22 results
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2. PRVIH 20 GODINA ČASOPISA NATIONAL SECURITY AND THE FUTURE.
- Author
-
Tuđman, Miroslav
- Abstract
The author gives an overview of the history of National Security and the Future (NSF). The first editorial board accepted a clear vision and mission of the NSF. That is why the NSF had to react to the political circumstances in which the journal has operated for 20 years. In the first period, international circumstances and the policy of detuđmanization directly influenced the choice of topics and papers published in the journal. For the past five years, the NSF has paid particular attention to the security of national and European critical infrastructure. A total of 257 texts were published on more than 8,000 pages and authored by 134 authors from 25 countries. The NSF has published studies on historical forgery, information operations, production of "fake news" and contributions to the theory and methodology of intelligence activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
3. Which education model for the Armed Forces and National Security to choose – Can Croatia learn from Portugal?
- Author
-
Nikola Novak and Tiago David Henriques Silva
- Subjects
military education ,croatian armed forces ,national security ,portuguese armed forces ,case study ,national defence ,Military Science - Abstract
This paper seeks to answer whether the concept development of education for the Croatian Armed Forces and national security may learn from Portuguese experience. By doing so, it reviewed theoretical notions of defence and security studies, contemporary concepts in education for the armed forces and national security, and it offered a case study of Portugal in this field. The current objectives of the national security in Croatia, as defined in National Security Strategy 2017, point towards the need of establishing an adequate education system, at the state level. The paper offers contemporary Portuguese experience as a potential example for implementation in Croatia.
- Published
- 2018
4. Examining the opportunities and potential of Artificial Intelligence in national security and defence
- Author
-
Dražen Smiljanić
- Subjects
artificial intelligence ,national security ,defence ,Russia ,China ,Military Science - Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is recognised as a disruptive technology that rapidly changes a wide range of businesses and industries. It also can transform functions (processes and systems) related to national security and defence. Although it is not primarily being developed in the defence sector, AI is poised to change the character of future conflict by improving the effectiveness, efficiency and speed of defence-related activities. However, while AI has enormous potential to replace or assist human factors in decision-making, it still cannot replace humans in strategic thinking. The paper first reviews the meaning, current developments, and challenges related to AI technology. It then scrutinises the impact of AI on national security and defence in three areas: defence capabilities, decision making and strategic thinking. The article concludes with a prospect on AI in general and in the security and defence domain, expecting its most significant value in support of decision-making.
- Published
- 2023
5. Informacije narušenog integriteta: teorijsko određenje i ugroza nacionalne sigurnosti.
- Author
-
Milas, Ante Josip and Dunđer, Ivan
- Subjects
DISINFORMATION ,NATIONAL security ,MISINFORMATION - Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Utjecaj nacionalne sigurnosti na gospodarska kretanja
- Author
-
Ćatić, Amra and Mikulandra Volić, Ivona
- Subjects
gross domestic product ,nacionalna sigurnost ,turistička kretanja ,terrorism ,SOCIAL SCIENCES. Economics. Macroeconomics ,terorizam ,economy ,bruto domaći proizvod ,tourist trends ,DRUŠTVENE ZNANOSTI. Ekonomija. Makroekonomija ,gospodarstvo ,kreditni rejting ,national security ,credit rating - Abstract
U posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća događanja na svjetskoj razini vezana uz terorističke napade imala su snažan utjecaj na sva područja ljudskog života, od društvenog, gospodarskog, političkog te obrazovnog i turističkog. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati kako utjecaj terorizma na gospodarstvo, tj. prikazati kakav i koliki utjecaj terorizam ima na BDP države, njen kreditni rejting i turizam, kako se mjeri učinak i koje se varijable koriste da bi se dokazala uzročnoposljedična veza terorizma i turizma. Metode korištene prilikom izrade završnog rada su metoda analize, klasifikacije, kompilacije i metoda dokazivanja. Primjenom navedenih metoda izrade završnog rada zaključuje se da terorizam ima utjecaj na odabrane gospodarske čimbenike. No, nema isti utjecaj na sve čimbenike, tj. utjecaj terorizma na turizam je najizraženiji, dok na druge gospodarske čimbenike ima manji utjecaj. In recent decades, global events related to terrorist attacks have had a strong impact on all areas of human life from social, economic, political, educational and tourism. The aim of this paper is to show how terrorism affects the economy, to show what and how much terrorism has an impact on the country's GDP, its credit rating and tourism, how the effect is measured and what variables are used to prove interconnection between terrorism and tourism. The methods used for the final paper are the method of analysis, classification, compilation and the method of proof. Applying the above methods to make the final pape rit can be assumed that terrorism ha san impact on selected economic factors. However, it does not have the same impact on all factors, which means that the impact of terrorism on tourism is the most pronounced, while it has a smaller impact on other economic factors.
