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As a source of high quality protein for human diet, mutton has become increasingly demanding for consumers. Meat quality, including color, flavor, tenderness, intramuscular fat content and other indicators, is affected by nutrition and genetics. Tenderness is the most important factor to perceive meat eating quality, and tenderness is mainly evaluated by shear force, mainly affected by intramuscular fat content and muscle fiber status. Flavor is also a factor affecting consumer acceptance, mainly related to the type and content of volatile compounds in meat. The paper summarizes the nutritional factors (feed type, feeding method, feed additive) and genetic factors (breed, age, gene) that affect the tenderness and flavor of sheep meat, with a view to providing reference for raising management and genetic breeding of sheep producing high-quality mutton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway are closely related to the regulation of cell growth, which can be a pivotal part that participates in production and development of bovine adipocytes, bovine mammary epithelial cells and bovine oocytes, can also be a participant, indirectly regulating inflammatory factors, metabolic processes, et al. The paper reviews the components, mechanism and effect on growth of different cells of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathway, to provide reference for the follow-up study on how livestock cell growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, China has attracted much foreign R&D investment due to the huge market, high-quality human resource, stable social circumstance and foreign capital policy. R&D activities of foreign corporations have become a significant part of the Chinese innovation system. The interaction between foreign R&D investment and regional innovation system plays a significant role in the spillovers of FDI. This paper discusses the mechanism of the interaction that contains six main channels. They are the interaction of natural intervention, between knowledge innovations, of technology innovations, R&D human resources, between public R&D policies and of R&D intermediary services. The paper also creates an evaluation index system for the interaction. Moreover, based on the panel data of Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Guangdong from 1999 to 2008, the fixed-effects model shows that the natural intervention index has a significant positive effect on the innovation performance of RIS but the other five interaction indexes do not. Therefore, the local governments should make more policies to encourage the interaction between foreign R&D investment and regional innovation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's foreign direct investment (FDI) policy is an important part of the economic system; and to study the relationship between FDI policy and economic growth is not only the need of the FDI theory and economic growth research, but also the actual requirements of perfecting the FDI policy and ensuring the sustainable development of economy. On the one hand, China's FDI policy can influence the economic growth through such transmission mechanisms as capital accumulation, human capital development, technological progress and institutional change; it can also increase the domestic capital stock, improve human capital stock, promote technical advancement, increase production inputs, further economic scale expansion, raise the total factor productivity, promote the industrial structure adjustment, and improve the quality of economic growth. On the other hand, FDI policy ran aggravate environmental pollution degree, widen the gap between the regional economic development that will-restrict the sustainable development, threaten the national economic security through form dependence on FDI, influence the industry safety, and restrict the domestic enterprise development. We should hence improve the FDI environment, promote the enter threshold of the FDI-, enhance the guide function of FDI polity, to perfect the system of FDI management and other measures to promote the economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, transcriptome sequencing technology has achieved significant progresses in gene network regulation of important economic traits in animals. As the derivative of mammalian skin, hair follicle is capable of self-renew. Its proliferation and differentiation result in hair formation. Researches have revealed that many growth factors and receptors coordinate genes and environment, as well as play an extremely important role during hair growth. In this review, we summarize the progresses that transcriptome sequencing technologies have achieved in researches of hair follicle development and renegeration in a variety of species, such as humans, mice, goats. We aim to provide theoretical mechanisms for the artificial interference of villus growth cycle, and new ideas for therapeutic treatment of skin hair follicle- related diseases.

