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Objective To explore the changes of heart rate variability (HRV) in patients with type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes. Methods We selected 58 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (diabetes group), 40 patients with pre-diabetes (pre-diabetes group), and 61 healthy physical examinees (control group). Each HRV index of the diabetes and pre-diabetes groups was compared with that of the control group. Results The values of SDNN, SDANN, rMSSD, PNN50, HF, LF and LF / HF in the diabetes group were separately ( 96. 27 ± 16. 32) ms, (86. 40±15. 66) ms, (25. 47±4. 02) ms, (4. 47±1. 18)%, 127. 86±30. 30, 242. 03±65. 39 and 1. 99±0. 16; the values of the above HRV indexes in the pre-diabetes group were separately (100. 90±13. 28) ms, (91. 88± 12. 20) ms, (26. 23 ± 3. 68) ms, (4. 61 ± 0. 87)%, 133. 90 ± 19. 15, 265. 68 ± 39. 64 and 1. 94 ± 0. 16. In the patients with diabetes and pre-diabetes, SDNN, SDANN, rMSSD, PNN50, LF and HF all decreased to varying degrees compared with healthy people (P<0. 05) while there was no significant change in LF / HF. Conclusion HRV changes occur not only in type 2 diabetes but also in the population with pre-diabetes. Early monitoring of HRV indexes helps to make early detection and diagnosis of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective　To compare prevalence of diabetes and its influencing factors between Han and Bai ethnic groups in rural Yunnan. Methods　A total of 5， 003 rural residents aged ≥ 35 years in Fumin County of Kunming city and Jianchuan County of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture were selected by multi-stage stratified random sampling method，each participant received on-site questionnaire interview and physical examination. Chisquare test was used to analyze the difference of diabetes prevalence between Han and Bai ethnic groups， and multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of diabetes prevalence. Results　The prevalence of prediabetes in Han and Bai was 16.30% and 14.43%，and the prevalence of diabetes was 11.83% and 7.83%，respectively. The prevalence of diabetes in Han was higher than that in Bai by gender，educational level and per capita annual income （P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis results indicated that older age （ OR = 1.016 and OR = 1.032)，obese （ OR = 1.580 and OR = 2.561），central obese （OR = 2.372 and OR = Objective　To compare prevalence of diabetes and its influencing factors between Han and Bai ethnic groups in rural Yunnan. Methods　A total of 5， 003 rural residents aged ≥ 35 years in Fumin County of Kunming city and Jianchuan County of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture were selected by multi-stage stratified random sampling method，each participant received on-site questionnaire interview and physical examination. Chisquare test was used to analyze the difference of diabetes prevalence between Han and Bai ethnic groups， and multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of diabetes prevalence. Results　The prevalence of prediabetes in Han and Bai was 16.30% and 14.43%，and the prevalence of diabetes was 11.83% and 7.83%，respectively. The prevalence of diabetes in Han was higher than that in Bai by gender，educational level and per capita annual income （P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis results indicated that older age （ OR = 1.016 and OR = 1.032），obese （ OR = 1.580 and OR = 2.561），central obese （OR = 2.372 and OR = [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To establish a nomogram for predicting the possibility of progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in 3 years among Chinese adults. Methods This retrospective study was one component of the baseline and 3-year follow-up surveys conducted for the Risk Evaluation of cAncers in Chinese diabeTic Individuals: a lONgitudinal study (REACTION) from February 2012 to August 2015. In all, 2 788 subjects who diagnosed without diabetes at baseline and completed the 3-year survey were taken into this analysis. All participants were divided into a modeling cohort (75%, 2 094 cases) or a validation cohort (25%, 694 cases) via simple random sampling. According to the Akaike information criterion, a logistic regression model was adopted to construct the nomogram that predicted the risk of T2DM. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was utilized to evaluate the predictive value of this nomogram. Decision curve analysis was employed to assess the clinical utility of the predictive model. Results After a follow-up of 3 years, 210 cases (7.53%) of the 2 788 non-diabetic participants developed diabetes, with the annual incidence estimated to be 2.51%. In the modeling cohort, multivariate logistic regression analysis exhibited that age, fasting plasma glucose, 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were independent risk factors for T2DM (odds ratio were 1.03,1.13, 1.01,1.17, respectively, all P<0.05). Therefore, we used these four factors as independent variables to construct our nomogram. The area under the curve (AUC) of the nomogram for predicting the possibility of progression to T2DM in modeling cohort was 0.825 (95% confidence interval 0.787-0.864), and the