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Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of Soil & Water Conservation is the property of Bulletin of Soil & Water Conservation Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the active promotion of the concept of common prosperity, farmland has once again become the focus of attention in political and academic circles, and many scholars have advocated the further visualization of the property value of farmland elements to increase farmers' income. To promote the coordinated development of China's food security and common prosperity strategies, this paper attempts to reveal the dilemma facing farmland capitalization. Theoretically, based on the factor allocation decision logic of full-time and part-time farmers, this paper proposed the dilemma of farmland capitalization between increasing food production and farm household income. We empirically constructed a model to measure farmland capitalization and characterized its degree in 27 provinces in China's mainland from 2004 to 2020. The study also provided empirical support for the theoretical analysis by using a threshold regression model and a mediating effect model based on 790 microsamples from typical provinces. The results found that: ① Farmland capitalization showed a trend of increasing year by year nationwide, with a spatial distribution pattern of spreading from the center to the surrounding areas, and the provinces with a higher degree of farmland capitalization were concentrated in the main grain-producing areas. ② The impact of farmland transfer prices on grain production had structural effects depending on the degree of farmland capitalization: In the moderate capitalization scenario (farmland capitalization≤1.011), farmland price increases promoted the expansion of food crop acreage; in the excessive capitalization scenario (farmland capitalization≥1.154), farmland price increases suppressed food crop acreage. ③ Farmland capitalization helped to meet farmers' psychological expectations on the value of farmland assets, and significantly increased farmers' income by promoting two paths: the outflow of farmland and off-farm employment. ④ Farmland capitalization in China was facing a dilemma between increasing food production and increasing farmers' income, which posed an important potential problem for national food security. The capitalization of farmland can not only improve the problem of insufficient property income in the income structure of farm households, but also promote the non-farm transfer of rural labor, but behind it is the fact that a large amount of farmland is 'nongrain.' In the future, the Chinese government should emphasize the production factor attributes of farmland, use policy tools to guide the rational return of farmland prices, improve the market for productive agricultural services, and prevent the risk of farmland over-capitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, ultra-small-scale agricultural production remains low agricultural income which cannot afford adequate livelihood and as well meet their basic needs of rural households. Smallholder production systems have seriously hindered the sustainable development of China’s agriculture. Family farms with a moderate land scale is a way to develop China's agriculture. Moderate land scale of China's agriculture is affected by multiple factors like average social income level, grain production income, etc. So moderate land scale is a dynamic value. This paper aimed to assess moderate land scales of grain family farms at the municipal level in China based on the method of income equalization. The research findings are as follows. The moderate land scale of grain family farms was 13-14 hm2 in 2016-2017, equivalent to the local household contracted area of 30 times. According to the policy formulated by China’s central government in 2014, the moderate scale of one family farm should be 10-15 times of average household contracted area. That is, the current standard of moderate scale is low. Mainland China can be divided into 9 districts and 38 sub districts according to the different types of land scale management. The moderate scale of the Northeast Region and the Inner Mongolia Plateau Region are 15-17 hm2, the North China Plain Region is about 10 hm2, the Lower Yangtze River Region and the Southeast Coastal Region are 7-9 hm2, the Southwest Mountainous Region is 6 hm2, the Loess Plateau Region is 18 hm2, and the Northwest Arid Region is 25 hm2 . The scale of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Region is the highest, 30 hm2 . The ratio of the moderate scale to the average cultivated land area per household in the Inner Mongolia Plateau Region is 8, and the ratio in the North China Plain Region and the Lower Yangtze River Region is about 35. It is difficult for China to achieve scale management on the whole, and the difficulty gradually decreases from the southeast coast to the northwest inland. The boundary line extends from Beijing to Nujiang Lisu Nationality Autonomous region, Yunnan. The moderate scales of grain family farms in the southeast region of the line are mostly 6-10 hm2, and it is difficult to achieve. In contrast, the moderate scales in the northwest region of the line are mostly above 15 hm2, and it is easy to achieve. China's scale management reform is at the initial stage. The promotion speed of scale management should not be fast to avoid social unrest. It is recommended to raise the standard of moderate management scale to the range of 15-20 times, and the standard can be adjusted according to the actual situation in different regions. The government should also promote institutional innovation to reduce high land transfer transaction costs. System reform can be carried out in three aspects. Firstly, the government should promote farmers who do not rely on agriculture to actively release land resources; Secondly, the local governments should actively play a coordinating role to promote land centralization and scale management; Finally, a unified and perfect land circulation market should be established [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The relationship between agricultural technology progress and farmers' income growth has received much attention from scholars in domestic and international society. Since W. Cochrane proposed "Agriculture Step Hypothesis," the view that agricultural technology progress is unfavorable for farmers' income growth has been widely disseminated. Some empirical researches support this view, which makes some China's agricultural policies that aim to increase farmers' income by improving the agricultural technology into a confused position. But there are some important weaknesses of these empirical researches: Firstly, they emphasize merely analysis from a micro-perspective. Secondly, they are only base on some statistical data over a specific period of time. Thirdly, a large number of researches pay much attention to the effect of agricultural technology progress on farmers' income, while few of them take farmers' non-agricultural income into consideration. Since the Reforming and Opening, especially along with the increasing industrialization, urbanization, marketization and internationalization, the rural labor force has presented non-agriculture transfer and the Chinese agriculture has apparent multi-development feature