at 0.5, 1 and 2 years respectively. Univariate analysis showed KPS, control of primary tumor, interval from the beginning of diagnostic to BM, extracranial systemic metastasis, counts of lymphocyte and solitary BM were predictors of prognosis. However, in the Cox multivariate analysis, only KPS, control of primary tumor, interval from the beginning of diagnostic to BM and solitary BM were significant prognostic factors. The prognostic index was established based on Cox regression analysis and 82 patients were stratified good, intermediate and poor prognostic sub-groups. The difference of survival rate among 3 subgroups is significant (P

Notopterygium incisum jelly was prepared with Notopterygium incisum decoction pieces as the main raw materials, gelatin, agar, stevia glycoside and potassium sorbate as the auxiliary materials. The processing technology and formula of Notopterygium incisum jelly were optimized by single factor and response surface tests. Results showed that the preparation process of Notopterygium incisum concentrate was as follows: 100.00 g Notopterygium incisum decoction slices was soaked with 800 mL pure water for 30 min, and then decocted on high heat for about 40 min, concentrated to Notopterygium incisum concentrate with relative density of 1.0-1.1 at 50 C. The best formula of Notopterygium incisum jelly product was: the fixed total volume of Notopterygium incisum concentrate and drinking water 21 mL, the dosage of Notopterygium incisum concentrated solution 19.5 mL, stevioside 0.045 g/mL, potassium sorbate 0.4 mg/mL, and the dosage of mixed gel (the mass ratio of gelatin to agar 0.5-4.5) 0.1 g/mL. The jelly product prepared under these conditions had a dense porous structure, which endowed the jelly product with certain hardness, cohesiveness, elasticity, chewability, resilience as well as excellent stability, water retention and oxidation resistance, the product had pleasant Notopterygium incisium fragrance and good taste, the content of isoimperatorin was (0.105 8±0.001 6) mg/g, which had certain nutritional value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep space exploration, nuclear industry and high energy physics raise higher requirements for the radiation hardness of integrated circuits. However, the existing radiation hardening technologies, such as radiation hardness by design based on bulk silicon technology or silicon-on insulator (SOI) process, are difficult to ensure that the electronics in spacecrafts and nuclear facilities function well in extreme space and nuclear radiation environments. In response to the lack of clear technical paths for the development of ultra-high radiation-hardened chip, a new type of highly radiation-hardened technique was introduced in this paper, named configurable SOI (CSOI). This technology innovatively employs twice bonding and cutting method to fabricate ultra-high radiation hardened 200 mm wafers with embedded configurable silicon layers. The 0-18 μm CSOI complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process was successfully developed, which opens up a new route to achieve radiation hardness through in-situ radiation compensation. After the fabrication of CSOI devices, the configuration layer voltage can be tuned flexibly to compensate for the performance degradation due to total ionizing dose (TID) effect and simultaneously suppress the parasitic transistor effect triggered by single event effects (SEE). This helps to improve the radiation hardness of the CSOI transistors. Technology computer aided design (TCAD) simulations validate the tuning mechanism of configurable layer that a negative bias does good to the hardness of both TID and SEE in N-type MOSFET. Based on the CSOI process platform, a design methodology for integrated circuits was developed through assessing the impact of tuning granularity (down to transistor level) and range (from -20 V to 5 V) of configurable layer on the performance and radiation tolerance of static random-access memory (SRAM) cell. Then, the optimized tuning strategy of configurable layer was determined, and a CSOI 4kb SRAM was designed and fabricated with high radiation tolerance. The TID irradiation of the CSOI 4kb SRAM chip was performed at the 60Co gamma irradiation source of Peking University and the SEE experiment was carried out at the Space Environment Simulation and Research Infrastructure (SESRI) in Harbin Institute of Technology. Radiation experiments confirm that the CSOI SRAM achieves up to a level of 6 Mrad(Si) for TID hardness and the threshold of single event upset is greater than 118 (MeV·cm2)/mg, which reaches world-class levels. It is expected to be applied in extreme fields such as deep space exploration and nuclear emergency.

