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Copyright of Acta Prataculturae Sinica is the property of Acta Prataculturae Sinica Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Plastics / Zhongguo Suliao is the property of Journal Office of CHINA PLASTICS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Forest Products Industry is the property of China Forest Products Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica is the property of Acta Materiea Compositae Sinica Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Rubber Industry is the property of Editorial Office of China Rubber Industry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Forest Products Industry is the property of China Forest Products Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Environmentally friendly materials have attracted much more attention in agricultural plastic film, instead of traditional petroleum-based materials. Among them, some challenges also remain in the traditional polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in the field of film, such as low mechanical strength, water resistance, and UV isolation. The film performance and properties can be improved for the better use value of biomass resources. In this study, the raw materials were selected as PVA, Lignin, and WBPU (waterborne polyurethane). Among them, the WBPU was used as the filler to liquefy the lignin, in order to prepare the lignin-liquefied substance L(D). The lignin-based WBPU/PVA blend film was successfully prepared by solution pouring. The single-factor experiment was carried out to compare the addition amount of L(D) and WBPU. A systematic investigation was then implemented to explore the effects of the types and the content of additives on the properties of the blend film, such as tensile strength, elongation at break, light transmittance, opacity, thickness, water absorption, and water solubility. FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and SEM (scanning electron microscopy) were used to analyze the microstructure and chemical composition of the films. The transmittance and absorbance of the films were identified by UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The size and shape of the grain were characterized by XRD (phase analysis of X-ray diffraction). The mechanical properties of the film were evaluated by a universal material testing machine. The thickness of the film was measured to calculate the opacity using a thickness-measuring instrument. The results show that both L(D) and WBPU were fully mixed with the PVA, where the addition of L(D) improved the tensile strength and elongation at the break of the film. The composite film with 15%L(D) shared the best mechanical properties, while the addition of WBPU only exhibited low mechanical properties. However, the addition enhanced the UV resistance of the film. Furthermore, 8:2L(D)/WBPU/PVA blend film behaved with a transmittance of 1.57% at the UV region of 400mm, indicating a stronger performance to prevent the ultraviolet light, compared with the pure PVA film in the transmittance of 81.44% under the UV region. The water absorption and solubility of the blended film with L(D) were improved, compared with the pure PVA film. Specifically, the water absorption was reduced from 532% to 362%, and the water solubility was also reduced from 42% to 35%, indicating better waterproof. The water absorption and water solubility of the blended film were further improved after adding WBPU. The water absorption of 5:5L(D)/WBPU/PVA blend film was even reduced to 170% with the increase of WBPU content, and the water solubility was also reduced to 18%. Therefore, the water resistance and UV resistance of the blended film can be further improved under different L(D)/WBPU mass ratios. The blended film can be prepared with a high application potential in the plastic film. The findings can provide a strong reference in the food and pharmaceutical packaging fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment aimed to study the screening, identification, and degradation efficiency of efficient lignindegrading strain in rape straw. A highly efficient lignin degrading strain MS25 was screened from the returned soil of rapeseed straw and identified as a Penicillium fungus. Based on single factor experiments and response surface methodology, the enzyme production characteristics was invstigated and the conditions of MS25 strain was optimized, and the lignin degradation ability was tested. The results showed that the optimal time for the strain to produce laccase (Lac) was 5 days, and the time to produce peroxidase (Lip) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) was 7 days. The best temperature was 50 ℃, the shaking table speed was 140 r/min, the carbon to nitrogen ratio was 15, and the most suitable pH value for producing MnP was 5, while the most suitable pH values for producing Lip and Lac were 6. The optimal enzyme production conditions after optimization were temperature of 50.22 ℃, carbon to nitrogen ratio of 12.29, and pH value of 6.21. Under these conditions, the activities of Lip, MnP, and Lac enzymes were 1 984.89, 774.87, and 291.74 U/L, respectively, which were 33.97%, 33.28%, and 40.35% higher than before optimization. Under optimal conditions, the lignin degradation rates of straw and fungal bran of the strains were 44.67% and 43.29%, respectively. The study indicates that strain MS25 can effectively