- Published
- 2020
7. Zaštita nacionalnih granica naspram zaštite izbjeglica: razumijevanje europskog odgovora na izbjegličku krizu s pomoću teorijskih koncepcija Ulricha Becka i Jeffreya Alexandera
- Author
-
Jurlina, Željka and Čačić-Kumpes, Jadranka
- Subjects
European migration policy ,refugee rights ,nacionalna sigurnost ,zaštita izbjeglica ,europske migracijske politike ,društveno zlo ,social evil ,SOCIAL SCIENCES. Sociology ,civilno društvo ,DRUŠTVENE ZNANOSTI. Sociologija ,national security ,humanitarna izbjeglička kriza ,civil society ,humanitarian refugee crisis - Abstract
U ovome se radu uz pomoć teorijskih koncepcija Ulricha Becka i Jeffreya Alexandera nastoji postaviti okvir za razumijevanje europskog odgovora na izbjegličke tokove tijekom 2015. i početkom 2016. godine. U prvome dijelu rada iznose se neka od materijalnih i kulturnih obilježja Europe prije izbjegličkih tokova tijekom 2015. i 2016. godine te se daje uvid u promjene migracijskih tokova i politika u Europi na koje su uvelike utjecale politike europskih nacionalnih država i politika Europske unije. U nastavku rada opisuju se osnovne teorijske koncepcije Beckove teorije refleksivne modernizacije te Alexanderove koncepcije civilne sfere i društvenoga zla. Pretpostavlja se da bi one mogle pripomoći razumijevanju odluka i djelovanja proizašlih iz europskih politika za koje se pak procjenjuje da nisu osigurale temelje za primjerenu zaštitu izbjeglica. U drugome dijelu rada identificiraju se i opisuju glavni uzroci intenziviranja svjetske izbjegličke krize, ponajprije rat u Siriji i „rat protiv terora“. Potom slijede osnovne informacije vezane za izbjegličke tokove tijekom 2015. i početkom 2016. godine koji, zajedno s posljedicama političkih odgovora na njih, dovode do, opravdanim se čini reći, humanitarne izbjegličke krize. U završnome dijelu rada kritički se raspravlja o odgovorima europskih politika na izbjegličku krizu koje se dovode u vezu s kršenjem prava izbjeglica i ugrožavanjem neovisnosti europskog civilnog društva. Main focus of this paper is to understand the European responses to the refugee flows during 2015 and early 2016 according to theoretical concepts of Ulrich Beck and Jeffrey Alexander. First part of the paper we analyze material and cultural characteristics of Europe before the refugee flows during 2015 and 2016, giving an insight into the changes in migration flows and policies in Europe which have been greatly influenced by the policy of European nation states and EU. Beck's theory of reflexive modernization and Alexander's concept of the civil sphere and the social evils make theoretical basis of this work which is important in order to understand the decisions and actions arising from the European policies which were proved as unsuccessful when it comes to protection of refugees. The second part describes some of the causes of intensification of global refugee crisis such as war in Syria and the "war on terror". We analyze the basic information related to refugee flows during 2015 and early 2016, which, together with the consequences of policy responses to them, provoked humanitarian refugee crisis. The final part of the paper expresses criticism of European policy response to the refugee crisis, and describes its link with the violation of the refugee rights and independence of the European civil society.
- Published
- 2016
8. Ekološka sigurnost kao dio koncepta nacionalne sigurnosti: Republika Hrvatska i susjedne zemlje
- Author
-
Žižić, Josipa and Jakešević, Ružica
- Subjects
institucije ,ekološka sigurnost ,Sigurnost ,Slovenia ,SOCIAL SCIENCES. Political Science ,Mađarska ,Republika Hrvatska ,ljudska sigurnost ,human security ,Republic of Croatia ,Crna Gora ,analysis of legislation ,institutions ,Slovenija ,Bosna i Hercegovina ,Bosnia and Herzegovina ,regionalna suradnja ,Hungary ,nacionalna sigurnost ,susjedne zemlje ,analiza zakonodavstva ,Srbija ,neighboring countries ,DRUŠTVENE ZNANOSTI. Politologija ,agreements ,Montenegro ,regional cooperation ,Italy ,Italija ,Security ,sporazumi ,national security ,Serbia ,environmental security - Abstract
Značenje pojma sigurnosti kroz povijest se mijenjalo i širilo. Izazovi 21. stoljeća ne mogu se savladati ako se sigurnost ne prilagodi prijetnjama koje nemaju granicu. To je u prvom redu ekološka sigurnost koja je dugo bila zanemarivana. Ona je globalna pojava koja ne podliježe nacionalnim granicama. Države moraju uvrstiti pojam i pojavu ekološke sigurnosti u svoje sigurnosne sustave. Ukoliko to ne naprave, potrošiti će se resursi na prijetnje koje su samo fiktivne, a trajno se narušiti čovjekov okoliš. Zato se u radu istražuje transformacija sigurnosti do danas, te se onda gleda primjena i inkorporiranost ekološke sigurnosti u zakonima, sporazumima i drugim dokumentima. Za primjer analize uzeta je Republike Hrvatske i sve njene susjedne zemlje (Bosna i Hercegovina, Crna Gora, Italija, Mađarska, Slovenija i Srbija). Od svake zemlje analiziralo se zakonodavstvo i institucije koje su usko vezane uz sigurnost (npr. ministarstvo obrane, strategija nacionalne sigurnosti) i koje su vezane uz zaštitu okoliša (npr. ministarstvo okoliša, zakon o zaštiti okoliša). Rezultati su pokazali da ekološka sigurnost još uvijek nije dovoljno priznata. Za kraj, donosi se pregled suradnje Republike Hrvatske i susjednih zemalja u bilateralnom i multilateralnom obliku. Ekološka sigurnost je na nivou zajedničkih sporazuma slabo zastupljena. S druge strane, ima dosta regionalnih instrumenata koji se bave sigurnosti i ekološkom sigurnosti, ali upravo to zamagljuje odgovornosti i vrši mnoga dupliciranja i preklapanja. Ekološka sigurnost je još uvijek nepoznanica za većinu sigurnosnih sustava na području jugoistične Europe. Često se miješa sa zaštitom okoliša, pa je to postalo zamjena za nju. Ovaj rad je jedan od prvih prikaza Republike Hrvatske i svih susjednih zemalja, te njihove povezanosti na području ekološke sigurnosti, a