Acidic catalyst plays an important role in cellulose degradation in polar aprotic solvents to produce anhydrosugars. Here, the degradation of cellobiose and cellulose to levoglucosan (LGA) and the dehydration of LGA to levoglucosenone (LGO) in 1, 4-dioxane with different acid catalysts were investigated. The results show that all acidic catalysts with pKa < - 3 or pKa > - 2 have poor catalytic performance for anhydro-sugars preparation, whereas acids with pKa value between -3 and -2,such as p-toluenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid and sulfuric acid, have better catalytic efficiency to cellulose degradation and LGA dehydration. The highest carbon yield of LGA was 45. 87% when cellobiose was the reactant and methane sulfonic acid was the catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted at an Ivy League University and analyzes approximately 500 translation exercises that were collected from 10 homework assignments of 13 students in an intermediate Chinese language course. Through content analysis, interviews, and participant observation, this research finds that machine translation poses challenges to the traditional format of Chinese language assignments, especially translation homework. This research shows that students rely on machine translation to varying degrees to do these translation exercises. The stress of receiving a good score after finishing a huge amount of homework is one of the main reasons that motivates students to use machine translation. The accuracy of machine translation, especially Sogou Translate (...), is extremely high. This finding is likely to shatter the myth that machine translation is not accurate enough hence students cannot use it as a short cut to receive a good score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To observe the efficacy and safety of combination therapy with midazolam-fentanyl-propofol in painless gastroscopy for obese patients. Methods According to body mass index, 168 obese patients underwent were randomly divided into two groups: control group and Observation group, 84 cases in each group. Patients in the observation group were given intravenous midazolam 0.01 mg/kg, fentanyl 0.8 ~ 1 µg/kg, and slow injection of propofol 1.0 ~ 1.5 mg/kg after sedation. Patients in the control group were given injection of propofol 2.0 ~ 2.5 mg/kg. Then we monitored the patient's anesthesia, anesthesia induction time, respiratory and circulatory complications and the total amount of propofol and other drugs during gastroscopy. Results Compared with the control group, the observation group at the induction time, aspects of the respiratory and circulatory systems of the total incidence of complications and propofol and other drugs had statistically significant difference (P<0.05). Anesthetic effect in the observation group was better than the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Midazolam-fentanyl-propofol combination therapy is feasible and safe in painless gastroscopy for obese patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the simulation speed of multi-core instruction-set simulator (ISS) with low complexity, this paper presented a technique, which combined the advantages of interpretive strategy and compiled strategy, to form a multi-core ISS quickly. This technique used pre-decoder technique, extendable single core structure, cache and TLB simulation in single core, and the multi-core scheduling compatibly. This technique had been applied on forming multi-core simulator ISD, which was based on IME-diamond multi-core DSP processor. Complexity analysis and the experiment results show that this technique improves the simulation speed with low complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the problems of low accuracy, weak generality, and easy privacy violation of traditional encrypted network traffic classification methods, an encrypted traffic classification method based on convolutional neural network was proposed, which avoided relying on original traffic data and prevented overfitting of specific byte structure of the application.According to the data packet size and arrival time information of network traffic, a method to convert the original traffic into a two-dimensional picture was designed.Each cell in the histogram represented the number of packets with corresponding size that arrive at the corresponding time interval, avoiding reliance on packet payloads and privacy violations.The LeNet-5 convolutional neural network model was optimized to improve the classification accuracy.The inception module was embedded for multi-dimensional feature extraction and feature fusion.And the 1*1 convolution was used to control the feature dimension of the output.Besides, the average pooling layer and the convolutional layer were used to replace the fully connected layer to increase the calculation speed and avoid overfitting.The sliding window method was used in the object detection task, and each network unidirectional flow was divided into equal-sized blocks, ensuring that the blocks in the training set and the blocks in the test set in a single session do not overlap and expanding the dataset samples.The classification experiment results on the ISCX dataset show that for the application traffic classification task, the average accuracy rate reaches more than 95%.The comparative experimental results show that the traditional classification method has a significant decrease in accuracy or even fails when the types of training set and test set are different.However, the accuracy rate of the proposed method still reaches 89.2%, which proves that the method is universally suitable for encrypted traffic and non-encrypted traffic.All experiments are based on imbalanced datasets, and the experimental results may be further improved if balanced processing is performed.

In order to understand the corrosion inhibition effect of the reaction products of glucose and glycine (PGG) on carbon steel, the weight loss measurement, electrochemical techniques, and SEM observation were employed to study the corrosion inhibition of PGG on carbon steel in 1 mol/L HCl solution. Results showed that PGG showed good corrosion inhibition effect on carbon steel, and the corrosion inhibition efficiency enhanced with the increase of PGG concentration. When the highest concentration of PGG was 250 mg/L, it showed the best corrosion inhibition effect, the inhibition efficiency reached the maximum of 94.7%, which had the decreasing tendency with increasing corrosion temperature. Moreover, PGG was a mixed type corrosion inhibitor by retarding both cathodic reduction reaction and anodic oxidation reaction process of carbon steel electrode simultaneously. The good corrosion inhibition was mainly due to combination of physical and chemical adsorption of multi phase to form a protective film covering on the surface of carbon steel that isolated the carbon steel from the acid solution and thereby suppressed carbon steel corrosion. PGG adsorption on the carbon steel surface followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. In general, the product of glucose and glycine (PGG) was an excellent corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in 1 mol/L HCl solution.

We analyzed the spatial distribution pattern and correlation of the top four dominant tree species in a 2 hm 2 karst secondary forest plot of Tianlong Mountain in central Guizhou, using pairwise correlation function g(r ) combined with a completely random model (CSR). The results showed that the diameter structure of trees followed an inverted J-shape, and that more trees belonged to diameter class Ⅴ (≥10 cm) driven by the dominant trees of Lithocarpus confinis and Platycarya longipes . L. confinis presented an inverted J-shaped distribution, and the population could renew very well and was in the primary growth stage. The abundance of P. longipes and Itea yunnanensis increased gradually with increasing diameter class. The density of grown and large trees was far more than the young and small individuals, which indicated poor population regeneration, and the population was in the middle and late growth stages. The top dominant tree species, except L. confinis , showed clustering distribution at large scale, which was decreased gradually with scale and trended to distribute randomly. The pattern was particularly prominent in the diameter class for young trees. Different diameter classes of different tree species presented diffe-rent spatial distribution patterns which influenced by many factors. In terms of interspecific associations, the four dominant tree species showed negative or no associations. The higher importance value of tree species, the lower the degree of association with other dominant species. The two negative correlation tree species had the lowest degree of correlation at small scale. With the increase of spatial scale, the degree of negative correlation decreased gradually, and tended to be no correlation.

Design space approach is applied in this study to enhance the robustness of first ethanol precipitation process of Codonopsis Radix (Dangshen) by optimizing parameters. Total flavonoid recovery, dry matter removal, and pigment removal were defined as the process critical quality attributes (CQAs). Plackett-Burman designed experiments were carried out to find the critical process parameters (CPPs). Dry matter content of concentrated extract (DMCE), mass ratio of ethanol to concentrated extract (E/C ratio) and concentration of ethanol (CEA) were identified as the CPPs. Box-Behnken designed experiments were performed to establish the quantitative models between CPPs and CQAs. Probability based design space was obtained and verified using Monte-Carlo simulation method. According to the verification results, the robustness of first ethanol precipitation process of Dangshen can be guaranteed by operating within the design space parameters. Recommended normal operation space are as follows: dry matter content of concentrated extract of 45.0% - 48.0%, E/C ratio of 2.48-2.80 g x g(-1), and the concentration of ethanol of 92.0% - 92.7%.

