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The output gear shaft of the main gearbox for polypropylene granulator main gearbox breaks during operation.Fracture reasons of the output gear shaft are investigated through fracture analysis, physical and chemical inspection, and strength check. The results show that the output gear shaft has early fretting tear, due to instantaneous impact caused by fracture of the corresponding screw shaft. Under the compound alternating load of the torque and the bending moment, the early crack initiates and propagates along the journal. When the effective bearing area of the output gear shaft reduces to the critical point that it cannot withstand the torsional torque generated by normal operation, the fracture of the output gear shaft occurs. It is easy to form stress concentration at the cutter back groove of the output gear shaft journal, which is also one of the cracking inducement.

The tooth surface of spiral bevel gears is a spatial curved surface, and the change of tooth surface roughness can have a significant impact on its meshing performance, directly affecting the vibration, bearing and other performance of the system. A theoretical simulation and an experimental research of an aviation spiral bevel gear is carried out using the parallel spindle type barrel finishing process, a mathematical model of the process motion is established, the formula of cutting speed between abrasive and tooth surface is deduced, and the main factors affecting the result are analyzed; with the help of the Hertz-Mindlin with archard wear model of the EDEM software, the tooth surface wear is simulated; through this process, the surface quality of the disc spiral bevel gear surface is experimentally studied. The results show that using this process, the burr of the gear surface can be eliminated, the corner is rounded, the Ra of gear surface is reduced from 0.8 μm to about 0.4 μm, and the tooth surface morphology tends to be isotropic, which lays a foundation for further research of gear contact performance and industrial application.

Paris polyphylla is an important component of many Chinese patent medicines. Different kinds of paris polyphylla are very similar in shape but different in quality, making it difficult to identify. In response to this problem, this paper uses a stereo microscope to collect two kinds of cross- sectional microscopic images of fresh rhizome of the paris polyphylla to identify them. Based on the ResNeXt101 model, it proposes the ES-Net module combining an efficient channel attention network and a spatial attention module. The output of each part of the ResNeXt module is further input into the ES-Net module. The Mixup method is used for data enhancement. The experimental results show that the highest accuracy of the classification of the two kinds of the paris polyphylla images is 94.95%, which is 2.07 percentage points higher than the original ResNeXt101 model. The results show that the ES-Net module can effectively enhance the characteristic information extraction ability of the original model ResNeXt101 on the cross-sectional microscopic image of fresh rhizome of the Paris polyphylla. Therefore, it improves the classification accuracy for the paris polyphylla. The deep learning method proposed has practical value for automatic identification of fresh rhizome of the paris polyphylla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To develop the physical activity questionnaire for Chinese children aged 6-17 years old, in order to evaluate the children's physical activity., Methods: After systematic review, expert review and preliminary investigation, the "6-to 17-year-old Chinese children physical activity questionnaire(CCPAQ)" was established to measure the weekly physical activity. Based on the sample size estimation and inclusion and exclusion criteria, 120 children aged 6-17 were selected from one survey site in the south and north of China. SAS 9.4 software and Mplus 8.0 software were used for factor analyses to validate the modes and types of physical activity measured by CCPAQ., Results: This study included 119 subjects in total. Exploratory factor analyses were used to assess the 33 modes and 7 types of physical activity time and extract four and one common factor, respectively. Confirmatory factor analysis fitted a second-order 4 factors model and first-order 7 factors model. The evaluation index of the two models were χ~2/df=1.41 and χ~2/df=1.61, respectively, showing that the models fitting were acceptable., Conclusion: CCPAQ established in this study can effectively measure the physical activity of Chinese children aged 6-17 years.

Objective: To analyze the intake and structure of energy and macronutrients of farmers under three kinds of job types: working, farming and housework in China, and analyzes the intake status under different work intensity., Methods: Based on the data of China Nutrition and Health Survey in 2010-2012, this paper analyzed the dietary intake of farmers over 18 years old at three job types and different work intensities., Results: The energy intake of farmers in China was 2149. 5 kcal/d, and that of men and women were 2345. 2 kcal/d and 1985. 4 kcal/d, respectively. Farming farmers took in the highest energy and the domestic farmers took in the lowest energy. The average protein intake of farmers was 60. 8 g, 66. 0 g for men and 56. 4 g for women. The protein intake of working, farming and housework farmers, showed a downward trend. The fat intake of farmers was 66. 6 g, including 71. 9 g for men and 62. 1 g for women. With the three main forms of working, farming and housework, the fat intake showed a downward trend. The carbohydrate intake of farmers was 327. 5 g, including 354. 6 g for men and 304. 7 g for women, with farming farmers taking in the highest carbohydrate. Among the working farmers, under the light, medium and heavy work intensity, the intake of carbohydrate increased in turn, but protein and fat had no obvious characteristics; among the farming workers, under the light, medium and heavy work intensity, carbohydrate, protein and fat showed an increasing trend. There were also differences in the dietary structure characteristics among the three job types of working, farming and housework. The proportion of energy from protein and fat was higher in working farmers, the proportion of high-quality protein was close to 35%, the proportion of energy from carbohydrate was the highest in farming farmers, the proportion of high-quality protein was only 27%, the proportion of high-quality protein in household farmers was 30%, and the ratio of fat to energy in both farming and household farmers was less than 30%. Among working farmers, under the light, medium and heavy work intensity, the proportion of energy from carbohydrate increased, while the proportion of protein from animal food decreased; among farming farmers, under the light, medium and heavy work intensity, the proportion of protein from animal food increased slightly., Conclusion: There are some differences in the energy and macronutrients intake among the working farmers, farming farmers and household farmers in China. The farming farmers have the most energy intake, and with the increase of work intensity, the proportion of carbohydrate intake increases, and the protein intake is insufficient, especially the heavy work intensity. The nutrition needs of the population should get more attention.

