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As a renewable resource, cellulose has the advantages of wide source, environmental friendliness, biodegradability and biocompatibility. It is found that emulsions prepared with solid particles as stabilizers have higher stability than traditional surfactant-stabilized emulsions, and cellulose is an excellent stabilizer for Pickering emulsions due to its biocompatibility, wide source and environmental friendliness and has a broad prospect for application as a natural dietary fiber in the food field. In this article, the characteristics of Pickering emulsions stabilized by different kinds of cellulose and the different properties different treatments impart to nanocellulose-stabilized Pickering emulsions are reviewed. The recent applications of nanocellulose-based emulsions in the food field such as preparation of food-grade polymer materials, preparation of new low-calorie foods, delivery of bioactive substances and auxiliary digestion are described, which can provide a reference for broadening the application of cellulose-based Pickering emulsions.

ObjectiveTo predict the incidence trend of influenza-like illness proportion （ILI%） in Shanghai using the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average model （SARIMA）， and to provide an important reference for timely prevention and control measures.MethodsTime series analysis was performed on ILI% surveillance data of Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention from the 15th week of 2015 to the 52nd week of 2019， and a prediction model was established. Seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average （SARIMA） model was established using data from the foregoing 212 weeks， and prediction effect of the model was evaluated using data from the latter 36 weeks.ResultsFrom the 15th week of 2015 to the 52nd week of 2019， the average ILI% in Shanghai was 1.494%， showing an obvious epidemic peak. SARIMA（1，0，0） （2，0，0） 52 was finally modeled. The residual of the model was white noise sequence， and the true values were all within the 95% confidence interval of the predicted values.ConclusionSARIMA（1，0，0） （2，0，0） 52 can be used for the medium term prediction of ILI% in Shanghai， and can play an early warning role for the epidemic and outbreak of influenza in Shanghai.

Objective To investigate the clinicopathological and molecular genetic features of cortical tubers in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Methods and Results Two girls, one was 33 months old and the other was 15 years old, presented paroxysmal strabismus and intermittent panic with convulsion of limbs. Head MRI revealed focal cortical abnormal signal and multifocal cortical suspected abnormal signals indicating focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). The implantation of intracranial electrode indicated epileptogenic zones, and multi-lobectomy was conducted to remove the epileptogenic zones. From the gross specimen, gray matter nodule and banded heterotopic gray matter were observed. Histological examination showed uneven cortical thickness and heterotopic gray matter. Part of the cortex showed giant heterocyst proliferation with big nuclei and obvious nucleoli, and involved deep white matter with calcification. Neurons with deformed nuclei, giant cells and obvious proliferation of glial cells could be seen. Immunohistochemically, the dysmorphic neurons were positive for neurofilament protein (NF) in ytoplasm, giant cells were positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin (Vim) in cytoplasm, and the diffuse positivity of GFAP in cortex indicated obvious proliferation of glial cells. Combined with clinical data, Case 1 was diagnosed as cortical dysplasia in multiple lobes and one renal hamartoma, and Case 2 was diagnosed as cortical tubers in multiple lobes and heterotopic gray matter. They were diagnosed as suspected TSC. Genet detection found TSC1 gene in Case 1 had c.647_648del heterozygous mutation (nonsense mutation) and TSC2 in Case 2 had c.4672G>A heterozygous mutation (missense mutation). The diagnosis of TSC was confirmed. Conclusions TSC presents variable clinical features. There are several overlapping features in the aspect of histological orphology between cortical tubers and FCD Ⅱ b. The confirmed diagnosis of TSC should consider clinical manifestations, imaging and genetic testing, not only the histological and immunohistochemical features which easily led to misdiagnosis of FCD Ⅱb. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2018.06.007

