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In this paper, the highland barley moisture, β-glucan, amylopectin and protein content rapid detection model was established based on the 4000~10000 cm−1 near-infrared spectrum and actual contents of 76 highland barleys. The results showed that SG convolution smoothing was the optimal spectral preprocessing method for the partial least squares (PLS) prediction model of moisture, amylopectin and β-glucan contents, while SG convolution smoothing+multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) was the optimal spectral preprocessing method for the PLS prediction model of protein content. In order to further improve the accuracy of the prediction model, the different characteristic wavelength selection algorithms including competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS), successive projections algorithm (SPA) and variables combination population analysis and iterative retained information variable (VCPA-IRIV) were used on the prediction results of the model. The results showed that VCPA-IRIV treatment could effectively improve the determination coefficient of prediction of moisture, amylose and protein content prediction model, and reduce the root mean square error of prediction. The treatment of CARS had a remarkable effect on the prediction accuracy for the β-glucan content. Ultimately, the established prediction models of moisture, β-glucan, amylopectin and protein content for highland barley had good prediction accuracy with the appropriate Rp (0.9868, 0.9808, 0.9701 and 0.9879) and RMSEP (0.2042, 0.1846, 0.8135 and 0.2095) value, respectively. In conclusion, the rapid detection model of highland barley characteristic nutrient content based on near infrared spectroscopy established in this study had high accuracy, which would have certain guiding significance for processing enterprises to quickly understand the quality of raw materials and efficiently screen qualified raw materials.

ObjectiveTo investigate the association between piano playing and myopia prevalence, and to analyze the interactive effect of piano playing and outdoor activity time or out-of-class study time on myopia among primary and secondary school students in Shanghai. MethodsVisual acuity tests and a self-administered anonymous questionnaire survey were conducted among 26 522 students recruited using multistage cluster sampling in 7 primary and secondary schools in 7 districts of Shanghai municipality from September to November 2021. An unconditional binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between piano playing and myopia prevalence among students. ResultsOf the students surveyed, 3 778 (14.2%) reported playing the piano. The myopia detection rate was 77.7% in students who reported playing the piano and significantly different from that 76.1% in those who did not (χ2 = 4.368, P < 0.05). After controlling for gender and parental myopia, no statistically significant association was found between piano playing and myopia prevalence. Compared to students who did not play piano and spent 2 hours or more per day in outdoor activities, students who did not play piano and spent less than 2 hours per day in outdoor activities had an increased risk of myopia (odds ratio [OR] = 1.153, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.073 – 1.239), and students who played piano and spent less than 2 hours per day in outdoor activities also had an increased risk of myopia (OR = 1.165, 95%CI: 1.038 – 1.308). Compared to the students who did not play piano and spent less than 2 hours per day studying outside the classroom, the students who did not play piano and spent 2 hours and more per day studying outside the classroom had an increased risk of myopia (OR = 1.212, 95%CI: 1.119 – 1.312) and the students who played piano and spent 2 hours and more per day studying outside the classroom also had an increased risk of myopia (OR = 1.203, 95%CI: 1.027 – 1.411). ConclusionThis study did not find a statistically significant association between piano playing and myopia prevalence in primary and secondary school students in Shanghai, and further prospective studies may investigate the association between piano playing and myopia in students.

This study aimed to investigate the structural characteristics and biological activity of polysaccharides from selenium-enriched Cordyceps militaris. A homogeneous polysaccharide (SeCMP0.2) was isolated and purified from the fruiting bodies of selenium-enriched C. militaris by water extraction and alcohol precipitation, followed by anion exchange column chromatography. The structural characteristics of SeCMP0.2 were characterized by high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The immunoregulatory activity of SeCMP0.2 was evaluated by using RAW264.7 mouse macrophages. Results showed that the weight average molecular mass and selenium content of SeCMP0.2 were 440.7 kDa and 49.1 μg/g, respectively. SeCMP0.2, with a triple-helix conformation, was aggregated in aqueous solution. Moreover, it was a heteropolysaccharide mainly composed of galactose (53.1%), glucose (8.2%), and mannose (37.1%), containing both α- and β-type glycosidic linkages. The dominant residues in SeCMP0.2 including T-Galp-(1→, →2)-Galp-(1→, and →6)-Manp-(1→ accounted for 16.6%, 29.4% and 26.9%, respectively. Additionally, the in vitro immunomodulatory assays showed that SeCMP0.2 could significantly upregulate the mRNA expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) by activating the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways, thereby exerting immunoregulatory activity. These results will lay the foundation for further development and utilization of selenium-enriched C. militaris resources.