The accumulation of Cd2+ and Hg2+ in Phascolosoma esculenta and its effects on its growth and main nutrient components were investigated using atomic absorption spectrometer analysis and atomic fluorescence spectrometer examination. The results showed that within the experimental heavy metal concentrations, the amounts of Cd2+ and Hg2+ accumulated in the somatic muscles increased with increasing exposure time and reached their saturated levels at the end of the experiment. Exposure of higher heavy metal concentrations speeded up the accumulation of Cd2+ and Hg2+ and subsequently took less time to reach their saturated levels, which were greater than those of lower concentration groups. The rate of mass gain of P. esculenta decreased with increasing the heavy metal exposure concentrations. The combination exposure of Cd2+ and Hg2+ led to a significantly lower mass gain rate compared to those exposed to Cd2+ or Hg2+. The protein content of somatic muscles increased with the increase of exposure concentration and reached the maximum values at 0.05 and 0.02 mg · L(-1) for Cd2+ and Hg2+, respectively. After that, the protein content of somatic muscles began to decrease. The combined exposure of the two heavy metals showed similar effect trends but more significant impacts on the protein content of somatic muscles. The lipid content of somatic muscles decreased with increasing the concentration of Cd2+ or Hg2+ exposure, and the combination of Cd2+ and Hg2+ led to lower lipid content.

Objective: To compare the difference in the efficacy on thoracic facet joint disorder between the combined therapy of electroacupuncture and manual reduction and the simple manual reduction., Methods: One hundred and sixty patients were randomized into an electroacupuncture and manual manipulation group (group A) and a simple manual manipulation group (group B), 80 cases in each one. In the group A, Ashi points and three pairs of Jiaji (EX-B 2) bilateral to the painful sites were selected. The perpendicular puncture was used at Ashi points, the oblique puncture was used at Jiaji (EX-B 2) and connected with electric stimulation for 20 min, additionally, the corresponding manual reduction was adopted at the sites of facet joint disorder. In the group B, the simple manual reduction was applied to the affected sites. Acupuncture was given once every day, the manual reduction was applied once every 10 days. The treatment of 10 days made one session. The efficacy was analyzed statistically at the end of two sessions of treatment. Before and after treatment, McGill pain scale was adopted for the value statistical analysis. PRI score, VAS score and PPI score of patients were calculated before and after treatment and compared in the two groups. The efficacy was compared between the two groups., Results: The curative rate was 56.3% (45/80) in the group A, which was better than 18.8% (15/80) in the group B (P< 0.01). The total effective rate was 95.0% (76/80) in the group A, which was better than 76.3% (61/80) in the group B (P<0.01). The scores of PRI, VAS and PPI after treatment were all improved significantly in the two groups (all P<0.05), in which, the results in the group A were better than those in the group B (PRI: 4.00 +/- 0.97 vs 5.44 +/- 1.16, VAS: 3.29 +/- 0.72 vs 3.87 +/- 0.81, PPI: 1.07 +/- 0.74 vs 1.64 +/- 0.90, all P<0.05)., Conclusion: The combined therapy of electroacupuncture and manual manipulation achieves the superior efficacy on thoracic facet joint disorder as compared with the simple manual manipulation. The combined therapy relieves the symptoms of thoracic facet joint disorder and reduces the severity of disorder.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of electroacupuncture(EA) for apoplectic urinary incontinence., Methods: Two hundred and four cases of apoplectic urinary incontinence were randomized into an EA group (136 cases) and an indwelling catheter group (68 cases). The EA was applied at Qugu (CV 2), Zhongji (CV 3), Shuidao (ST 28), Qihai (CV 6) and Guanyuan (CV 4), etc. in the EA group,5 times a week. Indwelling catheter was applied in the indwelling catheter group at intervals of 2-4 hours, and periodic bladder irrigation along with bladder rehabilitation training were also given. The efficacies were evaluated after 4 weeks of treatment. Before and after treatment, the urination diary (including the interval of urination, nocturia frequency, urination difficulty, urinary incontinence severity), bladder capacity, patients' satisfaction of the two groups were observed and the efficacy was evaluated., Results: The total effective rate was 96.2% (125/130) in the EA group, which was apparently superior to 87.5% (56/64) in the indwelling catheter group (P < 0.05); except for nocturia frequency in the indwelling catheter group, the total score and the subitem score in the urination diary were all improved significantly after treatment in both groups (all P < 0.001), which were more obvious in the EA group (P < 0.001, P < 0.05); the patients' satisfaction and bladder capacity were all improved significantly after treatment in both groups (all P < 0.001), which were more obvious in the EA group (both P < 0.001)., Conclusion: The EA has an obvious effect for apoplectic urinary incontinence in urinary incontinence alleviation and bladder capacity increase, which has better efficacy than indwelling catheter therapy.