ne isključivo „tradicionalne“ sigurnosti. Sve zemlje obiluju prirodnim bogatstvima, pa je zato još važnije da se poradi na tom području. Budući da je ekološka sigurnost slabo zastupljena u sigurnosnom diskursu, ostaje vidjeti kako će se budući događaji razvijati. Hoće li se trebati nešto dogoditi, što bi postalo okidač za promjene, ili vrijeme ekološke sigurnosti tek dolazi - to je pitanje za buduća istraživanja. The meaning of the concept of security has changed and expanded thorought history. The challenges of the 21st century can not be overcomed if security can not adapt to threats that have no boundaries. It refers to ecological safety primarily that has long been neglected. It is a global phenomenon that is not subjected to national boundaries. National states must include the term and the sole emergence of the environmental safety into their security systems. If they do not do so, they will spend resources on the threats that are only fictitious, and on the other side will permanently destroyhuman environment. Therefore, this paper researches the transformation of security up to date, and then looks for the use and incorporation of the environmental security within laws, agreements and other documents. The analysis within this paper takes Republic of Croatia and all of its neighboring countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Italy, Hungary, Slovenia and Serbia) as an examples. From each country the legislation and institutions that are closely related to safety have been analyzed (e.g. Department of Defense, National Security Strategy) and those which are related to environmental protection as well (e.g. Ministry of Environment, Law on Environmental Protection). The results have showed that environmental security is still not sufficiently recognized. In the end, this paper brings an overview of the bilateral and multilateral cooperation between the Republic of Croatia and its neighboring countries. Environmental security is at the level of common agreements poorly represented. On the other hand, there are plenty of regional instruments dealing with security and environmental security, but that is just what blurs the responsibilities and creates many duplications and overlappings. Environmental safety is still unknown to the most security systems in the area of Southeast Europe. It is often mixed with environmental protection, thusbecoming substitute for it. This paper is one of the first representations of the Republic of Croatia and all of its neighboring countries, their connections in the field of environmental security, and not only 'traditional' security. All countries are very rich in natural resources, therefore it is even more important to work on that area. Since the environmental safety is poorly represented in the security discourse, it remains to see how the future events will unfold. Is it neccessary for something to happen, which would become the trigger for change, or the time of environmental safety is yet to come - that is the question for further researches. 46
- Published
- 2016
9. Environmental security as part of the concept of national security: Republic of Croatia and neighboring countries
- Author
-
Žižić, Josipa and Jakešević, Ružica
- Subjects
institucije ,ekološka sigurnost ,Sigurnost ,Slovenia ,SOCIAL SCIENCES. Political Science ,Mađarska ,Republika Hrvatska ,ljudska sigurnost ,human security ,Republic of Croatia ,Crna Gora ,analysis of legislation ,institutions ,Slovenija ,Bosna i Hercegovina ,Bosnia and Herzegovina ,regionalna suradnja ,Hungary ,nacionalna sigurnost ,susjedne zemlje ,analiza zakonodavstva ,Srbija ,neighboring countries ,DRUŠTVENE ZNANOSTI. Politologija ,agreements ,Montenegro ,regional cooperation ,Italy ,Italija ,Security ,sporazumi ,national security ,Serbia ,environmental security - Abstract
Značenje pojma sigurnosti kroz povijest se mijenjalo i širilo. Izazovi 21. stoljeća ne mogu se savladati ako se sigurnost ne prilagodi prijetnjama koje nemaju granicu. To je u prvom redu ekološka sigurnost koja je dugo bila zanemarivana. Ona je globalna pojava koja ne podliježe nacionalnim granicama. Države moraju uvrstiti pojam i pojavu ekološke sigurnosti u svoje sigurnosne sustave. Ukoliko to ne naprave, potrošiti će se resursi na prijetnje koje su samo fiktivne, a trajno se narušiti čovjekov okoliš. Zato se u radu istražuje transformacija sigurnosti do danas, te se onda gleda primjena i inkorporiranost ekološke sigurnosti u zakonima, sporazumima i drugim dokumentima. Za primjer analize uzeta je Republike Hrvatske i sve njene susjedne zemlje (Bosna i Hercegovina, Crna Gora, Italija, Mađarska, Slovenija i Srbija). Od svake zemlje analiziralo se zakonodavstvo i institucije koje su usko vezane uz sigurnost (npr. ministarstvo obrane, strategija nacionalne sigurnosti) i koje su vezane uz zaštitu okoliša (npr. ministarstvo okoliša, zakon o zaštiti okoliša). Rezultati su pokazali da ekološka sigurnost još uvijek nije dovoljno priznata. Za kraj, donosi se pregled suradnje Republike Hrvatske i susjednih zemalja u bilateralnom i multilateralnom obliku. Ekološka sigurnost je na nivou zajedničkih sporazuma slabo zastupljena. S druge strane, ima dosta regionalnih instrumenata koji se bave sigurnosti i ekološkom sigurnosti, ali upravo to zamagljuje odgovornosti i vrši mnoga dupliciranja i preklapanja. Ekološka sigurnost je još uvijek nepoznanica za većinu sigurnosnih sustava na području jugoistične Europe. Često se miješa sa zaštitom okoliša, pa je to postalo zamjena za nju. Ovaj rad je jedan od prvih prikaza Republike Hrvatske i svih susjednih zemalja, te njihove povezanosti na području ekološke sigurnosti, a ne isključivo „tradicionalne“ sigurnosti. Sve zemlje obiluju prirodnim bogatstvima, pa je zato još važnije da se poradi na tom području. Budući da je ekološka sigurnost slabo zastupljena u sigurnosnom diskursu, ostaje vidjeti kako će se budući događaji razvijati. Hoće li se trebati