Objective: To analyze and describe the status and characteristics of undernutrition among left-behind children under 6 years old in rural China in 2013., Methods: Data was from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance among 0-5 Years Old Children and Lactating Women in 2013. Stratified multistage cluster sampling method was used, and 4576 participants under 6 years old from 55 sites of 30 provinces, autonomous region and municipalities were involved. Definition of undernutrition were according to the WHO 2006 growth standard in children less than 5 years old and the WHO 2007 growth reference in children of 5 years old. Results were computed by post stratification weight based on national census from the National Bureau of Statistics in 2010., Results: The prevalence of stunting was 10. 6% among left-behind children under 6 years old in rural China in 2013. It was 11. 6% in boys and 9. 4% in girls. The rate of general rural area and poor rural area were 7. 1% and 16. 6%. The prevalence of stunting showed a significant difference in sex(P=0. 022), general rural and poor rural(P=0. 006), three regions(P=0. 003), parental type of outing(P=0. 005), mother's education(P<0. 001), annual per capita household income(P<0. 001). The prevalence of underweight was 3. 2% among left-behind children under 6 years old in rural China in 2013. It was 3. 4% in boys and 2. 9% in girls. The rate of general rural area and poor rural area were 1. 6% and 2. 0%. The prevalence of stunting showed a significant difference in general rural and poor rural(P<0. 001), three regions(P<0. 001), annual per capita household income(P=0. 0144), mother's education(P<0. 001). The prevalence of wasting was 2. 3% among left-behind children under 6 years old in rural China in 2013. It was 2. 3% in boys and 2. 2% in girls. The rate of general rural area and poor rural area were 1. 5%, 3. 5%. The prevalence of stunting of general rural showed a significant difference in parental type of outing(P=0. 033), the prevalence of stunting of poor rural showed a significant difference in mother's education(P<0. 001), annual per capita household income(P=0. 020)., Conclusion: The undernutrition rate among left-behind children under the age of 6 in rural China should be paid attention, especially in the higher subgroups of poor rural areas, western regions, low-income families, mothers away from home and mothers with less than junior middle school education.

Objective: To describe the hypertension awareness, treatment and control among adults in China in 2010-2012., Methods: Data was from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010-2012. A stratified multistage cluster sampling was used from 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities and selected 150 districts/counties. The sample was adults aged 18 and over selected through the method of Probability Proportion to Size(PPS). The mercury sphygmomanometer was used to measure the blood pressure. Each person had three measurements. The questionnaire was used to collect the information of hypertension awareness and control., Results: The sample participants were 120 428 in 2010-2012. Among adults with hypertension, 46. 5%were aware of their hypertension, 41. 1% reported taking hypertension medicine in the last two weeks, and 13. 8% controlled the blood pressure. It was higher for hypertension awareness, treatment and control in women(49. 5%, 44. 2% and 14. 6%) than those of men(43. 0%, 37. 4% and 12. 9%). The three rates were increased with age. The prevalence of control was 33. 6% among the treated hypertensive individuals. It was higher for men and the rate was decreased with age. It was higher for hypertension awareness, treatment and control among hypertension and control among treated hypertensive participates in urban area(52. 7%, 47. 9%, 17. 9% and 37. 3%) than those in rural area(39. 5%, 33. 4%, 9. 2% and 27. 6%). The rates of overall, gender, and age groups were decreased in large city, medium and small city, general county, and poor county., Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertension awareness, treatment and control among hypertension and control among treated hypertensive participates among Chinese adults was increased in 2010-2012. But the rates were still keep a low level. The region and age differences need pay attention.

Objective: To estimate the early initiation of breastfeeding status of Chinese children aged less than 24 months and its influence factors., Methods: Data of children aged less than 24 months old was collected from Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2013. Subjects were selected form 55 survey sites of mainland China by the multilevel stratified equal proportional cluster random sampling and the final effective sample size was 14 825. Caregivers of children completed a feeding and health questionnaire, which included questions on whether the children were put to the breast within one hour of birth, influence factors and the initiation time of breastfeeding. Prevalence of early initiation of breastfeeding, influence factors and time composition ratio of initiation of breastfeeding were calculated., Results: The prevalence of early initiation of breastfeeding of Chinese children under 2 years old in 2013 was 26. 4%, among which big cities, small and medium-sized cities, ordinary rural areas, povertystricken rural areas were 30. 1%、24. 1%、23. 2% and 36. 9%, respectively. Caesarean section was the most important factor affecting early breastfeeding of infants in big cities, small and medium-sized cities and ordinary rural areas, accounting for 40. 7%, 51. 5%and 33. 8%, respectively. The main influencing factor in poor rural areas was lack of early breast-feeding knowledge, accounting for 44. 6%. The prevalence of infants initiated breastfeeding 2 ± 23 hours after birth was 31. 0% and the prevalence of infants initiated breastfeeding ≥24 hours after birth was 35. 3%. In big cities, the prevalence of the two periods were 31. 2% and 33. 4%. In small and medium-sized cities, the prevalence were35. 4% and 34. 4%. In ordinary rural areas, the prevalence were 26. 9% and 42. 3%. In poverty-stricken rural areas, the prevalence were comparatively low, which were 29. 5%and 23. 5%, respectively., Conclusion: The prevalence of early initiation of breastfeeding among infant aged less than 24 months is low in China. Caesarean section and lack of related knowledge were the main influencing factors in urban and rural areas respectively. Certain percentage of infants have severely delayed breast contact with their mothers and start breastfeeding.

