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Objective To investigate the association between gallstones (GS) and metabolic syndrome (MS) in southern Xinjiang, China, and to provide experience for the prevention and control of metabolic diseases in southern Xinjiang. Methods The patients with GS who visited First Division Hospital, Second Division Korla Hospital, and Third Division Hospital of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps from March 2015 to March 2019 were enrolled as case group, and cluster sampling was used to select the individuals who underwent physical examination in Third Division 51st Regiment Hospital during the same period of time were enrolled as control group. According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, 1140 cases were enrolled in each group after 1∶ 1 matching based on age and sex. The t-test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups, and the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups; a logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the influencing factors for GS. Dummy variables were included by logistic regression to evaluate multiplicative interaction between MS components, and the parameter estimate and covariance matrix of the logistic regression model and interaction calculation table were used to calculate and evaluate additive interaction between MS components. Results The risk of GS in MS patients was 2.33 times that in non-MS patients (odds ratio [OR]=2.33, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.86-2.92). In addition, the components of MS also increased the risk of GS, including blood glucose (OR=2.94, 95%CI: 2.36-3.68), blood pressure (OR=1.50, 95%CI: 1.26-1.80), blood lipids (OR=1.48, 95%CI: 1.25-1.75), and body mass index (OR=1.44, 95%CI: 1.21-1.70). After adjustment for multiple factors, the risk of GS gradually increased with the increase in the number of metabolic abnormalities, i.e., one abnormality (OR=1.55, 95%CI: 1.22-1.99), two abnormalities (OR=2.13, 95%CI: 1.66-2.72), three abnormalities (OR=3.48, 95%CI: 2.59-4.69), and four abnormalities (OR=4.65, 95%CI: 2.79-7.84). No additive or multiplicative interaction was found between MS components. Conclusion GS is closely associated with MS in southern Xinjiang, and the risk of GS gradually increases with the increase in MS components. No additive or multiplicative interaction is found between GS and MS components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major cause of chronic liver diseases worldwide and covers a series of pathological manifestations from hepatic steatosis to inflammation, fibrosis, and even liver cirrhosis. NAFLD is associated with a wide range of extrahepatic diseases, including metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, endocrine diseases, obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome, psoriasis, and skeleton-muscle diseases. The major causes of death in patients with NAFLD include cardiovascular disease, malignancies, and liver-related complications, suggesting that extrahepatic diseases associated with NAFLD should be taken seriously by clinicians. This article reviews the research advances in extrahepatic diseases associated with NAFLD, so as to provide ideas for clinical assessment and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a peptide hormone predominantly secreted by the liver and plays a crucial role in maintaining whole - body energy metabolism and regulating insulin sensitivity. A large number of clinical studies have demonstrated that serum FGF21 levels are increased in obese patients with non - alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and high circulating FGF21 is a sensitive biomarker for predicting the onset and progression of NAFLD. Injection of exogenous FGF21 can effectively alleviate pathological process in both animal models and NAFLD patients. This review aims to describe the molecular mechanism underlying the hepatoprotective effects of FGF21; to summarize the current data and challenges of the clinical trials on FGF21 analogs and receptor agonists in the treatment of NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); and to speculate the future directions of FGF21 as a diagnosis and treatment for NAFLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the association of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components with the overall survival of pancreatic cancer ( PC) patients who do not receive antitumor therapy. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the data of patients who were diagnosed with PC in The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University from August 2013 to November 2018. Related data were collected, including age, sex, body weight, body height, body mass index (BMI), smoking, drinking, medical history of chronic pancreatitis, medical history of biliary tract diseases and gastritis, medical history of chronic hepatitis B/ C, medical history of other tumors, presence or absence of PC in first - grade relatives, blood glucose, blood pressure, high - density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL - C), triglyceride (TG), MS, and TNM stage. The log - rank test was used for comparison of survival curves between groups, and the univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to investigate the influencing factors for survival. Results A total 269 PC patients were enrolled in this study, with an average survival time of 3 months. The survival analysis showed no significant difference in survival time between the patients with MS and those without MS (P = 0. 754). There was no significant difference in median survival time between the patients with hypertension, high TG, high HDL - C, or abnormal BMI and those without such abnormality (all P > 0 . 05). There was a significant difference in median survival time between the patients with hyperglycemia and those without hyperglycemia ( hazard ratio [HR] = 1. 322, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0. 985 - 1. 775, P = 0. 028), and the multivariate Cox regression analysis achieved consistent results (HR = 1. 481, 95 % CI: 1. 043 - 2. 