nešto dogoditi, što bi postalo okidač za promjene, ili vrijeme ekološke sigurnosti tek dolazi - to je pitanje za buduća istraživanja., The meaning of the concept of security has changed and expanded thorought history. The challenges of the 21st century can not be overcomed if security can not adapt to threats that have no boundaries. It refers to ecological safety primarily that has long been neglected. It is a global phenomenon that is not subjected to national boundaries. National states must include the term and the sole emergence of the environmental safety into their security systems. If they do not do so, they will spend resources on the threats that are only fictitious, and on the other side will permanently destroyhuman environment. Therefore, this paper researches the transformation of security up to date, and then looks for the use and incorporation of the environmental security within laws, agreements and other documents. The analysis within this paper takes Republic of Croatia and all of its neighboring countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Italy, Hungary, Slovenia and Serbia) as an examples. From each country the legislation and institutions that are closely related to safety have been analyzed (e.g. Department of Defense, National Security Strategy) and those which are related to environmental protection as well (e.g. Ministry of Environment, Law on Environmental Protection). The results have showed that environmental security is still not sufficiently recognized. In the end, this paper brings an overview of the bilateral and multilateral cooperation between the Republic of Croatia and its neighboring countries. Environmental security is at the level of common agreements poorly represented. On the other hand, there are plenty of regional instruments dealing with security and environmental security, but that is just what blurs the responsibilities and creates many duplications and overlappings. Environmental safety is still unknown to the most security systems in the area of Southeast Europe. It is often mixed with environmental protection, thusbecoming substitute for it. This paper is one of the first representations of the Republic of Croatia and all of its neighboring countries, their connections in the field of environmental security, and not only 'traditional' security. All countries are very rich in natural resources, therefore it is even more important to work on that area. Since the environmental safety is poorly represented in the security discourse, it remains to see how the future events will unfold. Is it neccessary for something to happen, which would become the trigger for change, or the time of environmental safety is yet to come - that is the question for further researches. 46
- Published
- 2016
10. Kurds in Turkey: From nationalism towards ethnic conflict and terrorism
- Author
-
Petrović, Benjamin and Jakešević, Ružica
- Subjects
Kurdi ,ljudska prava ,Turkey ,democracy ,nacionalna sigurnost ,nacionalizam ,terrorism ,Erdoğan ,Öcalan ,Kurds ,DRUŠTVENE ZNANOSTI. Politologija. Međunarodni odnosi i nacionalna sigurnost ,terorizam ,human rights ,Turska ,SOCIAL SCIENCES. Political Science. International Relations and National Security ,nationalism ,national security ,demokracija - Abstract
Rad se bavi prikazom položaja kurdske manjine u Turskoj te nastoji istražiti mogućnosti rješenja kurdskog pitanja s obzirom na okolnosti, unutarnje i vanjske, kroz koje je Turska prolazila i koje danas oblikuju političku situaciju te države. Cilj je procijeniti perspektivu za rješavanjem kurdskog problema s obzirom na interpretaciju istog od strane turskih vlasti kao vodećeg izazova za nacionalnu sigurnost. Nadalje, navođenjem i analizom faktora koji se pokazuju ključnim u oblikovanju politike vlasti prema Kurdima, rad opisuje status kurdskog pitanja kao ugroze turskog identiteta i sigurnosti. Isto tako, nastoji pokazati potencijale za drugačijim pristupom tematiziranom problemu. Promotrivši sve činitelje, njihova preklapanja, pozitivne i negativne učinke, u konačnici se ispostavlja kako trenutno ne postoji perspektiva za boljim položajem Kurda u Turskoj, na koje će se i dalje gledati kao na vodeću prijetnju unutarnjoj sigurnosti države. Razlozi tome zaključku su slabosti turskog političkog sustava u obliku nedostatka demokratskih vrijednosti, terorističke prijetnje PKK i Islamske države, regionalnih sukoba i nedostatka pozitivnog utjecaja iz međunarodne sfere. Prema svemu navedenom, mogućnost rješenja pitanja Kurda ostaje neostvarena., This paper presents the condition of Kurdish minority in Turkey and attempts to explore the possibilities of finding solution to the Kurdish question regarding the circumstances, internal and external, through which Turkey went through and which mold the political situation in that country today. The goal is to estimate a perspective for finding a solution to the Kurdish issue considering the interpretation of the same from Turkish government as a leading national security challenge. Furthermore, through listing and analysis of key factors in shaping government's policy towards the Kurds, this paper describes the status of Kurdish issue as a threat to Turkish identity and security. Also, it attempts to manifest potentials for a different approach to the question at hand. By bringing forward all factors, their overlapping, positive and negative impacts, the final turnout is that there is no immediate perspective for a better status of Kurds in Turkey, whom will still be observed as a leading internal security threat. Reasoning for such conclusion lies within the weaknesses of Turkish political system that lacks in democratic values, terrorist threats of the PKK and Islamic State, regional conflicts and the shortage of positive influence from international sphere. According to everything that is brought up, the possibility of solution to the Kurdish issue remains unrealized.