Objective: To analyze the prevalence and variation of hypotension in Chinese adults residents in 2002 and 2010-2012., Methods: Data of the blood pressure measurements from 2002 and 2010-2012 China National Nutrition and Health Survey(CNNHS), a multistage stratified cluster random sampling survey was conducted in 2002, and the sample size was 147 488, 64 869 males, 82 619 females, 50 123 urban residents, 97 365 rural residents, 71 078 northern residents and 76 410 southern residents. A multi-stage stratified and population-proportional cluster random sampling method was used in 2010-2012, and the sample size of was 120 427, 52 499 males, 67 928 females, 60 214 urban residents, 60 213 rural residents, 53 863 northern residents and 66 564 southern residents. The population data published by the National Bureau of Statistics in 2009 was used as a standard population of the data result for 2002 and 2010-2012. Complex sampling weighting method was adopted in data analyses. The prevalence of hypotension and 95%CI in different populations were calculated. Chi-square test was used to compare the rates, multi-factor analysis was conducted by using SURVEYLOGISTIC model regression., Results: In 2002, the prevalence rate of hypotension in Chinese adults was 3. 0%, 1. 9% in males, 4. 1% in females, 2. 7% in urban residents, 3. 3% in rural residents, 2. 8% in northern residents and 3. 2% in southern residents. The prevalence rate of hypotension was the highest in 18-44 age group(4. 3%). Among people with different body mass index(BMI), the prevalence of hypotension was higher in low weight group(7. 0%). From 2010 to 2012, the prevalence rate of hypotension in Chinese adults was 2. 1%, 1. 1% in males, 3. 2% in females, 1. 9% in urban residents, 2. 2% in rural residents, 1. 8% in northern residents and 2. 3%in southern residents. The prevalence rate of hypotension was the highest in 18-44 age group(3. 1%). Among people with different BMI, the prevalence of hypotension was higher in low weight group(7. 4%). The total prevalence of hypotension in adult residents in China from 2010 to 2012 was lower than that in 2002, and the difference was statistically significant(χ~2= 624. 3, P <0. 0001). In 2002 and 2010-2012, the prevalence of hypotension in adult residents of China decreased with the increase of age, and the prevalence of hypotension in men and women also decreased with the increase of age. Women were higher than men, the lower age group was higher than the higher age group, and the lower weight group was higher than the normal population. The differences were statistically significant. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis also showed that lower age group, women and people with low weight were more prone to develop hypotension., Conclusion: In 2002 and 2010-2012, the total prevalence of hypotension in adult residents of China, and that of hypotension in both men and women decreased with the increase of age. Women were higher than men, the lower age group was higher than the higher age group, and the lower weight group was higher than the normal population. 18-44 age group, women and low weight group are more likely to have low blood pressure. Compared with 2002, the total prevalence of hypotension in Chinese adult residents showed a decreasing trend from 2010 to 2012.

Objective: To analyze the weight recognition and control among women aged 15-49 in China., Methods: Data was from the China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2010-2013. Stratified multistage cluster sampling method was used. The data of 35 664(16 914 urban women and 18 750 rural women) 15-49 years old women of childbearing age was used. The basic information was collected by questionnaires. Physical measurement indexes such as height and weight were collected., Results: Among overweight and obese women of childbearing age, only 34. 9%(95%CI 34. 2%-35. 6%) of them correctly judged themselves overweight or obese, and 61. 4%(95% CI 60. 6%-62. 1%) of them thought they were normal weight; 10. 8%(95%CI10. 3%-11. 2%) of the normal-weight women thought they were overweight; while 3. 0%(95% CI 2. 6%-3. 4%) of the low-weight women thought they were overweight. Only17. 1%(95% CI 16. 4%-17. 8%) of overweight and obese women of childbearing age take weight control measures. In addition, 3. 6%(95% CI 3. 1%-4. 1%) of low-weight women of childbearing age and 9. 7%(95% CI 9. 3%-10. 1%) of normal-weight women took weight control measures, respectively. The proportion of women aged 15-24 taking weight control measures was higher than that of women aged 25-34 and 35-49, 14. 8%(95% CI 13. 3%-16. 4%), 12. 2%(95% CI 11. 1%-13. 2%) and 10. 0%(95% CI9. 3%-10. 1%), respectively. The proportion of women aged 15-24 taking weight control measures was the highest among normal weight women and overweight and obese women, 13. 9%(95% CI 13. 1%-14. 7%) and 26. 9%(95% CI 26. 4%-27. 4%), respectively., Conclusion: At present, there were more women of childbearing age in China who could not correctly assess their own body weight, leading to the inability to take correct weight control measures.

Objective: Autophagy is a process of degrading the damaged organelles and macromolecules by lysosomes in cells, which belongs to the programmed cell death. Cerebral ischemia is one of the important reasons for activation of autophagy. Studies have showed that autophagy plays a protective role in neuronal death induced by ischemia. However, it has also been found that excessive activation of autophagy could aggravate cerebral ischemia injury. In recent years, more and more Chinese medicine has been proved to regulate the autophagy level of brain neurons and reduce cerebral ischemia injury. In this paper, the main molecular mechanism of autophagy in the process of cerebral ischemic injury and the intervention effects of Chinese herbs on autophagy arereviewed in order to explore the basic principle of regulating autophagy by Chinese herbs and to play a better role in the clinical treatment of cerebral ischemic diseases.

Objective: To examine the association between alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome(MS) among Chinese men and women aged 18 years and older., Methods: The 2010᾿012 China National Nutrition and Health Survey(CNNHS) used multi-stage stratified cluster randomization sampling method to select study participants. Basic information, health-related behaviors and diseases history were collected by questionnaire. Drink information was collected by food frequency questionnaire. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the updated NCEP ATP III criteria. A total of 102 591 participants aged 18 years and older were included in the analysis. Logistic regression model was performed to examine the association between alcohol consumption and MS. Restricted cubic spline(RCS) was performed to explore the dose response relation of alcohol intake and MS., Results: The drink rate was 33. 66% in Chinese adults aged 18 years and older. Compared with non-drinkers, men who consumed⇿0 g/time had a lower MS prevalence(OR=0. 77, 95%CI 0. 66-0. 90). There was a linear dose response association between alcohol intake and MS among men but not among women. In men, there was no association between drinking type and MS. The OR of MS were 0. 91(95%CI 0. 81-1. 03), 0. 90(95%CI 0. 75-1. 08), 0. 85(95%CI 0. 54-1. 36), and 0. 96(95%CI 0. 84-1. 10) among men who consumed liquor, beer, wine, and mixed liquor. Compared with non-drinkers, women who drink liquor or mixed liquor had a decrease MS prevalence. The OR were 0. 74(95%CI 0. 56-0. 98) and 0. 78(95%CI 0. 66-0. 91). The association between drinking frequency and MS had no statistical significance and the P-trend was 0. 11 in men and 0. 31 in women., Conclusion: There is a linear dose response association between alcohol intake and MS among men but not in women. Men consumed >20 g/time have an increased MS prevalence.