104, P = 0. 028). The analysis of the influencing factors for survival time in patients with stage N PC showed that the patients with hyperglycemia had a significant reduction in median survival time (HR = 1. 524, 95% CI: 1.046 -2. 2 18, P = 0. 004). Conclusion MS is not an influencing factor for the survival of PC patients, but hyperglycemia is an independent risk factor for poor prognosis in PC patients, especially in those with advanced PC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have shown that metabolic syndrome (MetS), e.g., obesity, diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and drinking coexist in a considerable number of individuals, suggesting the overlap of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and NAFLD promotes the development and progression of fatty liver disease and aggravates the adverse outcome of fatty liver disease in a synergistic and interactive way. The evolution of the disease spectrum of fatty liver disease challenges the exclusive diagnosis system which divides fatty liver disease into ALD and NAFLD. This article summarizes the research advances in recent years and introduce the latest international consensus on the renaming of NAFLD, aiming to pay attention to the influence of drinking and MetS on NAFLD, put forward our insights into the diagnosis of fatty liver disease, and thus provide a new basis for reexamination the diagnosis and individualized treatment of fatty liver disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the metabolic characteristics of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease( NAFLD) and related risk factors in non-obese population. Methods A retrospective analysis were performed for 12 125 individuals who underwent physical examination in Physical Examination Center of PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center from July 2013 to April 2019. According to body mass index( BMI) < 25 kg/m2, these individuals were divided into non-obese group with 8528 individuals and obese group with 3597 individuals; according to the results of abdominal ultrasound, the non-obese group was further divided into NAFLD group with 1025 individuals and non-NAFLD group with 7503 individuals. According to BMI < 25 kg/m2, 3281 individuals with NAFLD were divided into non-obese NAFLD subgroup with 1025 individuals and obese NAFLD group with 2256 individuals. Related clinical data were collected, including sex, age, BMI, fasting blood glucose, uric acid, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and hemoglobin.Non-normally distributed continuous data were expressed as M( P25-P75), and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison between groups; the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate risk factors. Results Among the 12 125 individuals who underwent the physical examination, the detection rate of NAFLD was 27. 06%, and the detection rate of non-obese NAFLD was 8. 45%, accounting for 12. 02% of the non-obese population.The multivariate logistic regression analysis, based on the univariate analysis, had a diagnostic accordance rate of 89%, and the results showed that the increase in age, BMI, fasting blood glucose, uric acid, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, and hemoglobin were independent risk factors for non-obese NAFLD( odds ratio [OR]= 1. 043, 1. 716, 1. 161, 1. 004, 1. 791, 2. 587, and 1. 011, P < 0. 001, < 0. 001, = 0. 001, < 0. 001, < 0. 001, < 0. 001, and = 0. 011), suggesting that non-obese NAFLD had the strongest association with low-density lipoprotein and had no association with age, uric acid, and hemoglobin. Total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein were non-susceptible factors for non-obese NAFLD( OR = 0. 521 and 0. 523, P = 0. 007 and 0. 024). Conclusion Non-obese NAFLD is closely associated with metabolic disorders, and further studies are needed to explore the association between serum cholesterol and non-obese NAFLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic syndrome is a serious threat to the health and quality of life of perimenopausal women. Diabetes and dyslipidemia are main parts of it，its central link is abdominal obesity and insulin resistance. Due to the decline of ovarian function, sex hormone levels of perimenopausal women have a series of changes, which have a certain impact on lipid metabolism and bone mineral density. However, the specific mechanism of women developing MS at this stage has not been fully clarified. Genetic factors and environmental factors may be related to the occurrence of MS in perimenopausal women. Individualized life style interventions and hormone replacement therapy can reduce the incidence of MS in postmenopausal women. This article reviews the relationship between female sex hormones and MS, the prevalence, treatment as well as management of MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, there are still no effective drugs launched for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD), and many drugs are being evaluated in clinical trials. These drugs have different mechanisms of action in treatment, such as improvement of glycolipid metabolism, anti-inflammation, anti-fibrosis, and improvement of intestinal microbiota. This article elaborates on the research and development of drugs from the following aspects: inflammatory response and immune activation, lipid metabolism and insulin resistance, lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, cell apoptosis and necrosis, collagen formation and degradation, and proliferation of intestinal microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the influence of metabolic syndrome components on significant hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B(CHB) and related risk factors. Methods The patients with CHB who attended Department of Hepatology in The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from January 2016 to May 2017 were enrolled and divided into three groups according to the presence or absence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) or abnormal glycolipid. The patients’ general information was collected, and transient