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Hemerocallis citrina is an edible and medicinal homologous plant, which is rich in many nutrients and bioactive components. Terpenoids are a kind of important bioactive component in H. citrina. To understand the dominant terpenoid metabolites in H. citrina roots, stems, leaves, and flowers, respectively, this study analyzed the terpenoid metabolites in these 4 organs based on the ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technology of widely targeted metabolomics. A total of 43 terpenoids were identified, including 7 kinds of monoterpenoids (16.2%), 18 kinds of ditepenoids (41.9%), 16 kinds of triterpene (37.2% ), and 2 kinds of triterpene saponin (4.7%). Principal component analysis and clustering analysis indicated that the mass spectrometry data were reliable, and the accumulation of terpenoids in different organs was significantly different. The dominant terpenoid metabolites in roots included isopimaradieneone, pimaradienone, abietic acid, scutebarbolide C, and isopimaric acid. The dominant terpenoid metabolites in stems included 3, 9-dihydroxy-13(14)-labden-16,15-olide and 9,19-cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol (cycloartenol). The dominant terpenoid metabolites in leaves included viteagnusin A and ent-3β-acetoxyisopimar-15-8β-ol. The dominant terpenoid metabolites in flowers included vitexilactone and 7-Ocoumaroyl- loganic acid. This study listed the relative contents of all terpenoids in roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of H. citrina in detail, which provided the foundation for further investigation of the different usages of various plant organs of H. citrina, and the information is important for the food industry and medical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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[Objective]To understand the main nutrients content and distribution characteristics in each organ of Paris polyphylla Smith var. chinensis during flowering period in order to provide scientific basis for understory cultivation and nutrient management. [Method]With Paris polyphylla Smith var. chinensis of under-forest the Cunninghamia lanceolata as the research object,samples were collected at flowering stage, and the content and distribution characteristics and their correlation of main nutrients in each organ were analyzed. [Result]N content in each organ was ranked from high to low as leaf, flower, fibrous root, tuber, stem from high to low, and the highest N content in leaf was 29. 61 g / kg. P content was ranked from high to low as flower, leaf, fibrous root, tuber, stem, and the highest P content in flower was 4. 75 g / kg. K content was ranked from high to low as leaf, flower, stem, fibrous root, tuber, and the highest K content in leaf was 25. 23 g / kg. Ca content was ranked from high to low as tuber, fibrous root, stem, leaf, flower and the highest Ca content in tuber was 4. 75 g / kg. Mg content was ranked from high to low as leaf, flower, fibrous root, tuber, stem and the highest Mg content in leaf was 3. 11 g / kg. The average nutrient content of each organ of Paris polyphylla Smith var. chinensis was ranked from high to low as N, K, Ca, Mg, P. Except N and Mg contents in tuber showed significant negative correlation (P<0. 05), the rest of the correlation was not significant. [Conclusion]The nutrients in each organ of Paris polyphylla Smith var. chinensis during flowering period were mainly concentrated in the leaves and flowers. N and P may be the main nutrient elements limiting the growth of Paris polyphylla Smith var. chinensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop mechanical properties are widely used in the studies of crop lodging resistance, machine-crop-soil interaction system and crop cultivation. Theoretical support can greatly contribute to the lodging resistance varieties for the quality of machine operation and cultivation. The mechanical properties of crops are also closely related to their morphological structure, anatomical characteristics, and chemical compounds. This review was focused mainly on the mechanical properties associated with the volume fraction of the main compound components (including cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, and pectin) in each cell wall layer, the thickness, and the microfibrillar angle. The structure models were also established for the cell wall layer. The elastic mechanics model of each cell wall layer was then constructed using the Halpin-Tsai equation. The elastic model of the cell wall was built using the classical laminate theory and the boundary conditions of each wall layer. The finite Element Method (FEM) was used to solve those mechanical models. The mechanical properties of the cell and cell wall were characterized by the Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), and Confocal Raman Microscope (CRM). A systematic investigation was made to clarify the influences of cell morphology, structure, size, arrangement, and density on the mechanical properties of tissues. The cell geometry model reconstruction of tissues was performed on the Voronoi Diagram, Skeleton, Ellipse Fitting, and High-Resolution X-ray microtomography. The mechanical models of tissue were represented by the linear elastic, nonlinear rheological and twodimensional honeycomb system mechanical model using the finite or discrete element method (FEM or DEM). The mechanical properties of