Objective: To investigate the effects of hydrogen sulfide preconditioning on myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in rats., Methods: Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into 4 groups with 10 in each group: in S group rats received sham operation; in IR group rats were given with NS (1.0 ml/kg iv) 24 h before ischemia; in H group rats were treated with NaHS (0.05 mg/kg iv) 24 h before ischemia; and in D group, NaHS-treated rats received 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD) 15 min before ischemia. Rats in IR group,H group and D group were subjected to ischemia by occlusion of coronary artery for 30 min followed by 2 h of reperfusion. At the end of the reperfusion,myocardial infarct size was measured. SAM-s was measured by Western blotting. Plasma SOD activity and MDA were determined at the end of reperfusion., Results: The infarct size was significantly lesser in H group (25.40 % ± 3.54%) than that in IR group (38.27% ±5.64%,P<0.05). The SAM-s protein expression in myocardium was significantly lower in H group than that in IR group. The plasma MDA content was significantly lower and SOD activity was higher in H group than those in IR group,but there was no difference between IR group and D group., Conclusion: The hydrogen sulfide preconditioning attenuates myocardial IR injury possibly through down-regulating SAM-s expression,reducing the production of oxygen free radicals and enhancing anti-oxidize effect in rats.

Objective: To investigate the inhibition in parathyroid hormone (PTH) to terminal differentiation of human osteoarthritis chondrocytes., Methods: Human osteoarthritis chondrocytes were isolated and cultured. The cells were divided into PTH group and control group, and the cells of two groups were treated respectively with PTH and saline every day. The morphology of cells was observed by microscope. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining was performed to detect the ALP protein. The hypertrophic marker genes mRNA and protein expressions were detected by real-time RT-PCR and Westernblot., Results: Human osteoarthritis chondrocytes had characteristic of terminal differentiation. Compared with control group, PTH group can obviously degrade ALP staining density, and decrease marker gene mRNA and proteinic expression of promoting terminal differentiation., Conclusion: PTH has a role of inhibition of terminal differentiation of human osteoarthritis chondrocytes.

Objective: To investigate the changes in protein of myocardium after hydrogen sulfide delayed preconditioning by using proteomics technology., Methods: Sixteen Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to control (group S) or hydrogen sulfide group (group H), n = 8 for each group. Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury model (ischemia 30 minutes followed by reperfusion 120 minutes) was reproduced at 24 hours after preconditioning either with normal saline or hydrogen sulfide for proteomics analysis in group S or group H, and the myocardial tissue was harvested. The total proteins were extracted and separated by two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), and the differential protein expression spots were analyzed with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS)., Results: Analysis of 2-DE showed that 929 ± 14 protein spots were found in group S and 906 ± 10 protein spots in group H, and the expression of 15 protein spots was different between two groups. These protein spots were chosen to undergo MALDI-TOF-MS analysis, and 11 proteins were preliminarily identified, including DNA ligase, cystathionine gamma-lyase, transcription initiation factor, NADH dehydrogenase, guanine nucleotide-releasing factor, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A, glycogen synthase kinase-3, electron transfer flavoprotein subunit beta, glutathione S-transferase, soluble calcium-activated nucleotidase and S-adenosylmethionine synthetase., Conclusions: Hydrogen sulfide delayed preconditioning of myocardium resulted in the changes in protein expression profiles in the myocardium. The differential proteins might function as anti-oxidants, to improve the energy metabolism of myocardium, confer cytoprotection and protection of respiratory chain, thus conferring cardioprotection.

Objective: To evaluate the correlation between morphologic appearance of blebs at 3 month and long-term intraocular pressure (IOP) effect in patients with primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) after trabeculectomy., Methods: Multi-centered cases series. Data were collected from 176 patients aged ≥ 40 years with PACG who were participated in a randomized clinical trial that aimed at addressing the efficacy of augmented releasable sutures after trabeculectomy. The bleb morphology was graded using the Modified Indian Bleb Appearance Grading Scale (IBAGS) based on standard photos at 3 month after trabeculectomy. IOPs were measured with Goldmann applanation tonometer. The correlation between bleb components and other selected testing influencing factors and long-term IOP was tested by linear Logistic regression analysis., Results: 150 patients (85.7%) completed 18 months of follow up. IOP was (15.6 ± 5.4) mm Hg at 18 month of post-operation. 135 eyes had an IOP ≤ 21 mm Hg without additional medications, 10 eyes ≥ 21 mm Hg, and the remaining 5 eyes required one or two medications to maintain normal IOP. Using IBAGS system, bleb was graded in 142 eyes as follows: H(0) in 3 eyes, H(1) in 45 eyes, H(2) in 90 eyes, and H(3) in 4 eyes, while V(0) was observed in 66 eyes, V(1-3) in 76 eyes. IOP at 18 months in bleb with microcysts was 2.77 mm Hg lower (β = -2.77, 95%CI = -0.46 to -5.08) than those without microcysts and in bleb with non-vascular was 2.07 mm Hg lower (β = -2.07, 95%CI = -0.15 to -3.98) than those with vascular at 3 months after surgery. IOP was significantly (β = -1.20, 95%CI: -0.00 to -2.40) decreased by 1.2 mm Hg with 10 years of age increase (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: Early filtering bleb with microcysts, vascular, and age are identified as important factors to predict long-term IOP effect in patients with PACG after trabeculectomy but not early morphological appearance of filtering bleb.

Objective: To investigate the effect of hydrogen sulfide-induced delayed preconditioning on glutathione S-transferase (GST) expression during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion in rats., Methods: Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (n= 10 in each): Group S (sham operation group), Group IR (ischemia/reperfusion group), Group H (IR+ NaHS 0.05 mg/kg iv, 24 h before ischemia) and Groups D receiving IR+NaHS 24 h before ischemia and 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD)15 min before ischemia. Animals in groups IR, H and D were subjected to ischemia by 30 min of coronary artery occlusion followed by 2 h of reperfusion. At the end of the reperfusion, myocardial infarct size (IS) was examined. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) was measured by Western blotting. The myocardial ultrastructures were observed under the electron microscopy., Results: The IS was significantly smaller in Group H than that in Group IR [(25.40 ± 3.54)% compared with (38.27 ± 5.64)%, P<0.05]. The GST expression in myocardium was significantly higher in Group H than that in Group IR. Microscopic examination showed less myocardial damage in Group H than in Group IR. The protective effects of delayed preconditioning by hydrogen sulfide was prevented by 5-HD pre-treatment., Conclusion: The hydrogen sulfide-induced delayed preconditioning attenuates myocardial IR injury possibly through up-regulating glutathione S-transferase expression in rats.