AUC of the nomogram established above in the validation cohort was 0.781 (95% confidence interval 0.716-0.846). The predictive value of such nomogram is better than that of prediabetes (P<0.01, Delong's test). Decision curve analysis suggested that the nomogram which was established in this study exhibited clinical application value. Conclusions The nomogram constructed in this study can effectively predict the risk of progression to T2DM after a follow-up of 3 years, which can help to identify patients with high-risk of diabetes and develop individualized interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the relationship between lipid accumulation product (LAP) and abnormal glucose metabolism in the participants recruited from Jiangxi Province. Methods This study conducted a cross-sectional survey on community neighborhood communities in 14 cities and towns in Jiangxi Province from March to July 2018. A multi-stage stratified random sampling method was used to recruit 4 790 residents aged 18 and above, and a questionnaire survey (including demography, subject characteristics, drug history, lifestyle and psychological conditions, etc.), physical examination[measure and calculate height, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), waist to height ratio (WHtR), LAP and visceral adiposity index (VAI)] and laboratory examination [fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-hour plasma glucose (2hPG), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)] were conducted on all subjects. Diagnose diabetes and pre-diabetes according to the diagnostic criteria of the Chinese Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes (2017 edition). Kruskal-Wallis H method and multivariate logistic regression model were used to analyze the relationship between different LAP levels (quartiles) with pre-diabetes and diabetes. Results There were 2 996 patients in the normal glucose tolerance group, 1 097 patients in the pre-diabetes group, and 697 patients in the diabetes group. In the 3 groups, age, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, BMI, waist circumference, LAP, VAI, FPG, 2hPG, TC, TG and LDL-C increased with the increase of glucose metabolism severity, while HDL-C decreased (all P<0.05). According to the LAP quartile, there were 1 196 cases in group Q1 (LAP<16.52), 1 198 cases in group Q2 (16.52≤LAP<29.52), 1 195 cases in group Q3 (29.52≤LAP<50.22) and 1 201 cases in group Q4 (LAP≥50.22).With the increase of LAP level, the prevalence of pre-diabetes and diabetes showed an increasing trend, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01). After adjusting for gender, age, education, family history of diabetes, family income, smoking and drinking histories, exercise status, blood pressure, and BMI, the highest LAP level group showed higher risk for pre-diabetes and diabetes with OR(95%CI) 2.94 (2.26 to 3.83) and 5.00 (3.58 to 6.97), respectively. Conclusions LAP is closely related to abnormal glucose metabolism. The individuals with higher LAP showed higher risk of pre-diabetes and diabetes, and it has certain clinical value for early warning of abnormal glucose metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To evaluate the application value of skin advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs), a non-invasive detection technology for the early screening in community diabetes mellitus. Methods A total of 701 people without history of diabetes mellitus were recruited from community health check-up center between Jan. 2018 and Jan. 2019 and divided into normal glucose tolerance group (n=443), impaired glucose regulation group (n=198) and newly diagnosed diabetes group (n=60) according to the results of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Upper arm skin AGEs were detected by diabetes mellitus scan (DM Scan). Parameters of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-hour postprandial blood glucose (2 h PG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin (INS), C-peptide (C-P), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), creatinine (Cr), urea (UREA) were tested. Additionally, AGEs levels were compared in<45 years old, 45 to 59 years old and ≥60 years old age groups. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the differences of parameters and skin AGEs levels among 3 groups, and Pearson correlation analysis and logistic regression analysis were performed. Results The levels of AGEs in prediabetes and diabetic patients in different ages were higher than those in healthy controls respectively (P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that skin AGEs were correlated with FPG and HbA1c (r=0.215 and 0.233, P<0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that AGEs were independent risk factors for prediabetes and diabetes risk [OR (95%CI): 1.054 (1.025-1.084), 1.116 (1.071-1.163)]. The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of DM Scan for identifying diabetes was 0.721 [95%CI (0.658-0.783)], with a sensitivity of 73.3% and specificity of 61.3%. The area under receiver operator characteristic curve of DM Scan for pre-diabetes was 0.601 [95%CI (0.551-0.652)], with a sensitivity of 35.4% and specificity of 87.1%. Conclusion Non-invasive detection of skin AGEs may be useful for