Objective To explore the clinical and pathological characteristics, diagnosis and differential diagnosis of IgG4-related meningeal disease. Methods and Results A 49-year-old male patient suffered from headache for nearly 2 years and the symptom was aggravated progressively for over one month. MRI revealed space-occupying lesion in left parietal lobe, with irregular signal and clear borderline. Contrast-enhanced MRI showed homogeneous enhancement, and obvious meningeal thicking just like "dural tail sign". The patient underwent operation, and the lesion was totally removed. Histologically, it showed a large amount of hyperplastic collagen fibrous tissue with inflammatory cells, including a large number of plasmocytes, as well as scattered lymphocytes and a small number of eosinophilic granulocytes. Russell bodies which were homogenously positive for eosin could be seen in some plasmocytes. Focal necrosis, and proliferation of interstitial fibroblasts and small vessels were found. The lesion had no capsules and invaded surrounding tissues. Immunohistochemical staining showed the plasmocytes were diffusely positive for IgG and IgG4 (> 60%), and were positive for CD38 and CD138 on the membrane. Lymphocytes were positive for CD3, CD4 or CD20 on the membrane. The serum IgG4 level was 1.05 g/L. Final pathological diagnosis was IgG4-related meningeal disease in left parietal lobe. After operation, the patient received anti-infectious, anti-epileptic and nutrition support treatment, and the symptoms were markedly improved. The patient was discharged after 26 d, but was lost to follow-up. Conclusions IgG4-related meningeal disease is a rare disease. Due to the atypical imaging features, it may be difficult to differentiate IgG4-related meningeal disease from other diseases with prominent inflammatory cells and stromal fibrosis. The elevated serum IgG4 level may provide diagnostic cues. However, a definite diagnosis depends on characteristic histological and immunohistochemical features. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2016.03.010

Background Epithelioid malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (EMPNST) is a rare malignant soft tissue tumor, and is more common in adult male. EMPNST originates from nerve, mainly located in the limbs, head and neck, and spine. It is an aggressive tumor with high tendency for local recurrence, and about half of the cases appear distant metastasis. This paper aims to investigate the clinicopathological features of cervial EMPNST. Methods and Results A 48-year-old male mainly presented weakness of limbs, expecially left lower extremty with ankle swelling. MRI showed space-occupying lesion in segment C3-5, considering recurrence of intraspinal tumor 2 years after operation. Tumor resection, repairing of spinal dura mater and laminectomy were made from inion to C7 level. It was found during the surgery that most part of the tumor was located in front of C3-5 spinal nerve, left intraspinal and outside of dura mater. Because part of the tumor grew through the opening of titanium plate, the tumor could not be totally removed. According to postoperative histomorphological observation, tumor cells arranged in sheets or nests, and were separated by fibrous tissue. Most tumor cells were epithelioid, while small part of tumor cells were fusiform. Frequent mitotic activity was found, and part of the region appeared focal necrosis. Immunohistochemical staining showed that tumor cells were positive for pan cytokeratin (PCK), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), vimentin (Vim), synaptophysin (Syn), chromogranin A (CgA), and S-100 protein (S-100); and were negative for actin, desmin (Des), progestrone receptor (PR), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), CD34, CD31 and HMB45; Ki-67 labeling index was above 25% . Reticular fiber staining showed that the epithelioid cell nests were surrounded by reticular fibers. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) detection showed negative for SS18 gene translocation. Combining with the history, the final pathological diagnosis was cervical EMPNST. Conclusion EMPNST lacks of morphological characteristics, and needs to be differentiated from a variety of benign or malignant tumors exhibiting epithelioid features. It is considered that clinical materials, morphological features and immunophenotype are helpful to avoid confusion with other similar lesions. S-100 is not a specific marker, but is a valuable diagnostic index. PCK and EMA can present strongly positive expression. doi：10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2013.11.008