Objective: To observe effects of Tanshinone- II A sulfonate on expression of Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and hemorrheology during spinal cord ischemia reperfusion injury,and explore the function and mechnism., Methods: Fifty-four New Zealand rabbits (aged 3 months,weighted 2.0 +/- 0.2 kg) were randomly divided into 6 in sham group (lumbar artery were separated in operation,0.8 ml/kg saline were injected at 0.5 h before and after operation), 24 in ischemia group ( lumbar artery were clipped after seperation, and the same dose of saline), 24 in Tanshinone group (lumbar artery were clipped after seperation, and the same dose of Tanshinone- II A sulfonate) . Abdomincal aorta blood were drawed after treatment respectively at 0.5 h, 1 h, 4 h and 8 h, and tesetd whole blood viscosity [high cut (mpa.s)/150(l/s), middle cut (mpa.s)/60(l/s) and low cut (mpa.s)/10(l/s)], capillary plasma viscosity, red cell aggregation index, rigid index, deformation index and electrophoresis index. Spinal cord tissues were divided into two sections,one fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, another stored in liquid nitrogen. Immunohistochemical method and ELISA were used to test change of content of NF-kappaB and VCAM-1., Results: 1) The expression of NF-kappaB in Tanshinone group were lowest, and in ischemia group were highest. 2) Compared with sham group, VCAM-1 in ischemia group at different time were obviously increased,especially at 0.5, 1 and 4 h (P<0.01), and had meaning at 8 h (P<0.05). Compare between Tanshinone group and ischemia group, VCAM-1 at 0.5 h were obviously decreased (P<0.01), and had meaning at 1 h, 4 h and 8 h (P<0.05). 3) There were no postive vasvular expression in sham group, and at 0.5 h in Tanshinone group and ischemia group. The highest postive vasvular expression in ischemia group were at 1 h, 4 h and 8 h, and had significant meaning at 1 h and 4 h between ischemia group and Tanshinone group (P<0.05), and 8 h were obviously most. 4) The whole blood viscosity in ischemia group at 10 s(-1), 60 s(-1), 150 s(-1) were highest, and capillary viscosity increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). While capillary viscosity, red cell aggregation index, figid index, deformation index in Tanshinone group decreased obviously (P<0.01)., Conclusion: Tanshinone-II A sulfonate can relieve spinal cord ischemia reperfusion injury by regulating expression of NF-kappaB, VCAM-1, decreasing whole blood viscosity, capillary plasma viscosity, red cell aggregation index, rigid index, and improve hemorhelogy.

The purpose of the present study was to establish a new microRNA seed mediated controllable genetic operation, namely MicroRNA Targets Finger Print (MTFP), for screening microRNA targets and detecting target gene expression profiles. Based on combining the complementary sequence of seed sequence, upstream and downstream anchor sequence including special adaptor, microRNA targets were amplified by means of the reverse transcription and special two step PCR. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to analyze the sizes of amplified microRNA targets and their abundance of expression, which were used to screen specifically expressed genes in different physiological or experimental conditions. Specific target genes were obtained through isolation of DNA fragments and sequencing methods. As an example, by screening the targets of miR-203 in goat skin, five genes were amplified and sequenced with the sizes of 718 bp (JN709494), 349 bp (JN709495), 243 bp (JN709496), 159 bp (JN709497), and 97 bp (JN709498) from goat skin collections. The novel universal MTFP method could be applied for finding microRNA regulation targets or assessing target gene expression profile.

The purpose of this study was to develop a molecular method for detecting polled intersex syndrome (PIS) genetic deficiency gene in dairy goat. Three pairs of primers, PIS-, PIS+, and NEI were designed based on PIS gene sequence (AF404302) to identify the PIS genetic deficiency genotype. For the normal phenotype, the fragments of 141 and 300 bp were obtained for the genotype PIS-PIS-, and 141, 449, and 300 bp for the genotype PIS-PIS+. For the PIS goat with the genotype PIS+PIS+, 449 and 300 bp were obtained. Two hundred and twenty-four dairy goats in one population were tested based on this method. The results showed that there were 150 PIS-PIS+, 70 PIS -PIS-, and 4 PIS+PIS+. The genotype frequency of PIS-PIS+ was 66.9%, and the gene frequency of PIS+ was 35.3% in the population. Therefore, the frequency of PIS offspring was over 12%. This study developed a method to detect PIS genetic deficiency dairy goat. The method could identify buck genotype accurately to avoid the occurrence of PIS genetic deficiency. The ease and accuracy show a strong potential of the method for use in marker assisted selection of dairy goats and healthy development of dairy goat industry.