elastography was performed for all patients. Body height and body weight were measured to calculate body mass index(BMI). Liver function assessment, routine blood test, and HBsAg quantification were performed, and blood lipids and HBV DNA were measured. Fibrosis-4(FIB-4) and aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index(APRI) were calculated according to equations. A one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison of continuous data between groups, and the least significant difference t-test was used for further comparison between two groups; the Kruskal-Wallis H rank sum test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between groups, and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for further comparison between two groups. The chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify the influencing factors for significant hepatic fibrosis. Results The CHB-NAFLD group had significantly higher controlled attenuation parameter(CAP) and liver stiffness measurement(LSM) than the CHB group and the CHB-abnormal glycolipid group [CAP: 283.16 ± 38.43 d B/m vs 230.61 ± 29.97 db/m/237.82 ± 35.98 dB/m, P < 0.05; LSM: 9.40(7.50-12.07) k Pa vs 8.60(6.37-11.92) k Pa/8.20(6.00-11.15) kPa, P < 0.05], and LSM increased with the increase in the severity of NAFLD(H = 7.76, P = 0.02). The CHB patients with abnormal glucose and lipids had a significantly higher LSM than those with abnormal blood lipid levels alone [9.6(8.22-12.07) vs7.5(5.7-9.67), P < 0.05]. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that increasing age(odds ratio [OR]= 1.134, 95%confidence interval [CI]: 1.010-1.273, P < 0.05), an increase in body mass index(OR = 1.297, 95% CI: 1.084-1.553, P <0.05), a high gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase(GGT) level(OR = 1.025, 95% CI: 1.006-1.045, P < 0.05), a low triglyceride(TG)level(OR = 0.399, 95% CI: 0.180-0.882, P < 0.05), and a high HBsAg level(OR = 2.205, 95% CI: 1.159-4.194, P < 0.05)were independent risk factors for significant hepatic fibrosis in CHB patients. Conclusion Besides age and high HBsAg level, overweight, a high GGT level, and a relatively low TG level also increase the risk of significant hepatic fibrosis in CHB patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in Haikou, China and the association of NAFLD with metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components. Methods A total of 18771 persons who underwent physical examination in Haikou People’s Hospital from September 2016 to August 2017 were enrolled. Body height, body weight, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, blood lipids, and liver function parameters were measured, and ultrasound examination was performed for the liver. The prevalence rate of NAFLD was calculated, and the association of NAFLD with MS and its components was analyzed. The t-test was used for comparison of continuous data between groups, and the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. Results Of all 18771 persons, 5715 had NAFLD, resulting in a prevalence rate of 30.45%; the prevalence rate of NAFLD was 41.74% in men and 17.22% in women. Men aged 45-59 years had the highest prevalence rate of NAFLD, and women aged ≥45 years had the highest prevalence rate. Men had a significantly higher prevalence rate of moderate NAFLD than women (8.10% vs 1.19%, χ2=476.1, P＜0.001). Men with obesity and overweight had a higher prevalence rate of NAFLD, and women with obesity had a higher prevalence rate; in both men and women, there was a significant difference in the prevalence rate of NAFLD between groups with different levels of body mass index (BMI) (χ2=2111，1917，all P＜0.001). NAFLD patients had significantly higher BMI, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, triglyceride, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase than non-NAFLD patients (t=41.276, 32.339, 31.487, 12.185, 9.716, 38.382, 26.350, 25.291, and 15.008, all P＜0.001). Conclusion There is a high prevalence rate of NAFLD in people undergoing physical examination in Haikou, and men tend to have a higher prevalence rate than women. NAFLD is closely associated with MS and its components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The main cause of chronic renal allograft dysfunction (CRAD) remains unclear until now, and insulin resistance (IR) may be a cause of CRAD. However, there is a lack of an available animal model for research on their association. OBJECTIVE: To establish a rat model of CRAD complicated with IR, and to investigate the effect of IR on function, urinary protein and pathologic changes of the renal allograft. METHODS: The high-fat diet was administrated to a F344-to-Lewis rat model of CRAD to induce IR. There were three groups including CRAD+IR, CRAD and control (uninephrectomy) groups, and the serum insulin, glucose, creatinine, urea nitrogen and 24-hour urinary protein levels in each group were measured and insulin resistance index was calculated at 8, 12, and 16 weeks after transplantation. Meanwhile, oral glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance tests were performed and the areas under glucose-time curve were calculated. The status and stability of CRAD+IR models were assessed based on all above indicators at each time point. The serum creatinine, urea nitrogen and 24-hour urinary protein levels were compared between CRAD+IR and CRAD groups. Pathological evaluation was conducted at 16 weeks based on the total Banff scores. