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BackgroundAnimal studies have shown that exposure to organophosphate esters (OPEs) disturbs the composition of gut microbiome in rodents and zebrafish. However, current associated evidence in humans is limited. Considering the importance of gut microbiome in neonatal development, we need to investigate the impact of OPEs exposure on the early development stage of neonatal microbiome. ObjectiveTo investigate the associations between umbilical OPEs exposure and the diversity and composition of gut microbiome in newborns. MethodsBased on the Shanghai Maternal-Child Pairs Cohort (MCPC), 391 mother-infant pairs with comprehensive follow-up information and bio-samples were enrolled in this study. Concentrations of OPEs in neonatal cord blood were quantified using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Meconium samples were collected after delivery and measured through 16S rRNA sequencing on the Illumina Miseq platform. Multiple linear regression models were used to assess the effects of OPEs exposure on the alpha diversity of meconium microbiome. Principal coordinate analysis and permutational multivariate analysis of variance based on unweighted UniFrac distance were used to compare the beta diversity differences between high and low exposure groups of OPEs. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) was utilized to analyze the differential gut microbiome taxa between high and low OPEs exposure groups. The functional pathways involved in the meconium microbiome were predicted based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, and multivariate analysis by linear models (MaAsLin2) were conducted to explore the effects of OPEs exposure on gut microbiome pathways. ResultsSeven OPEs were detectable in the neonatal cord blood samples, of which four were detected higher than 50% including tributyl phosphate (TBP), tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), and tris (2-chloro-1 (chloromethyl) ethyl) phosphate (TDCPP), and the median concentrations of these four congeners were as follows: 0.52 μg·L−1 for TBP, 2.41 μg·L−1 for TBEP, 0.13 μg·L−1 for EHDPP, and 2.23 μg·L−1 for TDCPP. A significant association was observed between umbilical TBEP and TDCPP exposure and alpha diversity indices in neonatal meconium microbiome. Beta diversity significantly differed across varied high and low OPEs exposure groups. The results of LEfSe analysis indicated a significant correlation between umbilical OPEs exposure and 27 genera, including Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, Neisseria, Haemophilus, and Parabacteroides. The MaAsLin2 analysis identified associations between OPEs exposure and upregulation of pathways related to linoleic acid metabolism, steroid biosynthesis, Toll and Imd signaling pathway, retinol metabolism, NOD like receptor signaling pathway, and fatty acid biosynthesis . ConclusionUmbilical OPEs exposure is associated increased alpha diversity indices, increased relative abundances of Neisseria, Streptococcus, Parabacteroides, and Corynebacterium in the gut microbiome, as well as predicted metabolic pathway alterations in linoleic acid metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, etc. These findings indicate that umbilical OPEs exposure may disrupt meconium microbiome equilibrium.

Using HYSPLIT and GDAS, it will be analyzed what is the water vapor contribution of the 16 rainstorms, and what includes backward water vapor trajectory tracking, main channels and different sources in the warm season of 1981-2020 in western southern Xinjiang (April-September). the result shows: Water vapor mainly originates from Southwest Asia, Central Asia, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea and their vicinity, the Atlantic Ocean and its coasts, at 850 hPa in the plain area, there is water vapor originating from southern and northern Xinjiang. At 500 hPa, water vapor mainly enters the rainstorm area from the west channel, the contribution of water vapor to the heavy rain is greater and the loss is also greater, that comes from Southwest Asia and Central Asia. In the lower troposphere, there are two main channels for water vapor to enter the rainstorm area from the west and east. At 700 hPa, the contribution of each channel and each water vapor source to the rainstorm is different in different regions. In the plain area of 850 hPa, the eastward channel of the heavy rain contributed the most to the heavy rain, and the water vapor loss along the source area was small, and the largest contribution to the heavy rain was in the source area of northern Xinjiang. In the plain area, water vapor originates from Southwest Asia, Central Asia, Southern Xinjiang and Northern Xinjiang. It is mainly transported to 700 hPa and below. It originates from the water vapor near the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea, the Atlantic Ocean and its coast, it is mainly transported to a height above 700 hPa. At 500 hPa in the plain area, the water vapor transport of heavy rain is dominant from more than 2000 m, while the mountainous area is the opposite. In the western part of southern Xinjiang, there are sources of water vapor from southern and northern Xinjiang during heavy rains, and under certain conditions, there are sources of water vapor from North America and North Africa, which are different from previous research results.