Background Primary anaplastic large T cell lymphoma (ALCL) of central nervous system (CNS) can occur in people of all ages, and is usually unrelated with immunodeficiency. It is often misdiagnosed as meningitis, especially tuberculous meningitis, on clinical practice and imaging examination. In pathological diagnosis, the morphological changes of primary ALCL of CNS are similar to the systemic ALCL and the anaplastic lymphoma kinase⁃1 (ALK⁃1) can be positive or negative. Being misdiagnosed as meningitis, hormone therapy with glucocorticoid before biopsy is always used, and massive necrosis and a lot of histocyte proliferation and phagocytosis can be found under histological findings. Therefore, when the material is not enough, primary ALCL of CNS is often misdiagnosed as cerebral infarction or malignant histocytosis and so on. This paper reports a case of primary ALCL of CNS and makes a review of relevant literature, so as to summarize the clinical manifestations and elevate the recognition of clinicians and pathologists on this disease. Methods and Results A 12⁃year⁃old boy was admitted because of fever, worsening headache, numbness and weakness of right limbs. MRI showed local gyri swelling and abnormal enhancement of pia mater in the right parietal lobe, expanding to the right temporal lobe, and pia mater enhancement in the left parietal lobe. The right temporo⁃parietal lobe lesion biopsy revealed irregularly shaped tumor cells of large size, rich and eosinophilic cytoplasm and horseshoe⁃shaped or kidney⁃shaped nuclei. Immunohistochemical examination showed tumor cells positive for CD3, CD45RO, CD30, ALK⁃1 and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), and negative for CD20 and CD79a. Conclusion Primary ALCL of CNS is an extremely rare tumor which is usually misdiagnosed as meningitis according to clinical andimaging examinations. Therefore, for those patients who are considered as meningitis but with poor treatment effect and replase of illness, brain tissue biopsy, which is an important means for diagnosis, or cerebrospinal fluid cytologic examination, should be carried out as soon as possible.