Objective: To investigate the protective effects of morphine postconditioning on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)injury and the potential mechanisms in rabbits., Methods: Thirty-two New Zealand male white rabbits were randomly assigned into 4 groups: Group 1 (Sham), Group 2 (I/R), Group 3 (ischemic postconditioning), Group 4 (ischemia and morphine postconditioning). Group 1 was perfused for 160 min; Group 2 underwent 40 min ischemia and 120 min reperfusion; Group 3 underwent three cycles of 30 s reperfusion and 30 s left anterior descending coronary artery re-occlusion immediately after 40 min ischemia and before 120 min reperfusion; Group 4 was given morphine 1.0 mg/kg immediately after 40 min ischemia in 1 min and before 120 min reperfusion. Blood samples were taken from arterial line at 20 min before occlusion, 20 min after occlusion, 40 min after occlusion, 1 h after reperfusion and 2 h after reperfusion for determination of the plasma levels of cardiac troponin I (cTnI). At the end of the reperfusion, infarct size (IS) and area at risk were defined by Evans and TTC staining. Plasma SOD activity and MDA were determined at the end of reperfusion., Result: The levels of cTnI were significantly lower during reperfusion in the two postconditioning groups than those in I/R group. The plasma MDA content was significantly lower and SOD activity was significantly higher in the two postconditioning groups than those in I/R group, but there was no difference between two postconditioning groups. Morphine significantly reduced infarct size of the left ventricular area at risk as compared with I/R group (P<0.05)., Conclusion: Morphine postconditioning is as effective as ischemic postconditioning in the protection of myocardium against I/R injury in rabbits. Decrease in oxygen free radicals and increased antioxidant activity might be involved in its mechanism.

Objective: To investigate the protective effects of preconditioning morphine on rabbit myocardium during ischemia-reperfusion., Methods: Thirty New Zealand male white rabbits were randomly assigned to three groups: control, I/R and morphine groups. In morphine group 1.0 mg/kg morphine was given preoperationaly, in control and I/R groups 1.0 ml/kg NS was given. Twenty-four hours later rabbits in morphine and I/R groups underwent 40 min of coronary occlusion followed by 2 hours of reperfusion; for control group only sham operation was performed. At the end of the reperfusion, infarct size (IS) and area at risk (AAR) were defined by Evans blue and TTC staining. At the end of the reperfusion blood samples were taken for determination of plasma SOD activity and MDA levels. The heart was harvested and levels of the HSP27 were determined by Western blot, and the heart ultrastructures were observed under the electron microscopy., Results: Compared with I/R group,morphine significantly reduced infarct size (21.5%+/-2.4% Compared with 37.8%+/-1.7%, P<0.05). The morphine had a lower level of MDA and higher levels of SOD and HSP27 than those in I/R., Conclusion: Preconditioning of morphine demonstrates cardioprotective effect on ischemia/reperfusion injury, which may be associated with increased HSP27 levels in the heart.

Objective: To investigate the effect of fructose-1,6-diphosphete(FDP) on myocardial preservation in pulmonary operations., Methods: One hundred and six patients undergoing selective pulmonary lobectomy or segmentectomy were randomly divided into 2 groups with 53 patients each. FDP 200 mg/kg was infused intravenously before anesthesia in the FDP group, while 5% glucose with the same volume was given instead of FDP in the control group. ECGs were monitored from before the anesthesia to 72 h after the operation;the time and type of arrhythmia were recorded. Blood samples were taken before the operation (T0), immediately after the operation(T1), at 24 h(T2),48 h(T3)and 72 h(T(4)) after the operation to determine plasma creatine kinase isoenzyme MB(CK-MB) and cardiac troponin I(cTnI) concentrations., Results: The incidence of arrhythmia in FDP group (35 times) was significantly lower than that in the control group(67 times). The incidence of all types of arrhythmia in the FDP group was also significantly lower than that in the control group. The concentrations of CK-MB and cTnI in the FDP group were significantly lower than those in the control group at T1, T2, T3, and T4., Conclusion: FDP is effective for myocardial preservation in pulmonary operations.

Objective: To investigate the protective effect of isoflurane delayed preconditioning on myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury and the potential mechanism in rabbits., Methods: Thirty New Zealand male white rabbits were randomly assigned to 3 groups: Control group; I/R group; and 2.0% isoflurane group. Isoflurane group was exposed to 2.0% isoflurane-100% oxygen for 2 hours. Control group and I/R group were exposed to 100% oxygen for 2 hours and served as untreated controls. Twenty-four hours later I/R group and isoflurane group underwent 40 minutes of coronary occlusion followed by 2 hours of reperfusion. Blood samples were taken from the arterial line at 20 minutes before the occlusion(T1), 20 minutes after the occlusion(T2), 40 minutes after the occlusion(T3), 1 hours after the reperfusion(T4), and 2 hours after the reperfusion(T5) to determine the plasma level of TNF-alpha. At the end of the reperfusion, infarct size and area at risk were defined by Evans and TTC staining. The heart was harvested and levels of the p38MAPK activity were determined by Western blot, and ultrastructures were observed under the electron microscope., Results: The p38MAPK activity of isoflurane group was significantly lower than that of I/R group (P<0.05). Isoflurane significantly (P<0.05) reduced the infarct size(19.7%+/-2.8% in isoflurane group) of the left ventricular area at risk as compared with the controls (37.8%+/-1.7% in I/R group).The injury of I/R group was worse than that of isoflurane group under the light microscope. Isoflurane group had a lower level of TNF-alpha than I/R group., Conclusion: Isoflurane can inhibit p38MAPK activity during myocardial ischemia reperfusion and modulate the cytokine expression, which may be one of the molecular mechanisms of isoflurane delayed preconditioning on cardioprotection.