The Kangding tunnel of the Sichuan-Tibet Railway crosses the Xianshuihe Fault Zone where geothermal abnormity occurs and is harmful for railway construction. This paper analyzes the genetic mechanism of geothermal waters through the integration of field survey, hydrochemical analysis and D-O isotopic experiments. The results show that HCO3·Cl—Na and HCO3—Na types are the main hydrochemical types of hot springs in the Kangding tunnel area, which exists in the Zheduotang, Kangding and Zhonggu geothermal areas. Geothermal waters are immature and the reservoir temperature ranges from 104 ℃ to 172 ℃. Deep initial geothermal waters display the reservoir temperature of 186−250 ℃ and are mixed by 56%−81% of cold water. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes show that the recharge elevation of the geothermal water ranges from 3768 m to 4926 m. In the study area, geothermal waters are recharged by water source at high elevation. The main fault is the structure of thermal conductivity, and secondary faults and fracture zones are the channel of water migration. Geothermal waters arise and expose as hot springs on the land surface. Simulated geothermal field of 100 m has the temperatures of 35.4−95.1 ℃. Relatively low-temperature channel may be existed among three geothermal areas. High-temperature geohazard induced by geothermal water should be focused in the Kangding area during tunnel construction.

Based on the development of sedimentology and its industrial application, research demands on the sedimentary reservoirs in the oil and gas exploration and development in the future are summarized, and the future key research fields and directions are put forward as well. Recently, sedimentology in China has achieved a number of accomplishments: Lithofacies paleogeography and a new model of sandbody in shallow water delta of depositional basins during significant tectonic movements have been built, expanding the fields of oil and gas exploration. New knowledge of deep-water sedimentary sandbody distribution has sustained significant discoveries in (ultra-)deep water area and lacustrine basin center. New cognition of (ultra-)deep reservoir mechanism extends the depth of oil and gas exploration and development. New progresses on development pattern of organic-rich shale and study of unconventional reservoirs make a series of major breakthroughs in unconventional oil and gas exploration and development. Multi-scale development geological modeling predicts the distribution of remaining oil effectively. New techniques and methods of sedimentary reservoirs provide a foundation for the development of the sedimentology theory and its industrial application. In the future development of sedimentology, it is necessary to make progress in traditional sedimentology, to innovate fine-grained sedimentology and unconventional reservoir geology and to provide a foundation for sedimentary prototype basin restoration, organic-rich shale area evaluation, favorable reservoir prediction and favorable target area optimization, promoting the continuous innovations on sedimentology. Key words: sedimentology, fine-grained sediment, (ultra-)deep reservoir, deep water sediment, unconventional reservoir, reservoir configuration

The onshore exploration realm has been continuously expanded to (ultra-) deep oil and gas recently in China. New comprehension and significant breakthroughs have been made in understanding generation and preservation conditions, reservoirs formation mechanisms, exploration potential, petroleum resources assessments, and exploration engineering technology of deep oil and gas. Deep oil and gas reservoirs include clastic, carbonate and volcanic settings. The temperature of deep oil can be up to 295 °C. Long term shallow burial and rapid deep burial at late stages help preserve the porosity in deep clastic rocks, and dissolution and fracturing effects improve their reservoir properties. Affected by faulting, hydrothermal karst processes, dolomitization and early oil and gas injection, carbonate rocks have good reservoir properties even at depths of 8 000 m. Controlled by tectonism, volcanism, diagenesis and diagenetic reconstruction during supergene and burial stages, primary and secondary weathering types of reservoirs develop deep volcanic reservoirs. Deep oil and gas resources in China are distributed mainly within three main practical areas of carbonate, clastic and volcanic areas. Dominated by gas, some of the more productive areas include the Tarim, Ordos, Sichuan, Junggar, Songliao, Santanghu and Bohai Bay basins. Deep oil and gas exploration in China has entered an age of breakthrough and discovery. Relevant engineering technology, such as ultra deep well drilling and ultra high temperature drilling fluid techniques have facilitated the ability to find (ultra-) deep oil and gas. Key words: deep oil and gas, reservoir formation mechanism, resources potential, exploration engineering technology