Arthropods of medical importance such as mosquitoes, ticks and sandflies are one of the key drivers of arthropod-borne diseases outbreak, posing a great threat to global public health security. For further understanding the transmission mechanisms of arthropod-borne diseases and establishing the prevention and control measures, a series of experiments of arthropods infection need to be carried out under laboratory conditions. Besides the regular biosafety requirements, some specific considerations need to be taken into account when performing arthropod infection and the infected arthropod rearing. Except for the physical containment composed of biosafety facilities, a comprehensive assessment of the biosafety risks during operations and corresponding preventive measures are also critical to eliminate or mitigate the biosafety risks. In this paper, we introduce our practice in handling mosquito infection with Risk Group 2 pathogens in Arthropod Containment Level-2 (ACL-2) laboratory, with an aim to provide a reference for researchers in related fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neutral salt spray test was carried out on TSZ410 stainless steel welded joints, and its corrosion behavior was studied using metallurgical microscope, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer, energy-dispersive spectrometer, electrochemical workstation, and weight-loss analysis. The results showed that after salt spray test for 128 days, there was obvious corrosion at the matrix while there was no visible corrosion at the weld seam and fusion area. The structure of the weld seam was not changed, indicating its good corrosion resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanut is one of the most important oil crops in the world. Up to now, 81 Arachis species are identified and arranged in 9 infrageneric taxonomic sections according to its morphological characteristics, geographical distribution and cross-compatibility. Cultivated peanut has a very narrow genetic base, which is a fundamental limitation to crop improvement using only cultivated germplasm. Compared with cultivars, wild peanut species have high genetic diversity, can adapt to a series of complex environments and are important sources for resistance to bi-otic and abiotic stress. An increasing number of studies showed that many wild species of peanut were highly resistant to root -knot nematode, late leaf spot and rust. In recent years, new tools for genetic and genomic analysis, provided better efficiency in using peanut resources in crop improvement. This paper reviewed the wild species of peanuts and introduced the wild peanut with disease resistance to assist the genetic improvement of peanut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking two kinds of vegetables (Brassica rapa and Amaranthus mangostanus) and one insect species (Prodenia litura) as test materials, a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to study the transfer characteristics of cadmium (Cd) in soilvegetableinsect food chain and the distribution patters of different Cd chemical forms in the organs of the two vegetables. With the increasing concentration of applied Cd in soil, the biomass of the two vegetables decreased significantly, while the Cd concentration in the vegetables had a significant increase. The Cd concentration in the vegetable organs decreased in the order of stem > root > leaf for A. mangostanus, and of stem > leaf > root for B. rapa. The Cd concentration in P. litura larvae also increased with the increasing concentration of Cd in soil, and the maximum Cd concentration in the P. litura larvae on B. rapa and A. mangostanus was 36.7 and 46.3 mg · kg-1, respectively. In the feces of the larvae on B. rapa and A. mangostanus, the Cd concentration was up to 190 and 229.8 mg · kg-1, respectively, suggesting that the most part of Cd absorbed by P. litura larvae was excreted out of their bodies via feces. In the organs of the two vegetables, NaCl-extractable Cd was the dominant Cd form (>70%), followed by d-H2O and ethanolextractable Cd, while the HAcextractable Cd (insoluble cadmium phosphate), HClextractable Cd (insoluble cadmium oxalate), and residual Cd only had a very low concentration. Such a present pattern of different Cd forms in vegetable organs could be conducive to the Cd transfer in the food chain. P. litura could ease Cd poison by excreting large amount of absorbed Cd via feces, and effectively restrict the transfer of Cd to next trophic level. Since B. rapa and A. mangostanus could accumulate large amount of Cd in their biomass, the two vegetables were suggested not to be planted in highly Cd-contaminated soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method based on gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) coupled with one-step QuEChERS technique was developed for the simultaneous determination of 15 N -nitrosamines in air-dried yak meat. The hydration volume, extraction solvent, extracting salt, and cleaning material were optimized according to the characteristics of the N -nitrosamines and sample matrix. The optimized conditions were as follows: 10 mL of purified water for sample hydration, acetonitrile as the extraction solvent for the sample after hydration, 4.0 g of anhydrous MgSO 4 and 1.0 g of NaCl as extracting salts, 500 mg of MgSO 4 +25 mg of C 18 +50 mg of PSA as cleaning materials. Favorable recoveries of the 15 N -nitrosamines were obtained when the extraction solution was incompletely dried. Thus, the final extract was dried to below 0.5 mL under a mild nitrogen stream and then redissolved to 0.5 mL with acetonitrile. After filtration, 200 μL of the sample was transferred to an autosampler vial for GC-MS/MS analysis. The 15 N -nitrosamines were determined using GC-MS/MS on a DB-HeavyWAX column (30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm) with an electron impact ion source in multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, and quantified using an external standard method. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the results showed that the calibration curves exhibited good linearities for the 15 N -nitrosamines, with correlation coefficients ( r 2 ) greater than 0.9990. The limits of detection (LODs) and the limits of quantification (LOQs) ranged from 0.05 to 0.20 μg/kg and from 0.10 to 0.50 μg/kg, respectively. At spiked levels of 1LOQ, 2LOQ, and 10LOQ, the average recoveries were 79.4%-102.1%, 80.6%-109.5%, and 83.0%-110.6%, respectively, and the relative standard deviations were in the range of 0.8%-16.0%. The low matrix effects of the 15 N -nitrosamines indicated the high sensitivity of the proposed method. The method was applied to detect representative commercial air-dried yak meat samples obtained using different processing techniques. Seven N -nitrosamines, including N -nitrosodimethylamine, N -nitrosodiisobutylamine, N -nitrosodibutylamine, N -methyl- N -phenylnitrous amide, N -ethyl- N -nitrosoaniline, N -nitrosopyrrolidine, and N -nitrosodiphenylamine were detected in all samples. The average contents of the seven N -nitrosamines was 0.08-20.18 μg/kg. The detection rates and average contents of the N -nitrosamines in cooked air-dried yak meat samples were higher than those in traditional raw air-dried yak meat samples. Compared with the manual QuEChERS method, the one-step QuEChERS method developed integrated the extraction and clean-up procedures into one single run, and the detection efficiency was considerably improved. The developed method is simple, rapid, highly sensitive, and insusceptible to human errors. Thus, it is useful for the determination of N -nitrosamines in air-dried yak meat and can be extended to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of N -nitrosamines in other meat products. It also provides method support and a data reference for the general determination of N -nitrosamines, which is of great significance for food safety.