Objective: To describe complementary feeding time among 0-5 years old children in 2013 in China., Methods: Data was from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2013. A stratified multistage cluster sampling was used from 31 provinces( autonomous regions and municipalities) and selected 55 districts/counties. The study included 24 580 children aged 0-5 years. The basic situation and complementary feeding of children aged 0-5 years were collected by questionnaires., Results: The average time for children aged 0-5 years in China to start complementary foods was 6. 1 months. The urban( 5. 7 months) was earlier than the rural( 6. 4 months), large cities, medium and small cities, general rural and poor rural areas were 5. 5, 5. 8, 6. 9 and 5. 5 months, respectively. The proportions of early complementary feeding( < 4 months) and late complementary feeding( > 9 months) were 10. 2 %( n = 2496) and 9. 5%( n = 2336), which were 7. 3% and 5. 5% respectively in urban area and 13. 1% and 13. 7%respectively in rural area. The proportions of early complementary feeding was the highest( 19. 6%) in poor rural areas, the proportions of late complementary feeding was the highest( 15%) in the general rural areas. The rate of introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods was 82. 3%, the urban( 89. 4%) was higher than the rural( 73. 6%), and it was the lowest( 63. 4%) in the poor rural areas., Conclusion: There were both early complementary feeding and late complementary feeding among 0-5 years children in China in 2013, and the regional difference were significant. It is more likely to add complementary foods too early or too late in rural areasthan in urban areas, especially in poor rural areas.

Objective: To estimate the instant noodles' consumption status of Chinese population in 2010-2012., Methods: Data were collected from Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010-2012. A total of 78 466 valid subjects aged 6 years old and above were enrolled into analysis. The food frequency questionnaires were used to collect food consumption status information. Consumption rate, consuming frequency percentage, consumption of instant noodles, and sodium intake from instant noodles were calculated., Results: The instant noodles' consumption rate of Chinese people aged 6 years old and above in 2010-2012 was 49. 7%, urban and rural were 49. 7% and 49. 8%respectively, male and female were 51. 6% and 48. 3% respectively. The consumption rate of children and adolescent aged 6-17 years old was 74. 6%. The food frequency were at least once/week 49. 0%, 1-3/month 36. 2%, < 1/month 14. 8%. The mean of instant noodles consumption per person per day was 17. 7 g. The mean of sodium consumption from instant noodles per person per day was 202. 5 mg. The instant noodlesand sodium's consumptions, of children and adolescent aged 6-17 years old were 21. 7 g and 248. 6 mg, decreased with increase of age., Conclusion: The consumption of instant noodles in China is common, and the high consumption of children and adolescent should be paid attention.

Objective: To examine the trend of stunting and wasting among children age between 6 and 17 in China., Methods: A multistage cluster random sampling process was used to investigate 36 058 children aged 6-17 years in 2010-2012 in 31 provinces( municipalities, autonomous region) in China. Their height and weight were measured, prevalence of stunting and wasting were calculated according to national standard of malnutrition screening among school children and adolescents( WS/T 456-2014) to compare children malnutrition status in children and adolescents in four classified areas. Data was weighted by post stratification adjustment, according to standard population data in 2009 from State Statistical Bureau., Results: The prevalence of stunting among childrenand adolescents aged 6 to 17 in China in 2010-2012 were 3. 2%( 95% CI 2. 6%-3. 8%), among boys were 3. 6%( 95% CI 2. 9%-4. 3%) and girls were 2. 8%( 95%CI 2. 2%-3. 3%). Stunting rate among children and adolescents aged 6-17 in urban area were 1. 5%( 95% CI 1. 0%-2. 1%), and rural area were 4. 7%( 95% CI 3. 8%-5. 6%). Prevalence of stunting showed rising trend with the decline of economic level. Total prevalence of wasting among children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years in China in2010-2012 were 9. 0%( 95% CI 8. 0%-9. 9%), 10. 4%( 95% CI 9. 3%-11. 6%)for boys and 7. 3%( 95% CI 6. 5%-8. 1%) for girls, 7. 8%( 95% CI 6. 6%-9. 0%)for urban area and 10. 0%( 95% CI 8. 6%-11. 4%) for rural area. Prevalence of wasting also showed rising trend with the decline of economic level., Conclusion: The overall prevalence of stunting and wasting among Chinese children and adolescents in 31 provinces( municipalities, autonomous region) was relatively low, however, stunting and wasting in poor areas should still be concerned.

Objective: To describe the age-standardized prevalence of hypertension based on the value from mercury sphygmomanometer and converted electronic sphygmomanometer among adults 18 years old and over in China 2010-2012., Methods: Data was from the Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010-2012. The total number was 120 428 which selected through the method of multi-stage stratified cluster randomization sampling and probability proportion to size( PPS). The study objects were adults aged 18 and over in 31 Provinces and 150 sites in China Mainland. There were four categories areas: large cities, medium and small cities, general rural areas and poor rural areas. An average of blood pressure value was calculated though three systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings taken by mercury sphygmomanometer. The value of converted electronic sphygmomanometer was from a survey. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg and/or use of antihypertensive drug in the past two weeks. Age-standardized result were calculated incorporating a complex sample weighting using the population data from the National Bureau of Statistics in 2009., Results: The overall adjusted prevalence of hypertension based on the value of mercury sphygmomanometer among Chinese adults aged18 and over was 22. 8%( 95% CI 21. 3%-24. 3%) in 2011-2012. It was 24. 1%( 95%CI 22. 3%-26. 0%) in men and 21. 4%( 95% CI 20. 0%-22. 9%) in women. It showed 9. 7%( 95% CI 8. 6%-10. 9%), 32. 7%( 95% CI 30. 8%-34. 5%) and52. 6%( 95% CI 51. 0%-54. 3%) in 18-44, 45-59 and 60 + age groups. Hypertension was 24. 5%( 95% CI 22. 4%-26. 7%) in urban and 21. 1%( 95% CI19. 0%-23. 2%) in rural. The prevalence of hypertension based on the value of converted electronic device was 25. 2%( 95% CI 23. 6%-26. 7%). It was 26. 2%( 95%CI 24. 4%-27. 9%) in men and 24. 1%( 95% CI 22. 6%-25. 6%) in women. 10. 6%( 95% CI 9. 4%-11. 8%), 35. 7%( 95% CI 34. 0%-37. 5%) and 58. 9%( 95% CI57. 0%-60. 7%) was found in 18-44, 45-59 and 60 + age groups. Prevalent hypertension was 26. 8%( 95% CI 24. 7%-28. 8%) in urban and 23. 5%( 95% CI21. 2%-25. 8%) in rural area., Conclusion: Prevalence of hypertension among the adults in China is increasing. The prevalence of hypertension from mercury sphygmomanometer is lower than that of converted electronic value. Both kinds of value have similar characteristics. More men than women have a hypertension. There is a higher prevalence as growth of age. There is a decreasing prevalence of hypertension in large cities, medium and small cities, general rural areas and poor rural areas.