assessing the risk of diabetes, but it may not be suitable for screening early diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To compare the prevalence of diabetes in the elderly among the urban and rural area in Kunming. Methods Multi- stage stratified randomsamplingmethod was used to select 3225 people aged ≥60 years from Guandu District and Yi Liang County of Kunming for on- site questionnaire survey and blood glucose measurement. Results The prevalence of pre- diabetes and diabetes in the urban elderly were 46.7% and 24.6%， and in rural area were 23.2% and 11.1%，respectively. The prevalence of pre- diabetes and diabetes among the urban elderly was significantly higher than that in the rural elderly（P＜0.01） . Moreover， the gender， age and education specific prevalence of both pre- diabetes and diabetes were also significantly higher in the urban elderly than those in rural elderly（P＜0.01） . The prevalence of pre- diabetes in the urban elderly decreased with age （P＜0.05） . Conclusion There are obviously geographical differences of prevalence of pre- diabetes and diabetes among the elderly between urban and rural area in Kunming. Future targeted measures for prevention and control of diabetes should consider the different characteristics of the elderly population in urban and rural area of Kunming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effect of exercise intervention on the relationship between KCNJ11 gene polymorphism and glycolipid metabolism in pre-diabetic population., Methods: From January 2017 to March 2017, 5 communities were selected by stratified cluster random sampling method in Liaocheng City, Shandong Province, and 46 cases of pre-diabetes'data were collected through public welfare physical examination activities. The exercise intervention was performed for 8 weeks with their consent and cooperation. The polymorphism of KCNJ11 gene and the index of glucose and lipid metabolism were detected before and after exercise intervention, and the correlation between them was also discussed., Results: After 8 weeks of exercise intervention, 2 h postprandial blood glucose, fasting glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and four indicators of blood lipids were significantly improved in pre-diabetes populations(P<0. 05). KCNJ11 gene polymorphism analysis showed that the TG, TC and HDL-C lipid metabolism indexes of CC genotype in rs5219 locus were more significant than those of TT and CT genotypes(t=2. 635, 3. 213 and 2. 048, P=0. 012, 0. 003 and 0. 048)after exercise intervention, the changes of FPG and HbA lc glucose metabolism indexes in GG genotype population of rs2285676 locus were more significant than those in AA and AG genotypes(t=2. 236 and 2. 062, P=0. 034 and 0. 049)., Conclusion: The CC genotype of the KCNJ11 gene rs5219 site and the GG genotype of rs2285676 site can be used as the dominant gene to evaluate the change of glucose lipid metabolism in the early stage of diabetes intervention.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) in men with pre-diabetes., Methods: This study included 500 men with impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG), 500 with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and another 500 with normal blood glucose (NBG), all from Lanzhou. We conducted a questionnaire investigation among the subjects using the International Index of Erectile Dysfunction 5 (IIEF-5)., Results: The prevalence rates of ED in the IFG, IGT, and NBG groups were 14.8%, 29.2%, and 33.2%, respectively. After controlling for age, nationality, occupation, education, income, obesity, and blood pressure, the incidence rate was markedly higher in the IFG and IGT than in the NBG group (29.2% and 33.2% vs 14.8%, P <0.05), but showed no statistically significant difference between the IFG and IGT groups (P >0.05)., Conclusions: The prevalence of ED is higher in men with pre-diabetes than in those with normal blood glucose in Lanzhou.

Objective: To assess the influence of the different exercise intervention mode, aerobic exercise training(AET), resistance training(RT) and AET RT, on blood glucose of pre-diabetes., Methods: Literatures were identified from the PubMed, EMBASE, EBSCO, CNKI and Wanfang databases. Relevant journals or conference proceedings were also searched manually. The qualities of randomized con-trolled trials that conformed to inclusion criteria were evaluated. Meta-analysis of the obtained related data was completed utilizing RevMan 5.2 statistical software. Mean difference of index related in exercise intervention groups and control group were calculated across the studies., Results: Eight original literatures enrolled in this study. Compared with control group, combined effect of different exercise interventions on fast-ing blood glucose showed no significant, consistent with different intervention subgroups analysis. RT group and AET + RT group showed a sig-nificantly reduced role on 2 h postprandial blood index ( P < 0.05). AET group showed a significantly reduced role on insulin resistance in-dex., Conclusions: To pre-diabetic, effects of exercise on postprandial 2 h blood glucose and insulin resistance index are related to modes of ex-ercise. Effects of exercise on fasting blood glucose, but still could not be determined.