of 'half farmers and half workers" and "male workers and female farmers." Therefore, agricultural technology progress in China should have impact on farmers' income on both agricultural income growth and non-agricultural income growth, the latter of which is influenced by technological progress indirectly. This paper calculates the rate of agricultural technology progress and its contribution based on the annual time-series data from 1980 to 2011 in China. The VAR model with Co-integration and impulse response functions are employed to explore the relationships between the agricultural technology progress and farmers' income growth and non-agricultural income growth as well from 1986 to 2010. The result shows that the agricultural technology progress in China positively impacts farmers' income growth not only in terms of the long term but also in terms of the short term. Additionally, it also increases the non-agricultural income of farmers to some extent and these two variables, that is agricultural technology progress and non-agricultural income, are mutual Granger causes to each other. This empirical result indicates, as the agricultural market reform and industrialization in China, the market of agricultural product gradually becomes open from the closed status at the beginning of reform and opening up and the macro environment of agriculture development in China has experienced profound changes. In this context, on one hand, by adjustment of agricultural structure, optimizing the allocation of agricultural resources, changing the pattern of agricultural economic development, agricultural technology progress has contributed to growth of agricultural economic thus promoting farmers' income, on one side. On the other hand, agricultural technology progress has promoted non-agricultural income growth of farmers through the rural surplus labor force transfer. Apparently, the result denies the view that agricultural technology progress is unfavorable for farmers' income growth but gives support to the policy hypothesis that agricultural technology progress could promote farmers' income growth. The policy implication is as follows: with farmers' income growth as the goal, the government should increase agricultural research investment, and carry forward agricultural technology innovation and perfect agricultural technology popularization system. On the premise of promoting agricultural marketization as well as stabling and raising the agriculture product price, farmers' income growth should be the main policy objective and essential evaluation mark of agricultural technology progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing literatures have paid no enough attentions to the relationship between cooperation between government and enterprise and farmer's income. This article researches the affecting mechanism under mode of cooperation between government and enterprise towards farmer's income and economic development of county and countryside area. It is found that a) the mode forms a double - channel mechanism towards farmer's income and profit return, which promotes a faster increase of farmer's income; b) the mode achieves the effect of "1 + 1>2" in promoting economic development of county and countryside area; c) the mode plays an irreplaceable special role in some less developed areas and weak industries. In order to form a long-term mechanism of cooperation between government and enterprise, there are still many things to do such as keeping the continuity and execution of government's policy, enterprise's sustainable leading role, and its cohesion and closeness with government, and large industrial and commercial enterprises accessing to countryside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China rural areas, education can effectively improve farmers' overall personal qualities and help them promote their productivity and income level as well. Besides, education has strong spillover effect because the education that a farmer gets has a positive impact on other people around him/her. Despite a wide range of existing researches, few empirical analyses in recent years have been made of the rate of return to education from the perspectives of industry or gender with first-hand data. In calculating educational spillover effect, there are two difficulties, one of which is that it is hard to set up an analytical framework of spillover effect of education in rural areas, and the other one is that it is hard to collect data related to the spillover effect of rural education. Based on the latest data from 100 villages of 10 provinces across China, this paper attempts to evaluate the educational returns of agriculture and non-agricultural industry and of male and female residents by applying the Mincer Earnings Function. In addition, it tries to define and analyze the spillover effects from the perspectives of the same village and the same industry via Lucas Model of Human Capital Spillover. The results show that education has great effect not only on farmers' income, but also on the income of other groups related to farmers. (1) Education has greater impact on their non-agricultural income than agricultural income. Ceteris paribus, a farmer will increase his non-agricultural income by 5. 61% compared to 4.28% increment in his agricultural income if he receives one more year of education. (2) Men will gain higher rate of return to education than that of women in rural areas, whether it be agricultural or non-agricultural income. To a man, each one-year further education received will increase his agricultural income and non-agricultural income by about 4. 85% and 7. 18% respectively. As far as a woman is concerned, the effect of education on her income is not significant. (3) There are significant spillover effects of education in rural areas. That one year of education added to all the farmers in the village will increase the average farmer's income by 6. 21%. When added to all the farmers in this profession, the average farmer's income will increase by 8.13%. The research highlights of this paper are the analysis of the return rate of education from the micro perspective by using first-hand data from July, 2010 to July, 2011 of rural household surveys in one hundred villages in ten provinces across China, i. e. Heilongjiang, Shandong, Anhui, Shanxi, Sichuan, Inner Mongolia, Hainan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Guizhou. This paper also tries to obtain external evidence of education from different perspectives, i. e. from the redefinition of rural groups and from the analysis of the effect of education levels of rural groups on their income, in order to minimize wrong conclusions caused by inaccurate definitions of rural groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrialization and marketization have greatly changed the comparison relation between population quantity and quality. Therefore, most Chinese households turn dramatically the birth preference to quality to improve professional skills of family members and promote the development of family division of labor. The change of population preference produces the economy of division, which becomes an important opportunity to go beyond the "Malthus trap" that has been maintained by low skill and low division which can unprecedentedly achieve the farmers' income growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]