degrade lignin and can be used as a high-quality microorganism for rape straw fermentation, and can be specifically applied in the field of feed production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polymer of sodium lignosulfonate and acrylic acid was prepared by grafting copolymerization, and lignin hydrogel was obtained by the polymer intercalated with montmorillonite, and the adsorption performance of Zn (II) by lignin hydrogel was investigated. The results showed that the prepared hydrogels have good adsorbability of Zn (II) and pH response. The adsorption capacity reached 285.39 mg/g, under the initial solution concentration of 600 mg/L, pH =4.5, adsorption temperature of 45 °C and adsorption time of 140 min, respectively. Modeling of adsorption kinetics indicated good agreement of experimental data with the quasi-second-order kinetic model. Langmuir equilibrium isotherm fitted the experimental data reasonable well, the adsorption is monolayer adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica is the property of Acta Materiea Compositae Sinica Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Plastics / Zhongguo Suliao is the property of Journal Office of CHINA PLASTICS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Microorganisms play an important role in the degradation of lignin. The structural characteristics of lignin, the latest development of microbial species (including fungi, actinomycetes, and bacteria), key enzymes (laccase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, versatile peroxidase, dye-decolorizing peroxidases, etc.) and mechanism of lignin degradation by the key enzymes, and synthesized high value-added products (including lipids, polyhydroxyalkanoates, vanillin, and feed, etc.) are reviewed. However, the degradation rate of lignin is still relatively low, which gready limits its application. Some efficient methods are proposed for improving the degradation efficiency and transformation efficiency of lignin, including genetic engineering and metabolic engineering technologies. The main aim is to provide theoretical support for the comprehensive utilization of lignin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Dalian Polytechnic University is the property of Journal of Dalian Polytechnic University Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Forest Products Industry is the property of China Forest Products Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to improve the unconfined compressive strength of expansive soil and reduce engineering hazards. Based on the research of lignin modified expansive soil, the influence of fiber length, fiber content and lignin content on the compressive strength of expansive soil was studied by single factor test. Based on the results of single factor test, the response surface test was carried out by BBD ( BOX-Behnken design ) response surface design method, and a quadratic regression model was established to study the effect of two-factor interaction on the unconfined compressive strength of expansive soil. The results show that under the action of single factor, the unconfined compressive strength of expansive soil increases first and then decreases under the action of each factor. When the two factors interact, the interaction between lignin content and polypropylene content is the best. The optimal combination obtained by the BBD response surface method is: the length of polypropylene fiber is 9 mm, the fiber content is 0. 3%, and the lignin content is 3% . The average compressive strength of the parallel test group under this variable is 552. 48 kPa, which is 76. 97% higher than the compressive strength of the plain expansion. It can be seen that this scheme has the best effect on the unconfined compressive strength of the plain expansive soil. The research results provide a reference for the improvement of weak expansive soil in Xinxiang area, and provide a new idea for the experimental design of composite improved soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Forest Products Industry is the property of China Forest Products Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Advanced Textile Technology is the property of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Magazines and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As one of the important indicators for evaluating the quality of pears, stone cells exhibit a supportive effect on pear fruits and improve its storability. However, excess stone cells in pear fruits are not conducive to the accumulation of nutrients, affecting the taste, flavor and health benefits, ultimately reducing the marketability of pears. Gaining insights into the formation pathways of stone cells and developing methods to regulate the formation of stone cells are beneficial to improve the quality of pear fruits and promote the development of processed pear products. In this article, we review the key internal factors controlling the development of stone cells in pear fruits such as enzymes, lignin, vascular bundles and genes and the external factors affecting the distribution, size and content of stone cells in pear fruits such as exogenous calcium, hormones, and the environment. Moreover, we also discuss the effects of stone cells on the sensory and nutritional quality of pear fruits. It is our hope that this review will provide a reference for the deep processing and utilization of pear fruits in the future.