Objective: To investigate the mechanism and the protective effect of heart-shock protein 27 (HSP27) on rabbit myocardium with isoflurane preconditioning in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury., Methods: Thirty New Zealand white rabbits were randomly assigned to three groups (each n = 10):(1)Sham operation group (C group); (2)I/R group; (3)Two percent in volume is of isoflurane group (S group). S group was exposed to 2.0% isoflurane-pure oxygen for 2 hours. C group and I/R group were exposed 2 hours to pure oxygen to serve as untreated controls. Twenty-four hours later the rats in I/R group and S group underwent 40 minutes of coronary occlusion followed by 120 minutes of reperfusion. At the end of the reperfusion, infarct size (IS) was defined by Evan's blue and triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Blood samples were taken from arterial line for determination of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Western Blotting was used to determine the expression of HSP27 and nuclear factor-KappaB (NF-KappaB) in myocardium., Results: Isoflurane preconditioning could decrease I/R induced myocardial infarct size [(19.7 +/- 2.8)% vs.(37.8 +/- 1.7)%]. This was accompanied by an increase in the expression in HSP27 [(84.5 +/- 4.3) gray scale value vs. (53.1 +/- 3.8) gray scale value] and a decrease in NF-KappaB [(58.6 +/- 4.2) gray scale value vs. (119.3+/-5.6) gray scale value] and MDA [(5.24 +/- 0.45)kU/L vs. (9.42 +/- 0.83)kU/L]., Conclusion: The expression of HSP27 induced by isoflurane preconditioning plays an important role in protecting myocardium against ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Objective: To explore the inhibitory effect of spinal topical morphine on the dorsal horn projection neurons in nerve-injured rats and its mechanism., Methods: Single-unit activity of dorsal horn projection neurons was recorded in anesthetized L(5)/L(6) nerve-ligated rats. Allodynia was determined by a behavior test in nerve-injured rats. The evoked neuronal responses to mechanical stimuli applied to the receptive field were determined before and after the spinal topical application of morphine, bicuculline plus morphine, strychnine plus morphine, and both bicuculline and strychnine plus morphine in normal, sham operation, and nerve-injured rats., Results: Spinal topical application of 10 micromol/L morphine significantly inhibited the evoked responses of dorsal horn projection neurons in normal, sham, operation and nerve-injured rats. However, the inhibitory effect of morphine was significantly reduced in nerve-injured rats compared with that in normal and sham operation rats. Furthermore, the topical application of 20 micromol/L bicuculline had little effect on the inhibitory effect of morphine in nerve-injured rats but it almost abolished the effect of morphine in normal and sham operation rats. The glycine receptor antagonist strychnine at 4 micromol/L significantly decreased the effect of morphine in nerve-injured, normal, and sham operation rats., Conclusion: The loss of tonic GABAergic inhibition contributes to the reduced inhibitory effect of morphine on dorsal horn projection neurons in nerve-injured rats.

Objectives: To study the diagnosis and treatment for the injury of cervical disc and longitudinal ligament., Methods: From 2001 to 2005, the clinical data of sixty-three patients with cervical disc and longitudinal ligament injury were studied. Early treatment was done based on spinal cord injuries and spinal stabilities by X rays and MRI. Early operation was done in fifty-four cases and early non-operation in nine cases., Results: The follow-up time was six to forty-one months in all patients. The neurological recovery was found in two of eight complete SCI post-operation, thirty-one in thirty-nine incomplete SCI. Cervical collar or plaster orthotic were used in nine cases with four to six weeks. Evidence of instability was noted in four patients, who were operated with anterior decompression fusion. Neck chronic pain was found in two patients, anterior decompression and fusion was done in one with cervical spinal cord compression., Conclusions: MRI examination is the most value measure for the diagnosis of cervical disc and longitudinal ligament injury. Early anterior decompression and fusion was an important approach for cervical disc and longitudinal ligament injury.

Objective: To observe the effect of chloroquine on the apoptosis of intestinal mucosa epithelial cell and enterogenous bacteria-endotoxin translocation after total hepatic ischemia-reperfusion in rats., Methods: The rat total hepatic ischemia-reperfusion model was built by blocking the hepatic portal, suprahepatic and infrahepatic vena cava for 20 minutes. Ninety Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned randomly into the sham operation group (Group A, n = 30), total hepatic ischemia-reperfusion treatment group (Group B, n = 30), and chloroquine administrated group (Group C, n = 30). Each group was subdivided randomly into 3 subgroups (n = 10) according to different experiment time phases as follows: after 20 minutes of total hepatic vascular exclusion (T0), 4 hours after reperfusion (T1), and the 48 hours of survival. Group A and Group B were intravenously injected with normal saline 1 mL/kg while Group C received chloroquine 10 mg/kg which dissolved in 1 mL/kg normal saline intravenously. The levels of portal blood D-lactate, TNF-alpha, endotoxin, and the intestinal mucosa MDA concentration were measured at T0 and T1; the portal blood, mesenteric lymph node, and spleen tissues were cultured for bacteria; and the apoptotic index of intestinal mucosa epithelial cells at T0 and T1 and the survival rate after 48 hour reperfusion were obtained., Results: Compared with Group A, the levels of portal blood D-lactate, TNF-alpha, endotoxin and the intestinal mucosa MDA in Group B and Group C were significantly higher (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). These indexes of Group C were lower than those of Group B (P < 0.05). The portal vein blood, mesenteric lymph node and spleen tissues existed the bacterium translocation both in Group B and Group C, and the positive rate in Group C was lower than that in Group B (P < 0.05). Apoptotic index of the intestinal mucosa epithelial cell increased significantly in Group B (P < 0.01) and Group C (P < 0.05), but the apoptotic index in Group C was lower than that in Group B (P < 0.05); the 48 hour survival rate of the rats in Group C was higher than that in group B (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Chloroquine may decrease the intestinal mucosa epithelial cell apoptosis and the enterogenous bacteria-endotoxin translocation after total hepatic ischemia-reperfusion and increase the survival rate of the rats.