The maternal genetic effects on estimating genetic parameters for growth traits and wool traits of Qinghai fine-wool sheep were investigated.The genetic parameters for production traits of Qinghai fine-wool sheep were estimated by average information restricted maximum likelihood (AIREML) with different animal models, and the differences between different animal models were tested by likelihood ratio test. Fixed effects, direct genetic effects, and residual effects were included all models; and random effects were individual permanence environmental effects, maternal genetic effects, and maternal permanence environmental effects. The six models differ in the way of considering random effects: in model 1 individual permanence environmental effects, maternal genetic effects, and maternal permanence environmental effects were not contained; in model 2 maternal permanence environmental effects were included; in model 3 maternal genetic effects were included; in model 4 both maternal genetic effects and maternal permanence environmental effects were include; in model 5 both individual permanence environmental effects and maternal genetic effects were contained;in model 6 all random effects were contained. The direct heritabilities were 0.1896~0.3781, 0.2537~0.2890, 0.2244~0.3225, 0.2205~0.3983, 0.1218~0.1490, 0.0983~0.4802, and 0.1170~0.1311 for birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight, hogget weight,greasy fleece weight, fiber diameter, and staple length,respectively. Compared with model 1, model 3 was-significant(P<0.01) for birth weight and weaning weight, other models were not significant (P>0.05)for Yearling weight, Hogget weight; and paralleled with model 6, both model 4 and model 5 were significant(P<0.01) for fiber diameter,model 4 was significant(P<0.05) for staple length, and other models were not significant(P>0.05) for greasy fleece weight by likelihood ratio test.The maternal effects were important determinants of estimated the genetic parameters for birth weight, weaning weigh, fiber diameter, and staple length, but were not significant for yearling weight, and hogget weight, and was slightly significant for greasy fleece weight.

Hoxc13 belongs to the Abd-B class of Hox gene family, which participated in the hair follicle formation and hair growth regulation process. The structural protein of hair KP (keratin) and KAP (keratin-associated protein) expression is under regulation of Hoxc13, and then changes the characteristics of hair by regulating the composition of these two types of hair proteins and maintaining the normal morphology of hair follicle. In this review, we summarized that the relationship between the expression level of Hoxc13 and hair follicle development/hair growth and the mechanisim under the controling of Hoxc13 and relevant genes.

Objective: To observe and survey the location of Xiaguan (ST 7), "Die'e" and Quanliao (SI 18) on the surface, and the needling depth and direction from the 3 points to sphenopalatine ganglion., Methods: Fifteen corpses (30 sides) of adult male were fixed by 10% formalin. The lateral areas of face were dissected from the surface to the deep on the 3 acupoints: the electric drill with the kirschner wire punctured towards the sphenopalatine ganglion and extended to the contralateral areas according to different directions of puncturing sphenopalatine ganglion from the 3 acupoints. The corresponding puncturing points of the 3 acupoints were measured by the coordinate location method., Results: (1) Surface location: the distance between Quanliao (SI 18) and "Die'e" was 21 mm and the distance between Xiaguan (ST 7) and "Die'e" was 17 mm; (2) Inserting depth of each point to sphenopalatine ganglion: the depths of Xiaguan (ST 7), "Die'e" and Quanliao (SI 18) were 49.9 mm, 46.9 mm and 46.6 mm, respectively; (3) The coordinate location of the corresponding puncturing points: the puncturing direction of Xiaguan (ST 7) was anterointernal upper corresponding to the area of connecting center between contralateral Taiyang (EX-HN 5) and Tongziliao (GB 1), the distance between the corresponding inserting point of Xiaguan (ST 7) and Sizhukong (TE 23) was 17.6 mm; the puncturing direction of "Die'e" point was posterointernal upper, and the horizontal distance from the corresponding puncture point to the zygomatic arch was 33 mm and the vertical distance from the corresponding puncture point to the eyes' outer canthus was 42 mm; the puncturing direction of Quanliao (SI 18) was posteriointernal upper and the distance between the corresponding inserting point and the area of contralateral parietal tuber, the distance between the corresponding inserting point of Quanliao (SI 18) and the connecting line of bilateral external acoustic pore was 28 mm, the distance between the corresponding inserting point of Quan-liao (SI 18) and the medial line of the head was 62 mm., Conclusion: Understanding the surface location, inserting depths and the general puncturing directions of the 3 points can provide basis for puncturing the sphenopalatine ganglion in clinical practice.

Objective: To identify the genetic alterations in nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate (NSCLP)., Methods: Comparative genomic hybridization was applied to investigate the genomic imbalance (the gain or loss of genetic material) in 7 cases of NSCLP., Results: It showed that the loss of chromosome DNA copies happened in chromosome 6, 7, 10, 13, 14, 16, 20, 22 and the gain of chromosome DNA copies happened in chromosome 5, 15, 18, 19. Conclusions 13q had a high frequency (71.4%) of chromosome loss., Conclusions: Abnormal chromosome DNA copies happen in all the patients with NSCLP. Most of the patients have chromosome DNA copies loss. It suggests that loss of inhibitory gene may be related to the NSCLP. The related inhibitory gene may locate in 13q.