Objective: To establish a rapid method for moisture detection of high cellulose and lignin materials. Methods: The areca nut, a Chinese herbal medicine containing high cellulose and lignin, was selected. Use a near-infrared spectrometer to collect near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectra. Apply NIR Cal modeling software to preprocess the spectral data, select the optimal feature wavelengths, and use partial least squares (PLS) analysis to establish a quantitative model for areca nut moisture content. Results: A quantitative model for areca nut moisture content was acquired, with the coefficient of determination of 0.994 2, the root mean square of the calibration error (RMSEC) of 0.50, the coefficient of determination for the validation set of 0.986 7, the root mean square of the prediction error (RMSEP) of 0.68. Conclusion: This method is simple, fast, safe, practical, and accurate, suitable for the rapid determination of moisture content in materials containing high cellulose and lignin.

The structure characteristics of lignin were summarized・ The inhibitory mechanism of lignin on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was described, that is, the phenol hydroxyl group can promote the decrease of pH value around cells, thus destroying cell membranes, denaturating proteins, inhibiting the activity of respiratory system and electron transfer enzyme system of microbial cells, and achieving the inhibitory effect, while the reduction of molecular weight can increase the phenol hydroxyl group content of lignin・ The water solubility of lignin can be improved effectively with the increase of hydrophilicity ・ Based on the research status at home and abroad, the main methods to improve the antibacterial activity of lignin (depolymerization, fractionation, extraction of lignin and lignin-silver complex) were introduced, the methods for improving the antibacterial activity of lignin modified by different methods were discussed, and the prospect of improving the antibacterial activity of lignin was also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

lignin was modified by ultrasonic assisted Fenton oxidation, and high density polyethylene/lignin composites (HDPE/Lig) were prepared. The changes of functional groups and molecular weight of lignin before and after modification were analyzed, and the effects of lignin content before and after modification on mechanical properties, microstructure and rheological properties of the composites were discussed. The results show that the number average molecular weight (Mn) of lignin modified by ultrasonic-Fenton oxidation decreases from 15 034 g/mol to 6 375 g/mol, methoxy group decreases, phenolic hydroxyl group and carboxyl group increase. The tensile strength and impact strength of HDPE/Lig increase first and then decrease with the increase of lignin content. After modification, the optimum filling amount of lignin increases from 10% to 20%. After modification, the dispersity and compatibility of lignin are improved, the degree of microphase separation is reduced, and the physical forced compatibilization effect is better. The viscosity of HDPE is increased by lignin, and the viscosity, storage modulus and loss modulus of HDPE composites are decreased by ultrasonic-Fenton oxidation of lignin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Biomass liquefaction is an useful technique to realize the high-value conversion and recycling uses of agricultural and forestry waste, as well as for substituting chemical feedstocks. In this paper, the organic solvent liquefaction method was used to liquefy bagasse lignin. The effects of different liquefaction parameters (catalyst dosage, liquid-solid ratio, liquefaction temperature, liquefaction time) on the liquefaction efficiency of bagasse lignin were explored, and its liquefaction products were also characterized. The results showed that the optimized process parameters for liquefaction of bagasse lignin were as follows: the liquefaction temperature was 150, the liquefaction time was 1 h, the liquid-solid ratio was 3:1, the catalyst dosage was 15%, and the residue rate of bagasse lignin was 0.87%. Under the combined action of phenol and sulfuric acid, bagasse lignin was degraded from its original spherical and spherical concave structure into residual particles. The ether bonds and the carbon-carbon bonds connecting the macromolecular structure of bagasse lignin were broken in different ways during the liquefaction process, such as pyrolysis, dehydration, dehydrogenation, deoxygenation, and decarboxylation. Subsequently, small molecular fragments in the liquefied intermediate products rearranged through condensation, hydroxyl methylation, and etherification reactions. Finally, stable and complex mixtures generated, which were soluble in phenol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology (1008-0864) is the property of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica is the property of Acta Materiea Compositae Sinica Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)