tissue were verified by the micro-scale tension, compression and shear tests. Previous research was found to determine the influence of tissue distribution and arrangement on the mechanical properties of organs. Furthermore, the geometric structure model was also built, according to the characteristics of external morphology and internal microstructure of the organ. The mechanical model of organs was constructed to assign the mechanical property parameters of tissues, and then for the setting load and constraint conditions. FEM was then used to solve the mechanical models. Much effort also focused on the influences of the number, spatial distribution, and arrangement of various organs on the mechanical properties of plants. The plant geometric structure model included the geometric model of each organ, the spatial position, and the posture of each organ on the plant. The mechanical model of the plant was built to assign the mechanical property parameters to each organ in the plant geometric structure model, and then set the connection, constraint mode, and boundary conditions on each organ. The FEM was also used to analyze the mechanical properties of the plant under a specific load. As such, the concept of crop multiscale mechanics was summarized during this time. Namely, the mechanical properties of corps were analyzed to take the cell wall layer, cell wall, cell, tissue, and organ as the basic components, thus building the geometric structure and mechanical models of the cell wall, cell, tissue, organ, and plant, together with the research contents of their structure mechanics. The concept of crop multi-scale mechanics was proposed to systematically summarize the research contents. The findings were also helpful to the formation of crop multi-scale mechanics theory, the establishment of database and the development of analysis software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is of great theoretical significance and practical application value to study maize canopy morphology for clarification of maize growth and development law, and improvement of crop yield and quality. However, due to the complexity of maize canopy structure and the difficulty in obtaining morphological measurement data, organ allocation and morphogenesis simulation have become the weak links in study on crop growth and morphogenesis simulation. In order to quantitatively and dynamically describe the growth and development of maize canopy, and to explore the changes of crop canopy morphology and structure, in this study, taking summer maize as the research object and taking growth degree days(GDD) as the time step, the change of genetic parameters of organs, dynamic development process of nodes, leaves, ears, and leaf sheath of maize were analyzed. Morphological structure model of all organs of maize including stalks, leaves, tassels, ears, and leaf sheath was constructed. The model constructed was tested by using the maize field experiment data. The results showed that the RMSE simulated by leaf length and width was 0.532 and 0.508, respectively. The RMSE simulated by internode length and width was 0.734 and 0.585, respectively. The RMSE simulated by leaf sheath length and width was 0.845 and 0.198, respectively. The RMSE simulated by tassel length and width was 1.850 and 0.019, respectively. The RMSE simulated by ear length and width was 1.689 and 0.236, respectively. All of the data indicated that the model constructed in this study had a good simulation effect and certain predictability, and could describe the dynamic elongation process of maize canopy organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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【Objective】The storage and distribution of unstructured carbohydrate in the organs of different tree species in Tiantong Mountain broadleaf forest were studied to provide data and theoretical basis for the construction of carbon cycle model in Tiantong Mountain broadleaf forest.【Method】Three years in a row to study the different day child broad-leaved forest tree species(schima superba, cyclobalanopsis, roasted oak trees, and stone) different organs(leaf, branch, skin, sapwood and heartwood, coarse and fine root) non-structural carbohydrates(NSC) reserves, and fitting the NSC reserves of different tree species and tree height, the relationship between different organs was calculated on the basis of different tree species relative error of the NSC reserves.【Result】We had studied estimation of nonstructural carbohydrates storage in different organs of tree species in Tiantong mountain hardwood forest by 3 years, and fitting the NSC reserves of different tree species and tree height, the relationship between different organs were calculated on the basis of different tree species relative error of the NSC reserves, to build children’s day broad-leaved forest carbon cycle models provide data and theoretical basis. The photosynthetic rate of leaves of different tree species in Tiantong mountain broad-leaved forest showed a ‘M’ type change trend within a day. At 13:00, the stomata was closed, and the photosynthetic rate decreased.The photosynthetic rate first increased and then decreased in a year. The photosynthetic rate in the same season was basically presented as > of brocade tree > of stoneoak > of schima superba.The NSC reserves, soluble sugar and soluble starch of leaves, branches, bark, sapwood, heartwood, thick roots and thin roots showed a consistent change trend, and the size was basically presented as roasted tree > bluestone oak > schima superba.There was a significant exponential relationship between NSC reserves and trunk height in different tree species(P<0.05), and a significant linear relationship between soluble sugar and soluble starch and trunk height(P<0.05).The relative error contribution rate of NSC reserves and soluble sugars of leaves, branches, bark, sapwood, thick roots and fine roots of different tree species was higher than that of soluble starch, and the relative error contribution rate of above ground of different tree species was higher than that of underground. 