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The insulin resistance index, and area under glucose-time curve of the oral glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance tests in the CRAD+IR group were higher than those in the CRAD and control groups, and all above indexes showed no significant changes with time. The serum creatinine, urea nitrogen and 24-hour urinary protein levels in the CRAD+IR group were lower than those in the CRAD group, and showed no obvious changes with time. Slightly thickened basement membrane of glomeruli and tubules, interstitial fibrosis and mild arterial intimal hyperplasia were observed both in the CRAD+IR and CRAD groups, but the pathological degree did not differ notably between the two groups. These results indicate that the stable CRAD+IR models can be established via feeding CRAD rats with high-fat diet for 8 weeks. IR can cause glomerular hyperfiltration and albumin overload-induced tubular injury which may potentially affect the function and urinary protein level of the renal allograft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gestational metabolic syndrome (GMS) is a cluster of multiple metabolic disorders during pregnancy, including abnormal body mass, dysglycemia, dyslipidemia and hypertension, which will lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), preeclampsia, fetal intrauterine growth restriction and so on. The incidence of GMS increases yearly. At present, the research of GMS is mainly focused on the diagnostic criteria and risk factors. However, the mechanism of GMS and its prevention strategy are lack of further research. Visfatin, a kind of adipocytokines, is mainly expressed in and secreted from visceral adipose tissue. Visfatin plays a role in the metabolism of glucose and lipid. It was found that visfatin participated in insulin resistance, inflammatory reaction, cell apoptosis, atherosclerosis and vascular endothelial injury. Recent studies have indicated that visfatin is closely related to the pathogenesis of GMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gallstones is a common digestive system disease in China and has a complex pathogenesis. It is often considered that it is mediated by many factors in the genetic background,including biliary cholesterol supersaturation,intestinal cholesterol hyperabsorption,abnormal cholesterol nucleation in bile,dysfunction in gallbladder dynamics,and cholestasis. This article reviews the role of the above mechanisms in the association between diseases outside the gallbladder and gallstones. Based on current evidence,the above diseases may promote the formation of gallstones,and active intervention of the above diseases outside the gallbladder may help to expand new strategies for the prevention and treatment of gallstones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the current status of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in an enterprise in Xi'an, China, and to provide a scientific basis for further studies on NAFLD in Shanxi. Methods A total of 415 employees who underwent health examination in The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi′an Medical University from June to July, 2014 were enrolled. All the patients underwent physical examination, abdominal ultrasound, and serological examination, and completed related questionnaires. The t-test was applied for comparison of continuous data, and the Pearson correlation analysis was applied for correlation analysis. Results Of all the 415 patients, 86 (20.7%) had NAFLD, consisting of 70 patients (16.9%) with mild NAFLD and 16 patients (3.8%) with moderate NAFLD. The population with an age of 50-58 years had the highest prevalence rate (30.8%, 16/52). Of all the 86 patients with NAFLD, 57 (66.3%) had obesity, and 76 (88.4%) had abdominal obesity. The employees with moderate NAFLD had a significantly higher alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level, a significantly higher aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level, a significantly larger abdominal circumference, and a significantly higher body mass index (BMI) than those with mild NAFLD (t=-4.140, -3.512, -4.405, and -5.051, respectively, all P＜0.05). In the employees with NAFLD, BMI and abdominal circumference were correlated with AST level (r=0.283 and 0.271, both P＜0.05) and ALT level (r=0.325 and 0.316, both P＜0.05). Most employees in this enterprise had a bad eating habit, a sedentary lifestyle, and a lack of physical exercise. Conclusion This enterprise has a high prevalence rate of NAFLD. BMI and abdominal circumference of patients with NAFLD have certain clinical values in predicting the degree of fat deposition in the liver, and are correlated with AST and ALT levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered the manifestation of metabolic syndrome (MS) in the liver. Besides glucose and lipid metabolic disorders, the level of serum uric acid (SUA) is also associated with the progression of NAFLD. This article reviews the research achievements in the association between SUA and NAFLD and points out that SUA can independently predict the risks of MS, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in both healthy people and patients. Its mechanism may be that SUA increases the expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS)/thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) through inducing ROS, and then it activates the NLR pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome and induces the secretion of interleukin. Both basic and clinical research show that the drugs reducing SUA can inhibit the TXNIP pathway, reduce the blood glucose level, and alleviate liver ROS, inflammation, steatosis, and fibrosis. This article suggests that SUA may be a promising therapeutic method for NAFLD and needs further basic and clinical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been changing, the incidence of HCC related to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is gradually increasing in developed countries in Europe and America and some countries in Asia. This article introduces the close association between NAFLD and HCC, risk factors, clinicopathological features, and prevention and screening, and points out that although the incidence of NAFLD is not as high as that of hepatitis B- or hepatitis C-related HCC, there are a large absolute number of NAFLD patients, especially the high-risk patients with diabetes and obesity, or liver fibrosis/cirrhosis, due to a huge base number of NAFLD patients. NAFLD-related HCC is commonly seen in the elderly with various comorbidities and a poor prognosis. This article also points out that the prevention should focus on the effective treatment of NAFLD. The strict screening of high-risk population is the strategy for the diagnosis