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In order to explore the effect of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane pervaporation technology on the concentration of freeze-dried rose hydrolat (Rosa damascene), headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to analyze the volatile aroma components of freeze-dried rose hydrolat, and its sensory properties and applicability were evaluated by sensory analysis. The results showed that 54 aroma components were detected in rose hydrolat, and its characteristic aroma components including phenylethyl alcohol, citronellol and geraniol accounted for more than 90% of the total, indicating great utilization value. After two osmotic concentration cycles, the rose aroma became more intense and typical, and the content of benzene ring compounds significantly increased, characterized by total odor activity value (OAV) of rose aroma substances increased by 20.47%. The sensory flavor profile analysis also showed similar results: the proportion of floral aroma intensity (M value) increased from 37% to 51%, which was consistent with the result of partial least squares regression (PLSR) validation analysis. Additionally, it was found that the aroma intensity of freeze-dried rose hydrolat obtained after secondary osmosis was similar to that of rose essence sold in the market, and still higher than that of rose soda water sold in the market after 100-fold dilution, demonstrating its potential as a flavor enhancer in daily chemicals and beverages.

In order to explore the effects of different combinations of spice essential oils on the quality and safety of air-dried catfish sausages, sausages were prepared from marinated catfish surimi added with a 1:1 (m/m) blend of clove and star anise (CA), clove and perilla (CP), star anise and perilla (AP) or clove, star anise and perilla essential oil (CAP) at 0.03% or none as a control. Moisture content, water activity (aw), pH, color difference, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) value, biological amine content, N-nitrosamine content, and microbial load were measured. Microbial community structure was analyzed by 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that the moisture content of the AP group was 27.13%, and the aw value was 0.765. The L* and a* values of the CA group were high, indicating typical characteristics of air-dried sausages. The pH of the four treatment groups was higher than that of the control group, and followed the descending order of CAP > AP > CA > CP. There was no significant difference in the inhibition of fat oxidation among different essential oil combinations (P > 0.05), but the TBARS value of air-dried sausages was significantly reduced by all combinations (P < 0.05). The contents of biogenic amine and N-nitrosamine in the AP group were low. The total number of bacteria, and the number of Enterobacteriaceae and Aeromonas were significantly lower in the AP group than in the control group (P < 0.05). High-throughput sequencing results showed low species richness in the AP and CAP groups and low relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria in the AP group. Overall analysis showed that AP was superior to the other groups in improving the quality and safety of air-dried catfish sausages.

In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the development of cancer diagnosis and treatment, including nanoparticles-based methods. Silica nanoparticles show great potential in the field of tumor diagnosis and treatment because of its unique physical and chemical properties. The drug delivery system based on SiO2 NPs can passively or actively target tumor tissues, and controllably release of cytotoxic drug at the tumor tissue by responding to different stimuli modes. It can effectively increase the concentration of anti-tumor drugs at the tumor site and improve treatment efficiency. In addition, SiO2 NPs can be used for tumor tissue localization and drug tracking by loading contrast agent to achieve the function of biological imaging. In this way, more efficient anti-tumor treatment can be achieved. In this paper, we introduced the preparation methods of SiO2 NPs and review the research progress of SiO2 NPs in targeted drug delivery system and biological imaging field.

This paper presents an improved bat algorithm (Doppler and mutant bat algorithm, DMBA) to overcome the problems of high dimensional optimization with low precision and premature convergence. A self-adaptive compensation for the Doppler effect of frequency is introduced according to the relative distance between the bat and the prey, and the flight direction is modified by combining the velocity offset mechanism to generate a new position close to the prey. Then, self-adaptive mutation choice strategies are constructed for the best individual. The larger step size generated by Cauchy mutation is used to get rid of the constraint of local extreme value, and then the smaller step size generated by Gaussian mutation is used to search the optimal region. Finally, the global exploration and local exploitation ability are balanced by adjusting loudness and pulse emission. The convergence and computational complexity of the algorithm are analyzed theoretically. 12 classical benchmark functions are simulated in different dimensions and the proposed algorithm is compared with other recent bat algorithms. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has better convergence speed and precision for solving high dimensional optimization problems.

This article systematically reviewed the pathological features, molecular mechanisms, and tumor microenvironment of head and neck paraganglioma（HNPGL）, with a focus on pseudohypoxic HNPGL. It was demonstrated that pseudohypoxic HNPGL mainly involves multiple gene mutations, such as SDHx and VHL/EPAS1 , which affect the stability and activity of HIF protein and exacerbate the development of the tumor. Meanwhile, the paper also analyzed the expression patterns of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in HNPGL, and found that differences in HIF activation may have an impact on the therapeutic response of specific subtypes. In addition, the paper explored the tumor microenvironment of HNPGL and found that immune cells such as macrophages, CD4⁺T cells, and CD8⁺T cells play an important role in the tumor, and the heterogeneity of the immune microenvironment also affects the choice of therapeutic approaches and responsiveness. Through comprehensive analysis, these findings not only contribute to a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis and developmental process of HNPGL, but also provide clues for future personalized treatments for specific subtypes., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Objective: To explore the gene expression characteristics of endothelial cells and fibroblasts in the microenvironment of SDHD -mutated carotid body tumors（ SDHD -CBT）, to fine the functional enrichment of each subcluster, and to further explore the network of cell-cell interactions in the microenvironment of SDHD -CBT. Methods: The bioinformatics analysis was used to download and reanalyze the single-nuclear RNA sequencing data of SDHD -CBT, SDHB mutated thoracic and abdominal paraganglioma（ SDHB -ATPGL）, SDHB -CBT, and normal adrenal medulla（NAM）, to clarify the information of cell populations of the samples. We focused on exploring the gene expression profiles of endothelial cells and fibroblasts subclusters, and performed functional enrichment analysis based on Gene Ontology（GO） resources. CellChat was used to compare the cell-cell interactions networks of different clinical samples and predict significant signaling pathways in SDHD -CBT. Results: A total of 7 cell populations were profiled. The main subtypes of endothelial cells in SDHD -CBT are arterial and venous endothelial cells, and the main subtypes of fibroblasts are myofibroblasts and pericytes. Compared to NAM, SDHB -CBT and SDHB -ATPGL, cell communication involving endothelial cells and fibroblasts in SDHD -CBT is more abundant, with significant enrichment in pathways such as FGF, PTN, WNT, PROS, PERIOSTIN, and TGFb. Conclusion: Endothelial cells and fibroblasts in SDHD -CBT are heterogeneous and involved in important cellular interactionprocesses, in which the discovery of FGF，PTN，WNT，PROS，PERIOSTIN and TGFb signals may play an important role in the regulation of microenvironment of SDHD -CBT., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Objective: The percutaneous transhepatic portal approach is the most commonly used technique for islet transplantation, largely owing to its safety and minimally invasive characteristic. Bleeding complications after islet transplantation are rare. A case of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) was treated in Tianjin First Center Hospital, who had a massive intra-abdominal hemorrhage after percutaneous transhepatic portal vein catheterization for islet transplantation. Through the review of the overall development of the case, we aim to improve the awareness of the complications of islet transplantation, to reduce the incidence of complications after percutaneous transhepatic portal vein transplantation, and to provide experience.