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ObjectiveTo establish an item response theory (IRT) model for functional assessment of spinal muscular atrophy based on the Hammersmith functional motor scale expanded.MethodsA total of 23 patients with SMA were treated with corrective treatment in the Department of Geriatric Neurology and the Department of Pediatrics of the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University from February 2021 to June 2023. IRT was constructed using these repeated measurement data based on stack design. The comparisons between well-fitted models were based on likelihood ratio. And item guessing, carelessness, difficultyand personal abilities (θ) of selected optimal model were calculated. Differential test functioning (DTF) test was conducted for gender and rehabilitation therapy to test the bias. Monte Carlo simulation was used to prove that the item difficulty distribution of the model was not affected by the sampling process. And person-item plot was drawn according to the median expected difficulty. and the differences in the difficulty of each item in HFMSE scale and personal abilities among each evaluations were discussed.ResultsA total of 32items were included in this study and 4 alternative models were constructed. Three-parametric logistic model was selected as the optimal model with the best fitness (P＞0.05, M2 statistics = 479.75). In 3PLM, the caution of all items was 1, and the discrimination, guessing and difficulty of the items were calculated. There were no DTFs for gender and rehabilitation therapy. The results showed high reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.955, LCRC = 0.981) and validity [θ value is positively correlated with the original total score (P

Identifying passable areas is a crucial aspect of autonomous driving technology in mining. Open-pit mining road scenes are characterized by unclear road boundaries and varying surface flatness. When using traditional concentric circle ground segmentation models for fitting mining road planes, misclassification issues often arise, such as disconnection between passable areas and vehicles, and inconsistencies in passable area recognition results across frames. This paper proposed a method for identifying passable areas in mining roads based on spatiotemporal continuous compensation. First, the mining road was modeled using a concentric circle model, and principal component analysis was applied for multi-plane fitting to obtain the initial segmentation results of passable areas. Next, based on spatial connectivity, regional connectivity filtering and point connectivity filtering were performed on the initial passable areas using the region-growing algorithm and density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise algorithm, respectively, to obtain passable areas that meet spatial connectivity criteria. Finally, to eliminate unstable regions with inconsistent passability across different point cloud frames, a grid map was constructed based on a normal distribution transformation algorithm, and temporal stability weights were used to assess grid stability, ultimately filtering out unstable regions through regional grid projection. Test results in mining indicated that the proposed method for identifying passable areas achieved an accuracy of 93.44%, representing a 2.27% improvement over existing mainstream algorithms; the recall rate was 99.14%, reflecting an 8.26% enhancement compared to current mainstream algorithms. The proposed method not only exhibits good spatial connectivity in disconnected areas but also demonstrates strong temporal stability in rugged regions.

ObjectiveBased on Hammersmith Function Motor Scale Expanded （HFMSE），the study aimed at constructing item response model （IRM） to evaluate the functioning of patients with spinal muscular atrophy （SMA） and exploring the metrical characteristics of HFMSE.MethodsWe recruited 23 SMA patients who received corrective treatment in the Department of Geriatric Neurology and the Department of Pediatrics of the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University from February 2021 to June 2023. IRM was constructed using these repeated measurement data based on stack design［1］. ，The comparisons between well-fitted models were based on likelihood ratio. And item guessing，carelessness，difficultyand personal abilities （θ） of selected optimal model were calculated. Differential test functioning （DTF） test was conducted for gender and rehabilitation therapy to test the bias. Monte Carlo simulation was used to prove that the item difficulty distribution of the model was not affected by the sampling process. And person-item plot was drawn according to the median expected difficulty. and the differences in the difficulty of each item in HFMSE scale and personal abilities among each evaluations were discussed.ResultsA total of 32items were included in this study and 4 alternative models were constructed. Three-parametric logistic model was selected as the optimal model with the best fitness （p > 0. 05，M2 statistics = 479. 75）. In 3PLM，the caution of all items was 1，and the discrimination，guessing and difficulty of the items were calculated. There were no DTFs for gender and rehabilitation therapy. The results showed high reliability （Cronbach's α = 0. 955，LCRC = 0. 981） and validity ［θ value is positively correlated with the original total score （P-5TTS2. A person-item plot showing the location of item parameters and individual parameters on the personal abilities （θ） scale was used to observe the relationship between θ values and item difficulties.ConclusionThe IRT model based on HFMSE offered a new approach to evaluate functional levels of SMA patients and difficulties of items. The calculation of item guessing，carelessness and difficulty of selected optimal model provides recommendations for better clinical practice of HFMSE. The study offers a new perspective for the assessment of the functions of SMA patients and guidance for the development of rehabilitation programs.