- Published
- 2016
11. Kurdi u Turskoj: od nacionalizma prema etničkom sukobu i terorizmu
- Author
-
Petrović, Benjamin and Jakešević, Ružica
- Subjects
Kurdi ,ljudska prava ,Turkey ,democracy ,nacionalna sigurnost ,nacionalizam ,terrorism ,Erdoğan ,Öcalan ,Kurds ,DRUŠTVENE ZNANOSTI. Politologija. Međunarodni odnosi i nacionalna sigurnost ,terorizam ,human rights ,Turska ,SOCIAL SCIENCES. Political Science. International Relations and National Security ,nationalism ,national security ,demokracija - Abstract
Rad se bavi prikazom položaja kurdske manjine u Turskoj te nastoji istražiti mogućnosti rješenja kurdskog pitanja s obzirom na okolnosti, unutarnje i vanjske, kroz koje je Turska prolazila i koje danas oblikuju političku situaciju te države. Cilj je procijeniti perspektivu za rješavanjem kurdskog problema s obzirom na interpretaciju istog od strane turskih vlasti kao vodećeg izazova za nacionalnu sigurnost. Nadalje, navođenjem i analizom faktora koji se pokazuju ključnim u oblikovanju politike vlasti prema Kurdima, rad opisuje status kurdskog pitanja kao ugroze turskog identiteta i sigurnosti. Isto tako, nastoji pokazati potencijale za drugačijim pristupom tematiziranom problemu. Promotrivši sve činitelje, njihova preklapanja, pozitivne i negativne učinke, u konačnici se ispostavlja kako trenutno ne postoji perspektiva za boljim položajem Kurda u Turskoj, na koje će se i dalje gledati kao na vodeću prijetnju unutarnjoj sigurnosti države. Razlozi tome zaključku su slabosti turskog političkog sustava u obliku nedostatka demokratskih vrijednosti, terorističke prijetnje PKK i Islamske države, regionalnih sukoba i nedostatka pozitivnog utjecaja iz međunarodne sfere. Prema svemu navedenom, mogućnost rješenja pitanja Kurda ostaje neostvarena. This paper presents the condition of Kurdish minority in Turkey and attempts to explore the possibilities of finding solution to the Kurdish question regarding the circumstances, internal and external, through which Turkey went through and which mold the political situation in that country today. The goal is to estimate a perspective for finding a solution to the Kurdish issue considering the interpretation of the same from Turkish government as a leading national security challenge. Furthermore, through listing and analysis of key factors in shaping government's policy towards the Kurds, this paper describes the status of Kurdish issue as a threat to Turkish identity and security. Also, it attempts to manifest potentials for a different approach to the question at hand. By bringing forward all factors, their overlapping, positive and negative impacts, the final turnout is that there is no immediate perspective for a better status of Kurds in Turkey, whom will still be observed as a leading internal security threat. Reasoning for such conclusion lies within the weaknesses of Turkish political system that lacks in democratic values, terrorist threats of the PKK and Islamic State, regional conflicts and the shortage of positive influence from international sphere. According to everything that is brought up, the possibility of solution to the Kurdish issue remains unrealized.
- Published
- 2016
12. IZMEĐU NORMATIVNOG I EMPIRIJSKOG: NACIONALNA SIGURNOST I SUVERENITET
- Author
-
Ana Majstorović
- Subjects
suverenitet ,nacionalna sigurnost ,država ,međunarodni odnosi ,normativno ,empirijsko ,sovereignty ,national security ,state ,international relations ,normative ,empirical - Abstract
Suverenitet i nacionalna sigurnost, dva važna i u svom nastanku i razvoju međusobno isprepletena koncepta, usađena su u ideju moderne države kao glavnog aktera političkih i društvenih procesa. Osim što donosi pregled teorijskih razmatranja i perspektiva koje se bave konceptima suvereniteta, nacionalne sigurnosti i države, ovaj rad pruža uvid i u njihove problematične karakteristike i dimenzije. Rad će nastojati pokazati na koji način državne prakse povezane s nacionalnom sigurnošću i suverenitetom, uslijed kompleksnosti društvenih i političkih institucija i odnosa, nerijetko u stvarnosti odstupaju od normi i pravila koja ih definiraju. Analiza koncepata suvereniteta, nacionalne sigurnosti i države nastojat će objasniti zbog čega se oni nalaze u problematičnom prostoru između normativnog i empirijskog, te utvrditi na koji način to utječe na stvarne društvene procese, odnose, kretanja i institucije., Sovereignty and national security represent two distinctly important and in their emergence and development mutually interwined concepts, which are embedded in the idea of modern state as the most important actor of political and social processes. Except presenting an overview of theoretical considerations and perspectives on concepts of sovereignty, national security and the state, this paper also provides an insight to problematic characteristics and dimensions that they contain. The aim of this paper is to point out ways in which national security and sovereignty related practices of state, due to the complexity of social and political institutions and relations, in reality often deviate ftom their defining normes and rules. Analysis of the concepts of sovereignty and national security, including state, will provide an explanation of their position in the problematic area between normative and empirical, and determine ways in which social processes, relations, movements and institutions are thus affected in reality.