of early-stage HCC. At present, the sensitivity of alpha-fetoprotein is relatively low, and imaging examinations including computed tomography are the main screening methods; however, there are no measures for early warning of NAFLD-related HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a close relationship of metabolic syndrome (MS) with chronic liver disease, especially fatty liver. There have been many studies on the clinical features, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of MS with fatty liver, but controversy still exists. This article reviews the latest progress and difficulties in the clinical studies of MS and related fatty liver, alcoholic liver disease, and chronic viral hepatitis, so as to help physicians improve the management of MS and fatty liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To assess the relationship between alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and the influencing factors for CIMT. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 147 males who were inpatients or had physical examination at the Taishan Hospital in Shandong Province during January 2012 to December 2013. The participants, including 136 drinking cases and 11 non-drinking cases, were divided into mild AFLD group (A, 45 cases), moderate to severe AFLD group (B, 58 cases), and non-AFLD group (C, 44 cases). Comparison of mean values between groups was performed using one-way ANOVA, and pairwise comparisons were performed using the LSD test (for homogeneity of variance) or Tamhane's test (for heterogeneity of variance). Results(1) CIMT was significantly higher in group B than in group C (P=0.001). (2) BMI was significantly higher in group A than in group C (P=0.029). Total cholesterol, triglyceride, very-low-density lipoprotein, apolipoprotein B, and uric acid levels significantly rose in groups A and B compared with group C (P＜0.05). (3) Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) level was significantly higher in group A than in group C (P=0.001), whereas alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and GGT levels were significantly higher in group B than in group C (P=0.023, 0.003, and 0.000, respectively). (4) Serum creatinine level was significantly lower in groups A and B than in group C (P=0.007 and 0.005, respectively). Conclusion AFLD can cause the increase in CIMT, resulting in metabolic syndrome-like changes and liver/kidney dysfunction. With increasing severity of AFLD, CIMT increase becomes more significant. Thus, AFLD can be used as an indicator for predicting CIMT increase in human population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To study the influence mechanism of resistin in the pathological process of acute coronary syn- drome (ACS) . Methods A total of 60 ACS patients in Donghua Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-Sen University from June 2011 to December 2013 were selected as ACS group ， and 20 patients with normal coronary angiography were selected as control group. ELISA method was used to detect serum resistin and serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels ， and analyzed the relationship between serum resistin and serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in ACS patients. Results Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and resistin in ACS group[ (2.99±1.88) mg/L ，(4.54±3.03) μg/L] were higher than those in control group[ (2.58±1.30) mg/L ， (3.34±0.85) μg/L] ， but the differences were no statistically significant (P>0.05) .Serum resistin was positively associated with high- sensitivity C-reactive protein (r=0.776 ， P<0.01) . Conclusion Serum resistin may affect the pathological process of ACS by par- ticipating in inflammatory response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the association of metabolic syndrome and its components with gallstones and the factors for the development of gallstones. Methods A total of 445 community residents, who were followed up by Department of Endocrinology in The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University from January to June, 2015, were enrolled as study subjects and were divided into metabolic syndrome group with 220 patients and non-metabolic syndrome group with 225 patients. A questionnaire survey, physical examination, and blood test were performed for these patients to obtain the data on sex, age, body height, body weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, and blood biochemical parameters ［fasting blood glucose, triglyceride (TG), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)］. The chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups, the t-test was used for comparison of continuous data between groups, and a multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent risk factors for the development of gallstones. Results Of all patients, 49 (11.01%) had gallstones, among whom 38 (17.27%) were in the metabolic syndrome group and 11 (4.89%) were in the non-metabolic syndrome group; the metabolic syndrome group had a significant increase in the prevalence rate of gallstones (χ2=17.409, P＜0.001). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that increased waist circumference (OR=1.088, P＜0.001), increased TG level (OR=1.209, P=0.038), and reduced HDL level (OR=0.329, P=0.014) were independent risk factors for gallstones. Conclusion Increased waist circumference, increased TG level, and reduced HDL level may be independent risk factors for the development of gallstones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To establish an animal model of metabolic syndrome which is prone to atherosclerosis. Methods Eight rabbits were randomly selected from in total of 16 rabbits as control group who were fed with normal rabbit feed. And the rest were used as model group, who were fed with high fat diet. Animals were weigh every week, and triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), and glucose (GLU) content were tested in the 8th, 10th, 13th, 16th and 18th week. Femoral arterial blood pressure and insulin (INS) content were assessed at the end of experimental period which is the 18th week; Also, aortic