Objective: To investigate the effects of different doses of fentanyl on the stress response in valve replacement surgery during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)., Methods: Thirty ASA II-III adult patients scheduled for cardial valve replacement were randomly divided into 3 groups: Group A (fentanyl 30 microg/kg), Group B (fentanyl 60 microg/kg), and Group C (fentanyl 100 microg/kg). Anesthesia was induced with medazalam 0.1 mg/kg, fentanyl 10 microg/kg and vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg; And were maintained with fentanyl and propofol infusion. Remained dose of fentanyl was used before the CPB. MAP, CVP, HR, P(ET)CO2, SpO2, nasal and rectal temperature were monitored continuously. Blood samples were taken before the operation (T1), before the CPB (T2), 30 min after the aortic declamping (T3), 2 h after the aortic declamping (T4), 24 h (T5) after the operation to determine the plasma levels of glucose, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), angiotensin II (AT II) and cortisol., Results: Levels of glucose, ACTH, AT II and cortisol after the CPB (T3, T4 and T5) in 3 groups were significantly increased compared with that of T1 (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). After CPB, at the same time point, among the 3 groups, the levels of the above index of Group A were the most highest, that of Group C were the most lowest. Glucose, ACTH, AT II and cortisol levels at T3 and T4 were significantly lower in Group B and C than those in Group A ( P < 0.05); But there was no significant difference between Group B and C. The duration of stay in the ICU and time of endotracheal extubation were significantly longer in patients of Group C than Group A and B (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Fentanyl (30-100 microg/kg) can completely suppress the stress response induced by intubation and intense surgical stimulus before CPB. Different doses of fentanyl seemed to be effective in reducing CPB-induced stress response. But the effect was not dependent on dose. So 60 microg/kg fentanyl seemed to be an ideal dose.

Objective: To investigate the effects of aminoguanidine on the lung injury induced by the total hepatic ischemia-reperfusion in rats., Methods: The total hepatic ischemia-reperfusion model was built after blocking of the hepatic porta, suprahepatic and infrahepatic vena cava. Ninety Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned randomly into 3 groups: Sham operation group (Group A, n=30); total hepatic ischemia group (Group B, n=30); and aminoguanidine treatment group (Group C, n=30). Each group was subdivided randomly into 3 subgroups (n=10) according to different time phases: 20 minutes after the total hepatic vascular exclusion (T0), 4 hours after the reperfusion (T1), and 48 hours after the survival Group A and Group B were intravenously injected with normal saline ( mL/kg) while Group C was injected with aminoguanidine (20 mg/kg) dissolved in normal saline (1 mL/kg) 10 minutes before the open of the abdomin. The levels of portal blood nitric oxide ( O) endotoxin ( ET), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha at T0 and T1 were detected; 48 hours survival rates and the lung wet/dry weight ratio were counted; and the histological changes of the lung tissues were observed., Results: Compared with Group A, the levels of portal vein NO, ET, and TNF-alpha T0 and T1 in Group B and Group C were significantly higher (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). But those indexes of Group C were lower than those of Group B (P < 0.05). The 48-hour survival rate in Group C was higher than that in Group B (P < 0.05). The lung wet/dry weight ratio in Group C was lower than in Group B (P < 0.05) and the histological change of Group C was slighter than that in Group B., Conclusion: Aminoguanidine has the protective effects on the lungs against the total hepatic ischemia-reperfusion induced injury.

Objective: To investigate the effects of ulinastatin (UTI) on cerebral inflammatory response during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)., Methods: Twenty-four NYHA II-III patients (13 males and 11 females) aged 23-45 years, undergoing elective cardiac valve replacement under hypothermic CPB were randomly divided into 2 groups: ulinastatin group (Group U, n=12) and control group (Group C, n=12). In group U, UTI (1.2 x 10(4) U/kg) was given intravenously after the induction of anesthesia, 0.6 x 10(4) U/kg UTI was added to the priming solution, and 0.6 x 10(4) U/kg UTI was given about 5 min before the aortic decamping. In Group C, normal saline was given instead of UTI. Internal jugular vein was cannulated and the catheter was advanced retrogradely till jugular bulb. Blood samples were taken simultaneously from artery and jugular bulb after induction of anesthesia (T1), 60 min (T2) and 6 h (T3) after discontinuation of CPB for determination of TNFalpha, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10. The juguloarterial gradients of these cytokines (deltaTNFalpha, deltaIL-6, deltaIL-8, and deltaIL-10) were calculated., Results: In Group C, arterial levels of TNFalpha, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 at T2 and T3, deltaTNFalpha, deltaIL-8 and deltaIL-10 at T2, deltaTNFalpha, deltaIL-6 and deltaIL-10 at T3 significantly increased (P < 0.01). deltaIL-8 increased at T3 (P < 0.05). In Group U, arterial levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 at T2, arterial levels of IL-6, IL-8,IL-L-10 and deltaTNFalpha, deltaIL-8 at T3 significantly increased (P < 0.01). Arterial levels of TNFalpha at T2 and T3, deltaTNFalpha, deltaIL-10 at T2, deltaIL-6 at T3 increased (P < 0.05). Arterial levels of TNFalpha, IL-6 and deltaTNFalpha, deltaIL-8 at T2, arterial levels of TNFalpha and deltaIL-6 at T3 in Group U were lower than those in Group C (P < 0.05). Arterial levels of IL-6 at T3, IL-8 at T2 and T3 in Group U were significantly lower than those in Group C (P < 0.01). Arterial levels of IL-10 and deltaIL-10 at T3 in Group U were higher than those in Group C (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Systemic and cerebral activation of inflammatory response during CPB can be alleviated by ulinastatin.