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- 2016
13. Human detection and recognition in harsh conditions using infrared thermal vision
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Krišto, Mate, Ivašić-Kos, Marina, Ipšić, Ivo, Pobar, Miran, and Ribarić, Slobodan
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Object Detector ,Thermal imaging ,Convolutional Neural Networks ,surveillance ,YOLO ,Human detection and recognition ,national security ,surveillance of protected areas and facilities - Abstract
Naslov doktorskog rada je ujedno i najbolji sažetak rada i u jednoj rečenici opisuje ono što se htjelo istražiti te eksperimentalno potvrditi ili odbaciti. Uvodno treba istaknuti da su ciljevi istraživanja uspješno postgnuti te je kroz provedene eksperimente dokazano da je korištenjem termalne kamere kao senzora računalnog vida moguće povećati razine sigurnosti štićenih prostora i područja. Uspješnost se dodatno očituje u kombinaciji s korištenjem detektora objekata temeljenog na konvlolucijskoj neuronskoj mreži zbog čega je moguća detekcija i raspoznavanje osoba u gotovo svim vremenskim uvjetima (vedro, magla, kiša) u noćnim uvjetima na različitim udaljenostima, pri promjeni brzine i načina kretanja, te položaja tijela osoba koje namjerno, ali ilegalno pokušavaju proći kroz nadzirano područje. Pored toga, u radu je pokazano da je moguće uspješno raspoznavanje osoba od drugih pokretnih objekata na slikama, što je u ovom slučaju bio pas. S tim u svezi treba napomenuti da su testirana dva naučena modela. Prvi model za detekciju osoba učen je na slikama na kojima je bila označena samo osoba (Human, Person), a isti je naknadno testiran i na slikama te video zapisima koji su sadržavali i druge pokretne objekte (psa). Također je značajno istaknuti da naučeni model niti u jednom slučaju nije druge objekte iz okoline, kao što su stabla ili lišće detektirao kao osobe. Drugi model je naučen kao model s dvije klase (Human – Non-Human) s ciljem poboljšanja rezultata detekcije i raspoznavanja, a postignuti rezultati su to i potvrdili. Nadalje, kreirani skup slika, prigodno nazvan UNIRI Thermal, odnosno u eksperimentalnoj fazi označen kao UNIRI-TID, iskorišten je i za provjeru mogućnosti detektora temeljenog na neuronskoj mreži u kontekstu raspoznavanja aktivnosti osoba, odnosno da li osoba hoda uspravno, hoda pogureno, trči, hoda četveronoške ili leži na tlu. I u ovom slučaju su postignuti odlični rezultati koji su pokazali da je moguće s velikom pouzdanošću prepoznati o kojem načinu kretanja je riječ. Navedeno u kontekstu nadzora štićenih područja može ukazivati na eventualne neprijateljske ili druge nezakonite namjere osoba koje se kreću u tom području. Osim navedenog, u eksperimentalnoj fazi je pokazano i da je moguće pouzdan model naučiti na realtivnom malom skupu termalnih slika. Također su uspoređeni aktualni vrhunski detektori objekata kao što su Faster RCNN, SSD, Cascade R-CNN i YOLOv3, koji su učeni na skupu termalnih slika ekstrahiranih iz videozapisa koji simuliraju ilegalna kretanja u podružju granica te drugim štićenim područjima. Zaključno, postignuti rezultati daju dobar temelj za daljnja istraživanja potencijalno opasnih situacija za sigurnost ljudi i štićenih područja u kontekstu raspoznavanja i drugih objekata na sceni kao što su civilna i vojna vozila, različite letjelice, padobrani, ali i prepoznavanje lažnih detekcija kao što su prolazi životinja i identifikacije osoba koje su zadužene za nadzor tih područja., Global terrorist threats and illegal migration have intensified concerns for the security of citizens, and every effort is made to exploit all available technological advances to prevent adverse events and protect people and their property. Due to the ability to use at night and in weather conditions where RGB cameras do not perform well, thermal cameras have become an important component of sophisticated video surveillance systems. In this paper, we investigate the task of automatic person detection in thermal images using convolutional neural network models originally intended for detection in RGB images. We compare the performance of the standard state-of-the-art object detectors such as Faster R-CNN, SSD, Cascade R-CNN, and YOLOv3, that were retrained on a dataset of thermal images extracted from videos that simulate illegal movements around the border and in protected areas. Videos are recorded at night in clear weather, rain, and in the fog, at different ranges, and with different movement types. YOLOv3 was significantly faster than other detectors while achieving performance comparable with the best, so it was used in further experiments. We experimented with different training dataset settings in order to determine the minimum number of images needed to achieve good detection results on test datasets. We achieved excellent detection results with respect to average accuracy for all test scenarios although a modest set of thermal images was used for training. We test our trained model on different well known and widely used thermal imaging datasets as well. In addition, we present the results of the recognition of humans and animals in thermal images, which is particularly important in the case of sneaking around objects and illegal border crossings. Also, we present our original thermal dataset used for experimentation that contains surveillance videos recorded at different weather and shooting conditions. In conclusion, the achieved results provide a good basis for further research of potentially dangerous situations with a goal to increase personal security and protected areas in the context of recognition human and other objects on the scene such as civilian and military vehicles, various aircrafts, parachutes, but also determination of false detections such as animal passages, and the identification of security personel in charge of monitoring these areas.
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- 2023
14. NATO and Cyber Defence
- Author
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Milikić, Valentina, Barić, Robert, Tatalović, Siniša, and Jović, Dejan
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međunarodni odnosi ,NATO ,security threats ,policy decisions ,kibernetička obrana ,nacionalna sigurnost ,international relations ,sigurnosne prijetnje ,SOCIAL SCIENCES. Political Science ,national security ,cyber defence ,DRUŠTVENE ZNANOSTI. Politologija ,političke odluke - Abstract
Razvoj kibernetičke obrane u NATO–u nastaje kao ishod sve većih sigurnosnih prijetnji i potrebe za obranom sigurnosti kritične infrastrukture. Promjene unutar organizacije se mogu promatrati kao svojevrsna refleksija promjena međunarodnih odnosa, tehnološkog napretka, političkih inicijativa i sustavnog provođenja aktivnosti koje poboljšavaju koordinaciju u donošenju odluka. Razvoj kibernetičkih sposobnosti unutar NATO–a smanjuje stupanj uspješnosti nadolazećih kibernetičkih napada na kritične infrastrukture; odnosno povećava uspješnost pronalaska točaka ranjivosti sistema; što dovodi do nadogradnje u dijelovima strukture u kojima je došlo do identifikacije nedostataka. Rad se bavi međusobnim utjecajem sigurnosnih prijetnji i političkih promjena na kibernetički razvoj, stoga istraživačko pitanje glasi: kako su političke odluke donesene zbog nastalih sigurnosnih prijetnji utjecale na razvoj kibernetičke obrane u NATO–u?, The development of cyber defence in NATO is the result of increasing security threats and the need to defend critical infrastructure security. Changes within the organisation can be seen as a reflection of changes in international relations, technological progress, political initiatives and systematic implementation of activities that improve coordination in decision – making. The development of cyber capabilities within NATO reduces the degree of success of upcoming cyber attacks on critical infrastructures; namely, it increases the success rate of finding system vulnerability points; which leads to upgrades in parts of the structure where defects have been identified. This paper addresses the mutual influence of security threats and policy changes on cyber development, therefore the research question is: how have policy decisions made in response to emerging security threats affected NATO's cyber defence development?