【Conclusion】Correlation analysis showed that different tree branches, skin, fine root and root NSC reserves and the photosynthetic rate was significantly positive correlation(P< 0.05), of which the roast and cyclobalanopsis correlation coefficient is higher than the oak tree and schima superba, branches, leather, fine root and root NSC reserves mainly depends on the photosynthetic rate, roast tree and cyclobalanopsis has high NSC reserves due to strong photosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Southern Agriculture is the property of Journal of Southern Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forest Research is the property of Forest Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

【Objective】 This study adopted the synergetic elongation relationship between leaf ages and organs, explored the applicability of leaf age model diagnosis method in order to provide basic parameters for establishing maize leaf model for varieties with different total leaf numbers in Yunnan Province, and to provide theoretical foundation for finding out a technical system to precisely guide maize high yield cultivation practices. 【Method】Two locations with two repeats each were tested in Kunming during 2014 and 2015. Three maize varieties with different total leaf numbers were selected from large extended maize varieties in Yunnan Province, Yunrui 999, Yunrui 88, and Yunrui 10 to conduct the research. Leaves were marked, number of roots in 10 plants were observed and recorded, and internode lengths were measured at each unfolding leaf age. The differentiation situations of silk and ear were investigated by peeling under anatomical lens at each unfolding leaf age. 【Result】The initial leaf age of ear differentiation of maize variety with 18 total leaf numbers was the6 th unfolding leaf, that of 19 total leaf numbers was the 7 th unfolding leaf, and that of 21 total leaf numbers was the 8 th unfolding leaf. Unfolding of the 1 st hairy leaf and elongation of the1 st internode could be taken as the diagnosis indicator of initiation of silk differentiation and precursor of ear differentiation.Ear differentiation situation were all at pistil development stage in all varieties when ear inserted leaf unfolded. The leaf ages of ear differentiation duration were the same in varieties with same total leaf numbers. The internode length of the 7 th and 8 th internodes were the longest, fitting the fact that most of the ears were inserted in these two nodes(the 7 th and 6 th leaves counting from top) in tested varieties. A set of secondary root would inevitably appear when the 1 st hairy leaf was unfolded.【Conclusion】The 1 st hairy leaf unfolding stage was an important diagnosis indicator with comprehensive diagnosis significance. Ear went into spikelet differentiation stage at the ear inserted leaf visible stage(small whorl stage). It was also a key stage for flower formation. The ear inserted leaf unfolding stage(whorl opening stage) was of great diagnosis significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The people's supervisor system refers to the system established in September 2003 in which procuratorial organs in China have to select some outsiders from the communities to supervise their law enforcement activities. The period from September 2, 2003 to July 5, 2004 is the phase of the proposal and experiment of establishing the system in 10 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions; the period from September 1, 2004 to March, 2006 is the stage for the all-round popularization of the system, in which 86% of the national procuratorial organs implemented the relevant policy; the period from March, 2006 to now is the stage for deepening and standardizing the practice, in which many procuratorial organs have introduced a series of reform measures, including: the experiment of the selection procedure in which the supervisors should be selected "outside the system"; the supervisors being mainly selected from the candidates who recommend themselves rather than being recommended by others; the promotion of the higher procuratorate's selecting supervisors according to uniform standards. Such measures have provided four modes for the system's operation. In the future, the people's supervisor system will make developments in the following six aspects: the establishment of the people's supervisor system by official legislation, the full implementation of "outside-the-system" supervision, the expansion of the scope of the candidature of the supervisors, strengthening the binding force of the supervisors' decisions, the adoption of the "cross-supervision" between higher and lower procuratorial organs and between procuratorial organs in different regions, and the expansion of the range of supervision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]