sclerosis rating, arterial stiffness index, abdominal fat coefficient, liver coefficient and cardiac coefficient were calculated and heart, aorta, liver and lower extremity artery pathology were examed. Results Compared with the control group, weight in the model group increased significantly; Serum levels of TC, HDL-C, blood pressure abdominal fat coefficient, liver coefficient were significantly increased in model group; the whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and blood pressure fat coefficient, liver coefficient, aortic sclerosis rating, arterial stiffness index, and GLU all increased significantly in model group; while HDL-C/TCHO, insulin sensitivity index decreased significantly in model group (P < 0.05 or P<0.01) . Conclusion Food induced method can form metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis in rabbit model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic syndrome (MS) and breast cancer are common diseases of women. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBCs) is one type of breast cancer, which is of much attention in recent years. Important components of MS include central obesity, high blood sugar, high triglycerides and low level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), which increased the incidence risk of TNBCs. Common biomarkers of MS including insulin, adiponectin and leptin play an important role in the occurrence and development of breast cancer, especially TNBCs. Insulin-like growth factor-IImRNA binding protein 3 (IMP3, an oncofetal protein) may be TNBCs'new invasive cancer biomarkers. In this paper, the research progress on the relationship between MS and TNBCs is reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is characterized by various endocrine and metabolic abnormalities that are commonly seen in poly cystic ovary syndrome (PC OS). The incidence of MS is rising in the world, with a trend toward younger age. Aside from the increased risks of developing long-term complications such as cardio-cerebrovascular diseases and diabetes, those women with MS in reproductive age are prone to suffer from infertility, abortion and pregnancy complications. The abnormal maternal metabolic environment in those women with MS may exert negative effects on the offspring development at the early period of pregnancy. This article reviewed recent findings on how MS affected the oocyte quality and early-stage embryo development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic syndrome is becoming a global epidemic disease, and it has been an important cause or risk factor for chronic liver dis-ease in China. Recently, many studies have shown that metabolic syndrome is not only the important cause or risk factor for non - alcoholic fatty liver disease, but also closely associated with increased incidence of cirrhosis and liver cancer in patients with alcoholic liver disease, chronic hepatitis B and C, and cryptogenic liver disease. Moreover, chronic liver disease patients with metabolic syndrome have a signifi-cantly increased risk of type 2 diabetes and arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease. These results suggest that hepatologists should pay more attention to the clinical research on the relationship between metabolic syndrome and liver disease and its management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the correlation between metabolic syndrome and asymptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. Methods Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to the criteria recommended by the Chinese Diabetes Society of the Chinese Medical Association. Totally 526 patients with middle cerebral artery stenosis diagnosed by transcranial Doppler in our hospital from January to June 2015 were taken as the case group and other 526 subjects without intracranial arterial stenosis as the control group. The differences of anthropometric indices, biochemical indices and prevalence rate were compared between the two groups. All the research subjects were divided into the group M1, 2, 3, 4, 5 for analyzing the relationship between the abnormal in dexes number with the prevalence rate of intracranial arterial stenosis and calculating the odds ratio (OR). Results The body mass index, waist circumstance, systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure, levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and fasting blood glucose, and prevalence rate of diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome in the case group were significantly higher than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.01), while the high density lipoprotein cholesterol level in the case group was significantly lower than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01). With the number of abnormal indices in the group M2, 3, 4, 5 increasing from 1 to 4, the detection rate of intracranial arterial stenosis was gradually increased, and the difference was statistically significant compared with the group M1 (P<0.01). In calculating the OR value in each group with the M1 group as the baseline,the OR value in the group M2, 3, 4, 5 was gradually increased compared with that in the group M1. Conclusion Metabolic syndrome is an important risk factor of asymptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. Each abnormal index of metabolic syndrome should be better controlled in order to reduce the risk of intracranial arterial stenosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the prevalence situation of elderly metabolic syndrome (MS) and the its influence factors in Xigang street of Qixia District of Nanjing City. Methods 2 085 6 elderly people, aged 65-year-old and more, undergoing the physical examination in Xigang Community Service Center of Qixia District of Nanjing City from June to August 2014 and with the perfect physical examination data such as blood pressure, blood glucose and lipid, were selected as the research subjects. The MS diagnostic criterion adopted the global consensus definition of MS by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Results The prevalence rate of MS among the elderly people in this