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- 2023
15. NATO i kibernetička obrana
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Milikić, Valentina and Barić, Robert
- Subjects
međunarodni odnosi ,NATO ,security threats ,policy decisions ,kibernetička obrana ,nacionalna sigurnost ,international relations ,sigurnosne prijetnje ,SOCIAL SCIENCES. Political Science ,national security ,cyber defence ,DRUŠTVENE ZNANOSTI. Politologija ,političke odluke - Abstract
Razvoj kibernetičke obrane u NATO–u nastaje kao ishod sve većih sigurnosnih prijetnji i potrebe za obranom sigurnosti kritične infrastrukture. Promjene unutar organizacije se mogu promatrati kao svojevrsna refleksija promjena međunarodnih odnosa, tehnološkog napretka, političkih inicijativa i sustavnog provođenja aktivnosti koje poboljšavaju koordinaciju u donošenju odluka. Razvoj kibernetičkih sposobnosti unutar NATO–a smanjuje stupanj uspješnosti nadolazećih kibernetičkih napada na kritične infrastrukture; odnosno povećava uspješnost pronalaska točaka ranjivosti sistema; što dovodi do nadogradnje u dijelovima strukture u kojima je došlo do identifikacije nedostataka. Rad se bavi međusobnim utjecajem sigurnosnih prijetnji i političkih promjena na kibernetički razvoj, stoga istraživačko pitanje glasi: kako su političke odluke donesene zbog nastalih sigurnosnih prijetnji utjecale na razvoj kibernetičke obrane u NATO–u? The development of cyber defence in NATO is the result of increasing security threats and the need to defend critical infrastructure security. Changes within the organisation can be seen as a reflection of changes in international relations, technological progress, political initiatives and systematic implementation of activities that improve coordination in decision – making. The development of cyber capabilities within NATO reduces the degree of success of upcoming cyber attacks on critical infrastructures; namely, it increases the success rate of finding system vulnerability points; which leads to upgrades in parts of the structure where defects have been identified. This paper addresses the mutual influence of security threats and policy changes on cyber development, therefore the research question is: how have policy decisions made in response to emerging security threats affected NATO's cyber defence development?
- Published
- 2023
16. SOCIJALNI RAD I LOGIKA SIGURNOSTI U ERI SEKURITIZACIJE TERORIZMA.
- Author
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Bilandžić, Mirko and Pandžić, Josip
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SOCIAL services ,SOCIAL security ,SOCIAL order ,NATIONAL security ,SOCIAL status ,COUNTERTERRORISM - Abstract
Copyright of Annals of the Croatian Political Science Association / Anali Hrvatskog Politoloskog Drustva is the property of Croatian Political Science Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Cyber security of critical infrastructure of the Republic of Croatia using public-private partnerships
- Author
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Barišić, Filip, Mikac, Robert, Kos-Stanišić, Lidija, and Mekovec, Renata
- Subjects
kibernetičke prijetnje ,cyberspace ,cybersecurity ,cyber threat ,information security ,nacionalna sigurnost ,SOCIAL SCIENCES. Political Science ,DRUŠTVENE ZNANOSTI. Politologija ,kibernetički prostor ,public-private partnership ,informacijska sigurnost ,critical infrastructure ,kritična infrastruktura ,kibernetička sigurnost ,javno-privatno partnerstvo ,national security - Abstract
Sve učestalije korištenje digitalnih usluga javnih institucija, digitalizacija javne uprave ima za posljedicu izloženost kibernetičkim ugrozama. Istovremeno, zaštita od kibernetičkih ugroza zahtjeva vještine, znanja i iskustvo pomoću kojih se omogućava obrana i sigurnost od navedenih prijetnji. Iako određene javne institucije pružaju uslugu kibernetičke sigurnosti javnim, državnim i akademskim institucijama, definitivno ona nije uvijek dostatna te se pojavljuje potreba za suradnjom s privatnim sektorom koji također nudi određene usluge i proizvode kibernetičke sigurnosti. Praksu suradnje javnog i privatnog sektora u kibernetičkoj sferi treba dobro definirati kako ne bi bilo propusta koji će imati implikacije na nacionalnu sigurnost. U ovom radu su ponuđeni odgovori na tri istraživačka pitanja. Prvo pitanje glasi: Kakvi su trendovi kibernetičkih prijetnji i koje vrste prijetnji su zastupljene na razini EU i RH? Drugo pitanje glasi: Koji su to strateški i normativni akti koji definiraju sustav kibernetičke sigurnosti kritične infrastrukture u RH? I treće pitanje je: Koji su uvjeti potrebni te čime su isti definirani u slučaju sklapanja javno privatnih partnerstava u kibernetičkoj sferi u RH? Prilikom odgovaranja na ova tri istraživačka pitanja, koristi se više metoda istraživanja poput teorije sustava, induktivnom i deduktivnom metodom. Prilikom odgovaranja na treće istraživačko pitanje koristi se i metoda intervjua s pojedinim privatnim tvrtkama koje nude usluge ili proizvode u sferi zaštite kritične infrastrukture od kibernetičkih prijetnji. Na kraju želi se provjeriti početna hipoteza koja govori da javno privatna partnerstva u kibernetičkom prostoru doprinose kvaliteti kibernetičke sigurnosti u RH., Increasingly frequent use of digital services of public institutions, digitalization of public administration results in exposure to cyber threats. At the same time, protection against cyber threats requires skills, knowledge and experience to enable defense and security against these threats. Although certain public institutions provide cybersecurity services to public, state and academic institutions, they are definitely not always sufficient and there is a need to cooperate with the private sector, which also offers certain cybersecurity services and products. The practice of cooperation between the public and private sectors in the cyber sphere should be well defined so that there are no gaps that will have implications for national security. This paper offers answers to three research questions. The first question is: What are the trends of cyber threats and what types of threats are represented at the EU and Croatian levels? The second question is: What are the strategic and normative acts that define the cyber security system of critical infrastructure in the Republic of Croatia? The third question is: What conditions are needed and how are they defined in the case of concluding public-private partnerships in the cyber sphere in the Republic of Croatia? In answering these three research questions, several research methods such as systems theory, inductive and deductive methods are used. When answering the third research question, the method of interviewing individual private companies that offer services or products in the field of protection of critical infrastructure from cyber threats is also used. Finally, we want to test the initial hypothesis that public-private partnerships in cyberspace contribute to the quality of cyber security in the Republic of Croatia.