Objective: To analyze the status and variation trend of eggs food intake among Chinese residents., Methods: Multi-stage cluster randomization sampling method was used to collect data about eggs food intake among residents in 150 surveillance sites of China National Nutrition and Health Survey in 31 provinces of China from 2010 to 2012. Food frequency questionnaire and 24-hours recall for three consecutive days were used to collect information on eggs food consumption of the participants. The eggs food intake per standard people were calculated based on the China Food Composition., Results: The proportion of residents reporting the frequency of 1 or more times per day for eggs food were 31. 3% in the children and 25. 8% in the adult and the estimated daily eggs food was24. 3 grams for all the residents. The estimated daily eggs food for the residents of urban( 29. 5 g) was higher than that of rural( 19. 4 g)( T = 47. 86, P < 0. 0001). The eggs food consumption frequency and intake showed a decreasing trend for the residents with different residential regions in an order of big cities, small and medium-sized cities, common rural area, and poverty rural area. In past 30 years, the eggs food intake was increased substantial in the residents from 1982 to 2002. Althought the total the eggs food intake was increased gradually for all residents from 2002 to 2010-2012, the eggs food intake was decreased slightly for both the residents in urban and rural areas during the period., Conclusion: The consumption frequency and intake of eggs food among Chinese residents are still at a low level and exist regional differences. Some measures should be taken to guide reasonable eggs food consumption behavior among Chinese residents.

Objective: To investigate consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages among Chinese adults in 2010-2012., Methods: Data was collected from Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance: 2010-2012. Multi-stage stratified random cluster and probability proportionate sampling method was used, and 45 203 respondents aged 18 and over from 150 sites of 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities were involved in the analysis. The consumption rate of sugar-sweetened beverages, distribution of the classification of the consumption frequency and percentage of variety beverages consumption frequency were calculated., Results: There were 50. 1% of Chinese adults in2010-2012 consuming sugar-sweetened beverages, men and women were 49. 2% and 50. 8%, for age groups of 18-44, 45-59 and 60 and over, the consumption rates were65. 4% %, 47. 0% % 36. 3%, respectively. The prevalence in cities was 49. 0% and in counties was 51. 3%. The rate of consuming 1 time/week and over was 15. 3% and consuming 1 time/day was 1. 3%. As the economical level decreased, the two rates decreased. Carbonated beverages had the highest consumption frequency( 39. 8%), and the lactic acid beverages had the lowest( 10. 8%). Consumption of carbonated beverages in men( 44. 8%) was higher than that in women( 35. 3%), while for the fruit and vegetable juice, lactic acid beverages, disposable milk beverages and coffee, the consumption in women were higher than that in men. As the economical level decreased, consumption of carbonated and disposable milk beverages were increasing, and lactic acid beverages and coffee were decreasing significantly., Conclusion: The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages among adults in 2010-2012 was relatively high. The targeted nutrition health education and intervention was needed and implemented to decrease the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages.

Objective: To describe the age-standardized average intake of dietary sodium in Chinese adults of 18 years old and over in 2010-2012., Methods: Data was from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010-2012. A stratified multistage cluster sampling was used from 31 provinces( autonomous regions and municipalities) and selected 150 districts/counties. The sample was selected through the method of probability proportion to size( PPS). The sample participants were adults aged 18 and over. The average sodium intake was calculated based on dietary data collected using the method of 3 consecutive day edible oil and seasonings weighting and 3 days 24-hour dietary recall. The result were calculated using the complex weight based on national census from the National Bureau of Statistics in 2009., Results: The mean intake of sodium was( 5335. 7 ± 95. 3)mg/d and it was higher for men(( 5744. 9 ± 117. 8) mg/d) than for women(( 4918. 9 ±79. 4) mg/d). The age groups of 40-49(( 5602. 3 ± 152. 7) mg/d), 50-59(( 5640. 0± 113. 8) mg/d) and 60-69(( 5363. 5 ± 100. 8) mg/d) had higher sodium intake than those of other age groups. The sodium intake among the adults in rural(( 5352. 3 ±121. 7) mg/d) area was similar with that of urban(( 5319. 5 ± 145. 9) mg/d). Overall, the mean intake of sodium in medium and small cities(( 5378. 4 ± 170. 3) mg/d), general rural(( 5369. 8 ± 142. 7) mg/d) and poor rural areas(( 5335. 9 ± 231. 6) mg/d) was similar while big city was lowest(( 4993. 8 ± 150. 3) mg/d)., Conclusion: In2010-2012, the mean sodium intake among Chinese adults was still in a very high level. It was necessary to monitor the population sodium intakes and the strategies should be developed to reduce national salt/sodium intakes.

Objective: To describe the mean of systolic blood pressure( SBP), diastolic blood pressure( DBP), and the prevalence of hypertension among 6-17 years old children and adolescents in China in 2010-2012., Methods: Data was from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010-2012. The total number was 35 657 which selected through the method of multi-stage stratified cluster randomization sampling and probability proportion to size( PPS). The study objects were 6-17 years old childrenand adolescents in 31 Provinces and 150 sites in China Mainland. Blood pressure was measured by mercury sphygmomanometer. Hypertension was defined using Blood pressure reference standards for Chinese children and adolescents( 2010). Age-standardized result were calculated incorporating a sample weighting using the national census from the National Bureau of Statistics in 2009., Results: The overall mean SBP was 101 mmHg. It was 102 mmHg for boys and 99 mmHg for girls. It showed 94 mmHg and 105 mmHg in 6-11 and 12-17 age groups. The mean DBP was 65 mmHg. Both boys and girls were 65 mmHg. It was 61 mmHg and 68 mmHg in 6-11 and 12-17 age groups. The prevalence of hypertension was 12. 4% in children and adolescents in China. It was 12. 4% in boys and 12. 3% in girls. It showed 7. 3% in 6-11 age group and 15. 6% in 12-17 group. The SBP, DBP and prevalence of hypertension were increased with age. The mean SBP of poor rural area was lowest and there was no difference in SBP and hypertensive prevalence., Conclusion: The government should pay more attention on blood pressure and hypertension in 6-17 years old children and adolescents. It is important to strengthen the surveillance and early detection and prevention.