community was 60.19% (1 255/2 085), moreover the gender difference existed, the prevalence rate of females was 38.85% (810/2 085), which was higher than 21.34% (445/2 085) in males; among multiple factors affecting elderly MS, obesity factor was especially prominent (63.78%), followed by hypertension (54.92%) and hyperlipidemia (36.45%), obesity was a common important factor affecting MS suffering in men and women. Conclusion The prevalence rate of MS among elderly people in Xigang Street of Qixia District is higher, among the many factors affecting MS, obesity, hypertension and hyperlipidemia are particularly significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent researches revealed that intestinal flora contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome, especially to the disorder of their targeted cardiovascular system. Blood cholesterol level is affected by the metabolism of intestinal flora in cholesterol and bile acid. At the same time, the blood cholesterol level is the key player in development of atherosclerosis. This review mainly discussed the relationship between the intestinal flora dependent metabolite trimethylamine oxide (Trimetlylamine oxide, TMAO) and atherosclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metformin as the first-line drugs, play an important role in the treatment of diabetes. Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a pathological condition of abnormal aggregation of multiple metabolite resulting. The long-term adverse outcomes were payed more and more attention by people. The study found, MS is recognized risk factor of endometrial adenocarcinoma, there may be a common pathophysiological basis of insulin resistance. Metformin reduces insulin resistance, regulates the level of cytokines and exerts anti-tumor stem cell function, it is a potent inhibitor of metabolic syndrome and endometrial adenocarcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic syndrome is closely associated with chronic hepatitis C. On one hand, hepatitis C virus plays an important role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. On the other hand, metabolic syndrome can afect the response of chronic hepatitis C to antiviral thera-py. The relationship between metabolic syndrome and chronic hepatitis C is reviewed to improve the clinicians' awareness of this problem and the treatment outcome of chronic hepatitis C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the association between the accumulation of metabolic syndrome (MS) components and abnormal brachial ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), and to investigate the effect of accumulation of abnormal metabolic components on abnormal baPWV among adult individuals undergoing routine health examination. Methods: It's a cross-sectional study. Data from 9 201 stratified sampled subjects, aged between 25 to 75 years old, who took part in the annual health checkups in 11 cities of Zhejiang Province from January to December 2016, were analyzed. Blood pressure(BP), fasting plasma glucose(FPG), waist circumference(WC), triglyceride(TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterols(HDL-C) were defined as MS components. The baPWV was measured by VP-1000 (BP-203RPE Ⅲ) and ΔbaPWV (measured baPWV-reference baPWV/reference baPWV) ×100 (%)> 10% was defined as abnormal. The relationship between MS components and ΔbaPWV was analyzed by linear regression, and impact of accumulation of MS components on ΔbaPWV was analyzed by logistic regression, and the ΔbaPWV in subjects with different levels of MS components were analyzed by analysis of variance. Results: (1) The linear regression analysis demonstrated a positive correlation between ΔbaPWV and MS components including systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, WC, FPG, TG, while ΔbaPWV was negatively correlated with HDL-C. The β values were 0.518, 0.616, 0.208, 2.778, 1.862, -1.339, respectively (all P< 0.001), indicating a strong association between ΔbaPWV and systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and FPG. (2) The logistic regression analysis showed that the proportion of abnormal ΔbaPWV was 2.595 times higher in MS individuals than in non-MS individuals ( P< 0.001). Abnormal ΔbaPWV increased in proportion with increase in numbers of the metabolic components ( OR= 1.913, 2.884, 3.833, 6.161, 11.176 in individuals with 1,2,3,4,5 metabolic components, respectively, all P< 0.001). (3) The logistic analysis suggested that each component of MS could affect baPWV,and OR was 4.68, 2.45 for systolic blood pressure and/or diastolic blood pressure and FPG. All combinations of 2 components of MS also significantly affected baPWV,and OR value was the highest (5.104(95 %CI 4.281-6.085), P< 0.001) for FPG+BP. All combinations of 3 components of MS significantly affected baPWV,and OR value was the highest(5.385(95 %CI 4.245-6.831), P< 0.001) for BP+FPG+TG. All combinations of 4 components of MS affected baPWV,and OR value was the highest (6.519(95 %CI 4.731-8.984), P< 0.001) for BP+FPG+WC+TG. (4) Finally, every component of MS was divided into 3 levels, their impact on abnormal ΔbaPWV was analyzed. Prevalence of abnormal ΔbaPWV significantly increased with the increasing levels of the metabolic components expect for HDL-C, the F values were 1 224.66, 832.89, 192.72, 112.79 and 56.22, respectively (all P< 0.001), indicating that higher levels of metabolic components significantly affected the ΔbaPWV. Conclusions: MS and accumulation of abnormal MS components are closely related with abnormal ΔbaPWV, and the combination of BP and FPG have the greatest impact on the abnormal ΔbaPWV. Analysis on the accumulation of MS components might serve as an early indicator of arteriosclerosis.