Objective: To investigate the influence of treatment with total hepatic vascular exclusion and reperfusion on the intestinal barrier in rats., Methods: The total hepatic vascular exclusion and reperfusion model was built after the block of hepatic portal, suprahepatic and infraheptic vena cava for 20 minutes. Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into 2 groups: sham operation group (Group A, n=30) and total hepatic vascular exclusion and reperfusion treatment group (Group B, n=30). Each group was subdivided randomly into 3 subgroups (n=10) according to different experiment time points as follows: at the end of the total hepatic vascular exclusion (T0), 4 reperfusion after total hepatic vascular exclusion (T1) and the 48 h survival. Portal vein blood gas was analysed at T0. At T0 and T1 the following items were detected: the level of portal vein blood D-lactate, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), the MDA concentration and pathologic morphology change of intestinal mucosa., Results: Compared with Group A, the PCO2 at T0 in Group B increased while pH, P02, and HCO3- decreased significantly (P < 0.05). The level of portal blood D-lactate, TNF-alpha and intestinal mucosa MDA at T0 and T1 was significantly higher (P < 0.05, or P < 0.01). The histologic damage in the intestinal mucosa was observed in Group B, and the rat survival in Group B was lower than that in Group A (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: The treatment with total hepatic vascular exclusion and reperfusion can damage the intestinal barrier in rats.

Objective: To investigate the effect of fentanyl on cytokines and MDA in valve replacement surgery during cardiopulmonary bypass ( CPB)., Methods: Thirty ASA II approximately III adult patients scheduled for cardial valve replacement were randomly divided into 3 groups: Group A (fentanyl 30 microg/ kg), Group B (fentanyl 60 microg/kg), and Group C (fentanyl 100 microg/kg). Anesthesia was induced with medazalam 0.1 mg/kg, fentanyl 10 microg/kg and vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg Administered intravenously. After tracheal intubation the patients were mechanically ventilated with pure oxygen. P(ET)CO2 was maintained between 35 approximately 45 mmHg. Anesthesia were maintained with fentanyl infusion combined with intermittent intravenous bolus of midazolam and vecuronium. MAP, CVP, HR, P(ET)CO2, SPO2, nasal and rectal temperature were monitored continuously. Remained dose of fentanyl was infused before the CPB. Blood Samples were taken before the operation (T1 ), before the CPB ( T2 ), 30 min after aortic declamping (T3 ) , 2 h after aortic declamping (T4 ), and 24 h (T5 ) after the operation for determination of plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), interteukin IL-6 and IL-10, MDA., Results: There was no significant change in the age, body weight, aortic cross-clomp time, CPB time, and operation time. Levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-10 and MDA after the CPB in the 3 groups were significantly higher compared with T, (P <0.01 ), TNF-alpha, IL-6 and MDA levels at T3, T4 were significantly lower in Group B and C than those in Group A. IL-10 levels at T4, T5 were significantly higher in Group B and C than those in Group A, but levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-10 and MDA in Group B were not significantly different compared with those in Group C. The duration of stay in the ICU and time of endotracheal extubation were significantly longer in patients of Group C than those of Group A and B., Conclusion: CPB leads to a proinflammatory and antiinflammatory response, as well as oxygen free radicals release. Larger dose fentanyl seemed to be effective in reducing CPB-induced inflammatory response and ischemic reperfusion injury, but the effect was not dependent on dose while fentanyl dose reaching some value, at the same time the duration of stay in ICU and time of endotracheal extubation is longer.

Objective: To study the effects of high level spinal cord injury (SCI) on rat heart, and investigate the role of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the harmful effects on heart after SCI., Methods: Forty-eight male SD rats were randomly divided into six groups of 8 animals each: control group; 4-hour group: 4 th hour after injury to spinal cord at cervical 7 level; 12-hour group: 12 th hour after injury to 7 spinal cord at C7 level; 24-hour group with same injury; 48-hour group and 72-hour group, all with same injury. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), left ventricle systolic pressure (LVSP), and left ventricular maximum velocities of contraction (+/-dp/dt max) were recorded in each group. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK-MB) and ET-1 contents in the myocardium. were also measured. Specimens of the myocardium were harvested for ultrastructure examination with transmission electron microscopy., Results: Hemodynamics variables including HR, MAP, LVSP and+/-dp/dtmax were significantly decreased in all the injury groups compared with that of control group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). These variables in 12-hour group showed lowest values among all the groups (all P<0.01). But the values of cardiac enzymes were much higher in five injury groups compared with that of control group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). ET-1 contents in serum and cardiac tissue raised markedly after the injury was inflicted to the animals (P<0.05), reaching peak at 12 hours (P<0.01). Ultrastructural examination of the myocardial tissue demonstrated that there were mild dissolution of myocardial fibrils and vacuolation of mitochondria at 12 hours after injury., Conclusion: High level SCI could induce myocardial injuries and an excessive production of ET-1 in circulation and myocardial tissue might play a role in myocardial damage after injury of the spinal cord at a high level.