Objective: To study the consistency between the electronic sphygmomanometer and mercury sphygmomanometer on blood pressure measuring in children and adolescents., Methods: 201 children and adolescents were from 6neighborhood of Hunan Province. Dr Mike BPA100 Plus electronic sphygmomanometer was used for three times to test the difference. The blood pressure value of mercury sphygmomanometer was gold standard. The difference of systolic pressure and diastolic pressure of two devices was tested using paired t test, Bland-Altman analysis, and interclass correlation coefficient., Results: Paired t test showed the statistical difference on the systolic pressure( t = 24. 71, 0. 0001) and diastolic pressure( t = 23. 81, < 0. 0001) of two devices. Both the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure of electronic sphygmomanometer was higher than that of mercury sphygmomanometer. Bland-Altman analysis showed mercury sphygmomanometer couldn 't be simply replaced by electronic sphygmomanometer. The result of interclass correlation coefficient presented a poor consistency between two devices., Conclusion: In order to get scientific conclusion, the comparable study between two blood pressure measuring devices should be conductedbefore a large-scale survey on child and adolescent.

Objective: To analyze the trends of food consumption among Chinese population from 1992 to 2012., Methods: Based on the results of 1992, 2002 and 2010-2012, data of average food consumption per reference man per day was compared. The 3-consecutive day-24-hour dietary recall was used to collect information on food intake, but the condiment intake was collected by weighting method., Results: The intake of cereals decreased during 1992-2012 from 439. 9 g to 337. 3 g, tubers decreased 50. 8 g during20 years. The intake of fresh vegetables was decreased from 310. 3 g to 269. 4 g from 1992 to 2012, with rural area decreased more than urban area. Fruit intake in urban area decreased from 80. 1 g to 28. 8 g, whereas rural area had minor variation. The intake ofmeats increased from 58. 9 g to 89. 7 g. There were little change on the intake of legume, dairy, fishery and their products. Intake of edible oil was increased during 1992-2002but kept stable during 2002-2012. Salt intake was 3. 4 g less in 2010-2012 than 1992 and 1. 5 g less in 2010-2012 than 2002., Conclusion: There had been noticeable changes in dietarypattern among Chinese population in the past 20 years. Even though Chinese dietary pattern had kept stable since 2002 and had much improved, improper food consumption still existed. Double burdens should be considered as problems which asked for attention by the government and researchers.

Objective: To analyze the drinking practice of people in China. The purpose is to provide the evidence to alcohol drinking control in China., Methods: The data of 2010- 2012 China National Nutrition and Health Survey was used for this study. 145263 subjects aged 15 years and over were involved., Results: The overall current drinking rate of people in China was 34. 3%, male( 54. 6%) was higher than female( 13. 3%), The 45 ~ 59 years age group ranked the highest( 38. 6%). Beer( 64. 6%)was the most, high degree wine( 38. 7%) and low degree wine( 29. 7%) were next in china drinkers. The daily alcohol consumption for drinkers was 28. 1g, 32. 8g for males and 8. 0 g for females. Daily alcohol intake( 38. 5 g) of 45 ~ 59 years were the highest. Of those who drank, 30. 4% were heavy drinkers, male( 34. 8%) was higher than female( 11. 7%). Of those who drank, 13. 9% were hazardous drinkers, male( 16. 0%) was higher than female( 4. 7%)., Conclusion: Alcohol drinking has become a public health problem in China, and the drinking behaviors varied between differentgenders and ages. Health education program should be developed and conducted, especially for males of 45 ~ 59 years old.

Objective: To analyze the mean population intake of salt in Chinese adults in 2010-2012., Methods: Data were from the Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010-2012. The samples were selected through the method of probability proportion to size (PPS). The study objects were 55 531 adults aged 18 and over from 150 sites in 31 provinces, autonomous regions or municipalities in China. The information of oil, salt and other condiments for household was from the 3 d food weighed record. The average of salt intake for individuals was calculated based on the energy percentage in one family. The results presented the level of salt intake (x ± Sx) by analyzing the different demography characteristics. The results were calculated using complex weighting by the population data from National Bureau of Statistics in 2009., Results: The intake of salt was (9.6 ± 0.3) g/d and it was higher in men ((10.4 ± 0.4) g/d) than that in women ((8.8 ± 0.3) g/d). The intake in the age group of 40-49, 50-59 and 60-69 was (9.9 ± 0.5) g/d, (10.3 ± 0.4) g/d and (9.9 ± 0.3) g/d, respectively. The adults in rural ((10.2 ± 0.3) g/d) had a higher salt intake than that of urban ((9.0 ± 0.5) g/d). An average of salt intake was increased gradually in big city ((7.9 ± 0.3) g/d), medium /small city ((9.2 ± 0.6) g/d) , general rural ((9.9 ± 0.4) g/d) and poor rural ((10.8 ± 0.7)g/d)., Conclusion: The mean salt intake among Chinese adults was still in a very high level. Something should be done to reduce the salt intake for the government and policy-makers.

Objective: To analyze the consumption of fruits and vegetables of Chinese adults., Methods: Data were collected from 2010-2012 China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance. Information on fruits and vegetables consumption was collected by using the 24 h recall method for 3 consecutive days. Using the multi-stage stratified cluster randomization sampling method. The participants selected were more than 18 years old of 150 counties from 31 provinces in China. Age and sex standardization was performed based on the China 2009 population published by National Statistics Bureau. The average consumption of vegetables or fruits after weight adjustment for complex sampling was reported to analyze the consumption of fruits and vegetables of Chinese adults (x ± Sx)., Results: The average daily consumptions of vegetables and fruits for Chinese residents were (255 ± 6) and (36 ± 3)g/d, respectively. The total consumptions of fruits and vegetables were (291 ± 7)g/d, (295 ± 8)g/d for male, (286 ± 7)g/d for female. Rates on intake of vegetables in Chinese adults during the three survey days were 99.0%-99.8%.Rates on intake of fruits of urban and rural residents were 36.9%-51.5% and 21.3%-30.3%,respectively.The proportion of people whose total amount of vegetables and fruits intake reached 400 g/d were 24%-28% and 13%-23% in urban and rural areas, respectively. In urban and rural areas, the proportion of adults whose consumption reached Chinese dietary guidelines recommended level were 22%-26% and 14%-19% in vegetables, 2%-5% and 1%-2% in fruit, respectively., Conclusion: The consumptions of vegetables and fruits were inadequate in Chinese adults.