Objective: To study on the relation between the regional anatomy and safety of acupuncture at Tiantu (CV 22) and Qishe (ST 11)., Methods: In forty-six adult corpses, 92 sides were dissected to observe the partial anatomy structure of acupuncture path of Tiantu (CV 22) and Qishe (ST 11) and structure characteristics by the steel needle marked method and lay-by-lay dissection method., Results: The bilateral the pleura returning lines behind the manubrium sterni interacted at the sternal angle plane accounted for 50.0% of the total specimens and at the first ribs plane accounted for 6.5% of the specimens; for needling the point Tiantu (CV 22), left brachiocephalic vein was at the same level or close to the manubrium sterni upper fringe in 43.5% of the specimens, the left brachiocephalic vein and the middle of manubrium sterni were at the same level in 56.5% of the specimens; for needling the point Qishe (ST 11), in 68 sides of the specimens, internal jugular vein were pierced, accounting for 73.9%, and in 24 sides of the specimens the left common carotid artery were pierced, accounting for 26.1%; in 50 sides of specimens the vagus nerve were touched by the steel needle, accounting for 54.3., Conclusion: In acupuncture of Tiantu (CV 22) and Qishe (ST 11), the needle not only easily injure the upper pleural cavity, but also damage the big blood vessel and the vagus nerve in the mediastinum and the cervical root.

Objective: To explore the relation of the form of pleural cupula of the normal adult with safety of acupuncture at commonly-used acupoints around the pleural cupula., Methods: The safe depth for the commonly-used acupoints around the pleural cupula and the relation with the form of pleural cupula were investigated in 46 adult corpses with small Kirschner wire location and arrangement dissection., Results: The width of the pleural cupula projection equal to clavicle medial 1/3 accounted for 32. 6% of all the corpses, and the width of the pleural cupula projection more than clavicle medial 1/3 accounted for 59. 8% of all the corpses, the width of the pleural cupula projection less than clavicle medial 1/3 and pleural cupula medial margin located at the sternoclavicular joint medial accounted for 7.6% of all the corpses. The observed points such as Tiantu (CV 22), Qishe (ST 11), Jianjing (GB 21), Dingchuan (EX-B1), Dazhu (BL 11) which were considered be not related to the pleural cupula. When acupuncture is carried out according to criteria of acupoint location and needling direction, and the needle exceeded a limit, the pleural menbrane will be broken and induce destruction., Conclusion: Position and form of the pleural cupula have anatomical relation to acupuncture accident for needling the points around the superior pleural cupula, which should be played attention to.

Objective: To study the association of TGF-alpha gene Taq I polymorphism and nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) in Chinese., Methods: 107 patients with NSCL/P and 136 healthy controls were examined for TGF-alpha/Taq I genotypes. TGF-alpha/Taq I typing was carried out by digesting the locus specific polymerase chain reaction amplified products with alleles specific Taq I restriction enzyme (PCR-RELP)., Results: The C2 allele frequency of TGF-alpha/Taq I in patients with NSCL/P (16%) was significantly higher than that in healthy controls (8%). The C2 genotype frequency of TGF-alpha/Taq I in NSCL/P patients with positive family history (12.5%) was significantly higher than that in healthy controls., Conclusion: These findings demonstrate the role of TGF-alpha as a gene of major effects in the development of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate clefts in human. These findings suggest that a family history of clefting may correlate with the TGF-alpha Taq I rare variation.

In March 2003, SARS-CoV, a novel coronavirus which has been proved to be a pathogen causing Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). The complete genome of SARS-CoV has been sequenced by international collaboration including China. In the present study, the genome sequences were collected from NCBI and genomic characterization was analyzed. SARS-CoV has a genome of 28-30 kb including 11 ORFs (Open Reading Frames), which is consistent with that of coronavirus family, and its genome organization is similar to those of other coronaviruses as well. SARS-CoV evolutionally closes to other coronavirus in their corresponding proteins, such as spike protein, small membrane protein and nucleocapsid protein. In some regions of the genome, the genomic sequence of SARS-CoV was significantly different from that of other coronavirus, and has a self-conservative genomic sequence. Moreover, its encoding protein sequences were greatly different from those of other coronavirus. The analysis indicated that SARS-CoV has lower redundancy, that is, it has a high variation possibility. It may not be a variant of other coronaviruses but a novel coronavirus, which existed independently in nature and was not recognized by human being before, although SARS-CoV is morphologically similar to other coronavirus and belongs to coronavirus family. The sequences of its genes and encoding proteins are substantially different from those of other coronavirus.