Osteoarthritis(OA) is a common clinical disease. The incidence of OA increases significantly with age, and the quality of life of patients is seriously affected. In the pathogenesis of OA, cartilage degeneration is the main cause. There are many long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) specifically expressed in osteoarthritis, which is closely related to the occurrence and development of osteoarthritis. Based on the latest research from 2014 to 2019, this paper summarizes the differential expression of lncRNA in osteoarthritis, the mechanism of lncRNA regulating chondrocyte function, and the mechanism of lncRNA regulating cartilage matrix metabolism. The fact that the expression of lncRNA is altered at different stages of OA development indicates that lncRNA can be developed forlife. The biomarkers and therapeutic targets can provide reference for the prevention, treatment and research of osteoarthritis.

Taking two kinds of vegetables (Brassica rapa and Amaranthus mangostanus) and one insect species (Prodenia litura) as test materials, a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to study the transfer characteristics of cadmium (Cd) in soil-vegetable-insect food chain and the distribution patters of different Cd chemical forms in the organs of the two vegetables. With the increasing concentration of applied Cd in soil, the biomass of the two vegetables decreased significantly, while the Cd concentration in the vegetables had a significant increase. The Cd concentration in the vegetable organs decreased in the order of stem > root > leaf for A. mangostanus, and of stem > leaf > root for B. rapa. The Cd concentration in P. litura larvae also increased with the increasing concentration of Cd in soil, and the maximum Cd concentration in the P. litura larvae on B. rapa and A. mangostanus was 36.7 and 46.3 mg x kg(-1), respectively. In the feces of the larvae on B. rapa and A. mangostanus, the Cd concentration was up to 190 and 229.8 mg x kg(-1), respectively, suggesting that the most part of Cd absorbed by P. litura larvae was excreted out of their bodies via feces. In the organs of the two vegetables, NaCl-extractable Cd was the dominant Cd form (> 70%), followed by d-H2O- and ethanol-extractable Cd, while the HAc-extractable Cd (insoluble cadmium phosphate), HCl-extractable Cd (insoluble cadmium oxalate), and residual Cd only had a very low concentration. Such a present pattern of different Cd forms in vegetable organs could be conducive to the Cd transfer in the food chain. P. litura could ease Cd poison by excreting large amount of absorbed Cd via feces, and effectively restrict the transfer of Cd to next trophic level. Since B. rapa and A. mangostanus could accumulate large amount of Cd in their biomass, the two vegetables were suggested not to be planted in highly Cd-contaminated soil.

This article reviewed key genes that involved in fatty acid synthesis and triacylglycerol assembly pathway. The transcription factors which play important roles in seed development and oil content were also reviewed. We summarized the achievement in modifying fatty acid composition and increase oil content in plant by gene engineering using these genes.

DNA methylation is an important epigenetic modification and multiple factors interact to regulate the establishment and maintenance of DNA methylation in plant genome. Different methylation sites require different cytosine methyltransferases, which contribute to the modification of chromatin structure and mediate epigenetics with chromatin remodeling enzymes and histone modifying factors. DNA glycosylases can remove DNA methylation and alleviate silencing. The functions and interactions of DNA methylation regulating factors, the establishment, maintenance and removement mechanisms of DNA methylations are reviewed in this paper.

Plant roots play an important role in resisting the shallow landslip and topsoil erosion of slopes by raising soil shear strength. Among the models in interpreting the mechanisms of slope reinforcement by plant roots, Wu-Waldron model is a widely accepted one. In this model, the reinforced soil strength by plant roots is positively proportional to average root tensile strength and root area ratio, the two most important factors in evaluating slope reinforcement effect of plant roots. It was found that soil erosion resistance increased with the number of plant roots, though no consistent quantitative functional relationship was observed between them. The increase of soil erosion resistance by plant roots was mainly through the actions of fiber roots less than 1 mm in diameter, while fiber roots enhanced the soil stability to resist water dispersion via increasing the number and diameter of soil water-stable aggregates. Fine roots could also improve soil permeability effectively to decrease runoff and weaken soil erosion.