Objective: To compare the electronic sphygmomanometer with mercury sphygmomanometer on measuring the average blood pressure, prevalence of hypertension in a same population. To set up a numerical relationship between two blood pressure value of the two devices., Methods: 544 adults of ≥ 18 years old were from 6 neighborhood of Hunan Province. OMRON HEM-907 and mercury sphygmomanometer were used to test the difference. The blood pressure value of mercury sphygmomanometer was gold standard. The difference of systolic pressure and diastolic pressure of two devices was tested using paired t test and Bland-Altman analysis. Chi-square test was used to analyze the two prevalence of hypertension among the same population. The equation of linear regression was established using the value of blood pressure of two devices., Results: Paired t test showed the statistical difference on the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure of two devices (P < 0.0001). Chi-square test presented a higher prevalence of hypertension by using the electronic sphygmomanometer (P < 0.0001). Bland-Altman analysis showed mercury sphygmomanometer couldn't be simply replaced by electronic sphygmomanometer. The two independent equation of linear regression was calculated on systolic pressure and diastolic pressure., Conclusion: The difference still existed when using the electronic sphygmomanometer and mercury sphygmomanometer at a large scale population. It's important to conduct the comparative study on electronic sphygmomanometer and mercury sphygmomanometer.

Objective: To investigate the intakes of trans fatty acids over the age of 3 in different populations, and to determine the high exposure food and population in two cities., Methods: Use food frequency survey to investigate the frequency and the average intake of food containing trans fatty acids among subjects in the past three months., Results: The first ranks high exposure food is vegetable oil, while other food is different in sequence among two cities. The common high exposure populations are 13-17 years old groups and students at school groups., Conclusion: The high exposure food and population are different among two cities, and the reasons are so various that we need further research.

Objective: To explore the malnutrition status and influencing factors in children with migrant worker mother in poor areas of 13 provinces., Methods: Survey data was from the program of Public Health Emergency Response and Operation Mechanism-Establish the monitoring and information system on nutrition and health and related risk factors in 0-5 children in 2009 which funded by China CDC. Multistage stratified random cluster sampling method used in the national survey was performed. The contents of the investigation included questionnaire survey, anthropometric measurement,biochemical tests and dietary survey. The subjects of the study were 2161 children no more than 18 months in the survey. Z-scores were calculated according to WHO growth standards (2006). Data processing and multiple factors analysis were finished by non condition logistic regression in software SAS 9.12., Results: There were 9.3% children whose mother were migrant workers in the target population. The prevalence of stunting and underweight in children with migrant worker mother was 15.5% and 6.0% Excluding other influencing factors, the results suggested that low birth weight (OR=2.543, 95% CI 1.481-4.365), minority nationality (OR=1.661, 95% CI 1.274-2.165), mother is migrant worker (OR=1.602,95% CI 1.085-2.367), the nearest medical institution at a distance of >or=1 km (OR=1.308, 95% CI 1.008-1.696), and unsanitary toilet (OR=1.311, 95% CI 1.017-1.689) are the most important independent factors among 0-18 months young children., Conclusion: Malnutrition in children with migrant worker mother in poor areas should not be ignored. Enhance the monitoring and adopt comprehensive improvement are useful to improve the growth of children.

Objective: To analyze the change of family feeding methods after nutrition intervention for nurslings between 6 to 24 months in Zhouqu ., Method: Choose 252 nurslings in basic survey and 239 in final survey by PPS sampling and obtain the change of feeding methods by questionnaire., Results: After the one year's intervention, the rate of pure breast feeding increases from 26.98% to 39.33%, the rate of breast feeding in one hour after the baby delivered increases from 17.06% to 38.09%. The rate of feeding formula powder increases from 27.28% to 61.51% and the status of feeding vegetable meat and bean are improved. The rate for early complementary feeding for special kings of food decreased., Conclusion: After the one year's intervention, the feeding methods improves in total, but there are still some problems. It isrequired to enhance intervention and formulate and implement a kind of reasonable intervention method to attach the objective of scientific feeding for nurslings.

Objective: To investigate the effect of nutritional status in childhood on health status in adulthood., Methods: Data were collected from the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 1991, 1993, 1997, 2001, 2004 and 2006, and the subjects were older than 2 and no more than 18 year-old at the Survey in 1991 and remained in the same cohort with completed records through all six surveys. Mixed effect linear model was used to study the trajectory of BMI. Proportional hazards model was used to study the hazard risk of hypertension in adulthood., Results: Generally, the thinness or overweight-obesity status in childhood followed a same trend till adulthood. Nutritional status in childhood and the educational level of their parents appeared to be related to risk factors of hypertension in adulthood. The hazard ratio of not developing hypertension for additional 1 gram of protein intake per day in male subjects was 0.991, and which for additional 1 kcal of energy intake per day in female subjects was 0.9997., Conclusion: The nutritional health status in childhood keeps the same trajectory till adulthood.

Objective: To analyze the main factors influencing the breastfeeding of children within 6 months after birth in poor areas, to provide effective intervention measures for improving the unreasonable behavior in order to promote healthy development of children., Methods: Using the data of nutrition and health monitoring of children under 2 years of age in poor areas of China in 2007 - 2009. Analyzing the factors which influencing the behavior of feeding children., Results: Single factor analysis and multivariate analysis showed that the nationality, place of delivery, main caregiver, family per capita income were important influencing factors., Conclusion: Health education is to be strengthened for improving the breastfeeding of children within 6 months after birth in poor areas, especially in ethnic minority areas and families with lower per capita income. Measures on interventions of these influencing factors and scientific feeding patterns should be established.