(1) Background--The wood-based panels industry is an important pillar industry of China's forestry economy, and export is an important driving force for the development of China's wood-based panels industry. In recent years, China's wood-based panels exports have shown a negative growth trend. Research on the factors affecting the international competitiveness of the world' s wood-based panels is conducive to China' s wood-based panels to regain international competitive advantages, improve international competitiveness, and promote the construction of a new dual-cycle development pattern and the high-quality development of China's wood-based panels industry. (2) Methods--First, based on the panel data of the top 20 countries whose wood-based panels exports accounted for more than 80% in the world from 2000 to 2020, the key indicators of international competitiveness were calculated, and the entropy method was used to measure the comprehensive competitiveness indexes. Then, on the base of the theory of the generalized double diamond model, the index system of the influencing factors of the international competitiveness was constructed, and the quantitative relationship between the international competitiveness of wood-based panels and various influencing factors was analyzed by using the panel data model. Finally, the paper analyzed the heterogeneity of the countries with different levels of development and the subdivided product types of wood-based panels to explore the main influencing factors. (3) Results--First, the forest resource endowments, domestic related supporting industries, domestic competition status and international trade facilitation are the positive influencing factors, while labor costs, domestic demand conditions and foreign competition status are the negative influencing factors. Second, there are significant differences in the factors affecting the international competitiveness of wood-based panels among countries with different levels of development. In the developed countries, the forest resource endowments, domestic demand conditions and international market demand are the main factors that form the international competitiveness of wood-based panels. While in the developing countries, domestic related supporting industries and domestic competition status are crucial, relying on price advantage is easy to lose international competitive advantages due to the rising labor costs. The negative impact of domestic demand conditions is mainly reflected in the developing countries. Third, the factors affecting the international competitiveness of wood-based panels of different product types are also different. The international competitiveness of plywood is more dependent on the forest resource endowments, more sensitive to the rise in labor costs, more affected by domestic related supporting industries and international trade facilitation, and also faces greater international competition pressure. (4) Conclusions and Discussions--In order to improve the international competitiveness of China's wood-based panels: First, pay attention to the promotion of China's wood-based panels international competitiveness. Second, make use of the high-end domestic market to improve domestic demand conditions. Third, actively promote the construction of industrial raw material forests, accelerate the integration of forests breeding and panels production to ensure the supply of wooden raw materials. Fourth, popularize the application of advanced equipment and technology, and give full play to the role of relevant supporting industries. Fifth, seize the new opportunities for international cooperation and make full use of international trade facilitation. Sixth, stimulate the vitality of all kinds of market entities, and guide capital to invest in the transformation and upgrading of the wood- based panels industry and the development of new types of panels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the state of ecological and environmental protection presents a grim and complex scenario, where the contradiction between environmental preservation and economic growth remains pronounced. The simultaneous pursuit of enhancing environmental quality while addressing climate change has emerged as a crucial objective. This necessitates a coordinated approach to tackling both climate change and ecological and environmental pollution. Achieving a synergistic effect in reducing pollution and carbon emissions has thus become a pivotal strategy in driving China's comprehensive green transformation of economic and social development. This study reveals that previous endeavors in ecological civilization construction have laid asolid groundwork for realizing the synergistic effect of pollution and carbon emission reduction. Central to this effort is the promotion of green transformation in economic and social development to harmonize high-quality economic growth with ecological environment management, thereby enhancing the overall benefits of environmental governance. It is imperative to bolster policy innovation, foster market development, encourage research and development collaboration, and establish a coordinated governance framework for pollution and carbon reduction. The potential contributions of this study areas follows. First, it provides a thorough elucidation of the underlying principles driving the synergistic effect of pollution and carbon emission reduction. Drawing on theoretical and historical analyses, this study delineates the intrinsic relationship between environmental pollution and climate change, shedding light on the foundations of achieving synergies in pollution and carbon reduction. Second, it delves into the nuanced essence of synergies between pollution reduction and carbon emission reduction from a global perspective. Third, it discusses strategies for realizing these synergies, identifying challenges and proposing strategies across policy innovation, market development, and scientific and technological advancements. By elucidating the rationale and scientific essence behind the synergistic effect of pollution and carbon emission reduction, this study contributes to a deeper scientific comprehension of this phenomenon. Furthermore, by analyzing present-day challenges in realizing these synergies and proposing corresponding strategies, this study not only advances scientific inquiry into the subject but also provides valuable insights for formulating targeted policies on environmental pollution prevention and climate governance in the contemporary era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban park space is the promoter of the production efficiency of physical space in the park city system, and the main guarantee of urban quality. Therefore, it is meaningful to carry out quantitative assessment of urban park green space quality. Taking Xuxiaohe park in Binhu science city of Hefei as the research object, based on the index evaluation method of measuring urban design and other research, a quantitative material space and place perception system of green space quality of Xuxiaohe park is formed, which includes 6 dimensions, 5 elements and 13 indicators. Then it is evaluated, analyzed and discussed by using the calculation method of multi-layer structure greening ratio and green space rate, standard deviation ellipse method, space syntax integration degree, space scale perception and average semantic analysis method. The results show that the green space structure of the park is not good, and the arbor structure management needs to be integrated and optimized and strengthened; the accessibility of the park is basically reasonable, and the spatial distribution characteristics of the nodes are not strong. It is necessary to further optimize the nodes and road space; the comfort of the spatial scale perception is good, and the spiritual perception of the place is dull. It is necessary to strengthen the construction of the cultural landscape of the spatial sequence. These provide a reference for the quality optimization of Xuxiaohe Park and the later construction and management of the region, and also serves as a supplement to the quantitative evaluation and construction of urban parks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to reflect wear process more realistically,to find wear characteristic,a calculation model based on the friction work principle is adopted. The cam- tappet simulation software based on MATLAB software is developed. This system consists of data input,the result analysis of wear and life prediction three parts. The software can forecast cam- tappet mechanism wear state and its working life.