The timing of the adiposity rebound (AR) gradually shifted to earlier ages throughout the world; early AR has a great effect on children's health, especially is possible associated with the development of metabolic disease for life, while the special mechanism isn't very clear. Metabolic diseases(MD) are common in adults, and the establishment of MD is the result of pathological chronic processes that can start in early life stages. If the metabolic risk factors and its predictive factors can be found in early childhood, it can bring forward the prevention and control of adult diseases. This paper is a review of the prevalence of early AR around the world, the factors that influence the timing of the AR, the significance of early detection and prevention of MD, the associations between timing of AR and metabolic risk in children and explored the possible mechanism. It aims to raise public awareness about the harm of early AR and provide new perspective to prevent and control of the metabolic syndrome.

Objective: To evaluate glycated hemoglobing A1c (HbA1c) in diagnosing metabolic syndrome (MS) in Chinese subjects aged over 50 years. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted between October 2010 and January 2011 in Shipai community, Guangzhou. A total of 1 494 subjects aged over 50 years were investigated. Questionnaire survey and physical examination were performed among all participants. Fasting blood samples were obtained to measure plasma glucose (FPG), blood lipids and HbA1c. MS was defined by the criteria of International Diabetes Federation (IDF), National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel Ⅲ (ATP Ⅲ)(2005) and Chinese Diabetes Society (CDS), respectively. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to explore the accuracy of HbA1c for diagnosing MS. Results: After excluding subjects with missing data, the remaining 1 473 subjects had a median age of 61 years (55-68 years). An HbA1c threshold of 6.1% yielded the highest combination of sensitivity (52.1%) and specificity (84.3%) for diagnosing MS. Using HbA1c≥5.7% as definition of dysglycemia, the prevalence of MS (IDF), MS (ATP Ⅲ) and MS (CDS) were 48.7%, 57.1% and 50.8%, respectively. The κ coefficients were 0.853, 0.768 and 0.730, respectively. Using HbA1c≥6.1% as definition of dysglycemia, the prevalences of MS (IDF), MS (ATP Ⅲ) and MS (CDS) were 41.2%, 45.8% and 39.1%, respectively. The κ coefficients were 0.923, 0.880 and 0.881, respectively. The optimal HbA1c threshold with the highest level of agreement according to IDF, ATP Ⅲ and CDS criteria were 6.1%, 6.3% and 6.3%, respectively. Conclusions: An HbA1c threshold of 6.1% showed a high specificity for diagnosing MS in Chinese subjects aged over 50 years in community-based setting. The optimal HbA1c threshold may vary according to different criteria and populations.

Objective: To invesigate the epidemic status of the metabolic syndrome (MS) among mainland Chinese adolescents aged 10-17 in 2010-2012. Methods: Data were collected from Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010-2012. Multi-stage stratified proportion to the population cluster random sampling method was conducted to determine 16 872 adolescents in 150 counties from 31 provinces in mainland China. The epidemic status of metabolic syndrome was analyzed by China criterion (defined by Chinese Pediatric Society, Chinese Medical Association) and Cook criterion, respectively. The prevalence of MS and 95 %CI were calculated through weighted complex sampling processing by population data released by the National Bureau of Statistics in 2009. Results: Based on China criterion, the weighted prevalence of MS was 2.4% (95 % CI: 2.1%-2.6%) among Chinese adolescents aged 10-17. Prevalence in urban was higher than in rural (2.8%, 95 %CI: 2.4%-3.2% and 1.9%, 95 %CI: 1.6%-2.3%, respectively). Prevalence in boys and girls were 2.7% (95 % CI: 2.3%-3.0%), and 2.0% (95 % CI: 1.7%-2.4%), respectively. Based on Cook criterion, the weighted prevalence was 4.3% (95 % CI: 4.0%-4.7%) . The highest weighted prevalence of the components of the metabolic syndrome was low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (26.8%, 95 % CI: 26.0%-27.5%), followed by high fasting glucose (11.5%, 95 % CI: 11.0%-12.0%), abdominal obesity (11.1%, 95 %CI: 10.6%-11.7%) , hypertriglyceridemia (8.8%, 95 %CI: 8.4%-9.3%) , and high blood pressure (6.4%, 95 % CI: 6.0%-6.8%). Conclusion: Among the five indicators of metabolic syndrome, the prevalence of central obesity and hypertriglyceridemia were relative high in Chinese adolescents aged 10-17 years, though the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was not high.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) among children and adolescents aged 10-16 years old in 7 provinces in China. Methods: Using the method of stratified cluster random sampling, 93 primary and secondary schools were selected from Guangdong, Hunan, Liaoning, Shanghai, Chongqing, Tianjin, and Ningxia provinces in China. A total of 9 296 students aged 10-16 years old with complete physical and biochemical parameters were selected as the subjects of the present study from above 93 primary and secondary schools. MS was determined using the definition of 'guideline of 2010 Chinese children and adolescents MS definition and treatment'. The standardized age-sex composition of the 2010 census was used to standardize the MS detection rate of every province. Chi-square test was used to compare the difference of MS prevalence among participants with different characteristics. Results: The prevalence of MS was 4.1% (384/9 296) among children and adolescents aged 10-16 years old in 7 provinces in China. The prevalence of MS among males was 5.0% (237/4 754), which was significantly higher than females (3.2%) (147/4 542) ( P< 0.05). Stratified by nutrition conditions, the prevalence of MS was 0, 0.6% (39/6 733), 8.9% (104/1 170), 30.0% (241/803) for thin, normal weight, overweight, and obese population, respectively. The MS prevalence increased with the increase of body mass index (BMI) ( P< 0.001). Stratified by provinces, the prevalence of MS was the highest in Tianjin (9.2%) and the lowest in Hunan province (0.8%). Conclusion: The prevalence of MS was high among children and adolescents aged 10-16 years old in 7 provinces in China. MS prevalence among males was higher than females; MS prevalence among overweight/obese population was higher than normal weight population. The detection rate of metabolic syndrome was different in different provinces.