Objective: To study the status of malnutrition and its influencing factors in children less than 5 years of age in poor areas of China in 2009., Methods: Multistage stratified random cluster sampling method used in the national survey was performed. The subjects of the study were 7818 children less than 5 years of age in poor areas. The contents of the investigation included questionnaire survey, anthropometric measurement, biochemical tests and dietary survey. Z-scores were calculated according to WHO growth standards. The prevalence of malnutrition was calculated hy WHO Anthro V 3. 2. 2 software. Data processing and multiple factors analysis were finished hy non condition logistic regression in software SAS 9.12., Results: The prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting in children under 5 year-old in poor areas of China were 15.9%, 7.8% and 3.7% respectively. Excluding other influencing factors, the results suggested that the low birth weight (OR = 1.975, 95% CI = 1.515 -2.575), household income less than 2000 Yuan per capita per year (OR = 1.813, 95% CI = 1.364 -2.409), not cared by father/mother (OR = 1.190, 95% CI = 1.022 - 1.387) and no sanitary drinking water (OR = 1.282, 95% CI = 1.120 - 1.466) are the most important factors making the child more likely to become malnutrition. Compared to the child whose mother was professional personnel, cadre or army-woman, the child whose mother was farmer (OR = 5.384, 95% CI = 2.490 - 11.642), migrant worker (OR = 4.244, 95% CI 1.953 - 9.222) , rural handicraft worker or individual-owned businesswoman (OR = 4. 872, 95% CI = 2.169 - 10.947) and household wife (OR = 5.331, 95% CI = 2.438 - 11.654) was easy to become malnutrition. The nearest medical institution at a distance of not more than 1 km is a protective factor for malnutrition (OR = 1.246, 95% CI = 1.100 -1.411). The risk of malnutrition would be increased when food supplements were started from the 9th month after birth (OR = 1.194, 95% CI = 1.016 - 1.403)., Conclusion: Malnutrition in children under 5 year-old in poor areas of China should not be ignored. Influencing factors are still existing and changing. Comprehensive improvement will be the effective measure for changing the nutritional status of children.

Objective: To investigate and analysis the growth and anemia status of 0-2 years old infant and child in poor rural areas of Guangxi autonomous region., Methods: 659 child under 2 years old were selected randomly to measure the length, weight and hemoglobin concentration, and to get the child basic condition information through questionnaire., Results: In this area, the percent of 0-2 years old child growth retardation was 24.6%, under weight was 19.5%, wasting was 11.4% and anemia was 22.6%., Conclusion: The malnutrition and anemia status of 0-2 years old infant and child in investigated areas was severe.

Objective: To analyze the effect of complex nutrients on growth and development, intelligence and nutrition state of 6-12 years old children in two continuous years., Methods: According to the rural school's similar condition, such as social economical statement, education condition and proportion of students entering schools, 6 rural schools were respectively selected in Xishui County of Hubei Province as the experimental group and control group. In the former, middle and later periods (2004, 2005, 2006 ), growth and development, nutrition state and intelligence were analyzed and compared., Results: The increase of height and weight in experimental group were higher than those of the control group. In 2 years, height in experimental group increased 12.9 cm, while the control group increased 11.5 cm. Weights increased in experimental group were 6.6 kg, while the control group increased 5.2 kg. Girl's bone density in experimental group increased from 0.236 g/cm in 2004 to 0.280 g/cm in 2006. The hemoglobin contents of 4 age group's children in experimental group increased significantly (P < 0.05) . While the anemia prevalence decreased 25 .8% in 2 years, the control group decreased 7.2%. Moreover, other results showed that the complex nutrients also have some effect on the intelligence in experiment group., Conclusions: The complex nutrients supplement could improve the rural school children's growth and development, bone and intelligence.

Objective: To analyze the feeding situation and change trend of the infants and young children under the age of 2 years in China., Methods: The multi-stage cluster probability sampling was used to select randomly total 7204 infants and young children under the age of 2 years from Chinese 14 provinces, autonomy regions and municipalities. Questionnaires for parents were used to collect the information of feeding., Results: The national breastfeeding rate of infant under 6 months was 49.2% in 2006, which of urban and rural was 51.9% and 48.5% respectively. About the complementary feeding of the infants and young children of 6 to 24 months old, the addition rate of formula, common milk and milk products, cereals, meats, aquatic products, eggs, legume, vegetable and fruit is 41.8%, 47.6%, 94.4%, 78.0%, 59.9%, 87.4%, 64.9% and 90.2% respectively., Conclusion: The nutritional status of infants and young children still need further concerns, for the reason that the exclusive breastfeeding rate remained in a low level, especially the rate in rural areas showed a dramatic decreased trend. Meanwhile, the complementary feeding frequently begins too early or too late, and foods are often nutritionally inadequate and unsafe.

Objective: To analyze the malnutrition status and change trend of the children under the age of 5 years in China, and to afford the reference information for the establishment of children nutrition related policies., Methods: According to the classification of east, middle and west areas in China, as well as urban and rural, the multi-stage cluster probability sampling was used to select randomly total 17607 children under the age of 5 years, whose weight and height were measured by standard method., Results: In Chinese children under the age of 5 years, the stunting prevalence of Chinese children under 5 years was 9.9%, the underweight prevalence was 5.9% and the wasting prevalence was 2.2%. There were significant differences of the malnutrition prevalence between the urban areas and rural areas (P < 0.05). The prevalence of stunting of rural children was 5.3 times higher than that of urban as well as the prevalence of underweight in rural was 4.6 times higher than that in urban. In the same way, the prevalence of children malnutrition in middle and west areas was significantly higher than that of the prevalence in east area (P < 0.05). In comparison with the data of Chinese Nutrition and Health Survey (CNHS) in 2002, the prevalence of children stunting and underweight decreased by 30.8% and 24.4% respectively in 2006., Conclusion: In recent years, the malnutrition prevalence of Chinese children under the age of 5 years declined yearly and the decreases of prevalence of children malnutrition in urban areas was more faster than that in rural areas. It showed that the nutrition status of the children in west areas needs more improvement and at the same time, the status of children nutrition of west area also requires more concerns.