- Published
- 2022
18. Kibernetička sigurnost kritične infrastrukture Republike Hrvatske korištenjem javno privatnih partnerstava
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Barišić, Filip and Mikac, Robert
- Subjects
kibernetičke prijetnje ,cyberspace ,cybersecurity ,cyber threat ,information security ,nacionalna sigurnost ,SOCIAL SCIENCES. Political Science ,DRUŠTVENE ZNANOSTI. Politologija ,kibernetički prostor ,public-private partnership ,informacijska sigurnost ,critical infrastructure ,kritična infrastruktura ,kibernetička sigurnost ,javno-privatno partnerstvo ,national security - Abstract
Sve učestalije korištenje digitalnih usluga javnih institucija, digitalizacija javne uprave ima za posljedicu izloženost kibernetičkim ugrozama. Istovremeno, zaštita od kibernetičkih ugroza zahtjeva vještine, znanja i iskustvo pomoću kojih se omogućava obrana i sigurnost od navedenih prijetnji. Iako određene javne institucije pružaju uslugu kibernetičke sigurnosti javnim, državnim i akademskim institucijama, definitivno ona nije uvijek dostatna te se pojavljuje potreba za suradnjom s privatnim sektorom koji također nudi određene usluge i proizvode kibernetičke sigurnosti. Praksu suradnje javnog i privatnog sektora u kibernetičkoj sferi treba dobro definirati kako ne bi bilo propusta koji će imati implikacije na nacionalnu sigurnost. U ovom radu su ponuđeni odgovori na tri istraživačka pitanja. Prvo pitanje glasi: Kakvi su trendovi kibernetičkih prijetnji i koje vrste prijetnji su zastupljene na razini EU i RH? Drugo pitanje glasi: Koji su to strateški i normativni akti koji definiraju sustav kibernetičke sigurnosti kritične infrastrukture u RH? I treće pitanje je: Koji su uvjeti potrebni te čime su isti definirani u slučaju sklapanja javno privatnih partnerstava u kibernetičkoj sferi u RH? Prilikom odgovaranja na ova tri istraživačka pitanja, koristi se više metoda istraživanja poput teorije sustava, induktivnom i deduktivnom metodom. Prilikom odgovaranja na treće istraživačko pitanje koristi se i metoda intervjua s pojedinim privatnim tvrtkama koje nude usluge ili proizvode u sferi zaštite kritične infrastrukture od kibernetičkih prijetnji. Na kraju želi se provjeriti početna hipoteza koja govori da javno privatna partnerstva u kibernetičkom prostoru doprinose kvaliteti kibernetičke sigurnosti u RH. Increasingly frequent use of digital services of public institutions, digitalization of public administration results in exposure to cyber threats. At the same time, protection against cyber threats requires skills, knowledge and experience to enable defense and security against these threats. Although certain public institutions provide cybersecurity services to public, state and academic institutions, they are definitely not always sufficient and there is a need to cooperate with the private sector, which also offers certain cybersecurity services and products. The practice of cooperation between the public and private sectors in the cyber sphere should be well defined so that there are no gaps that will have implications for national security. This paper offers answers to three research questions. The first question is: What are the trends of cyber threats and what types of threats are represented at the EU and Croatian levels? The second question is: What are the strategic and normative acts that define the cyber security system of critical infrastructure in the Republic of Croatia? The third question is: What conditions are needed and how are they defined in the case of concluding public-private partnerships in the cyber sphere in the Republic of Croatia? In answering these three research questions, several research methods such as systems theory, inductive and deductive methods are used. When answering the third research question, the method of interviewing individual private companies that offer services or products in the field of protection of critical infrastructure from cyber threats is also used. Finally, we want to test the initial hypothesis that public-private partnerships in cyberspace contribute to the quality of cyber security in the Republic of Croatia.
- Published
- 2022
19. Suicidal terrorism and national security in different political systems
- Author
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Šamija, Gabrijela and Bilandžić, Mirko
- Subjects
suicide attacks ,DRUŠTVENE ZNANOSTI. Sociologija. Posebne sociologije ,illustration ,samoubilački terorizam ,nacionalna sigurnost ,deskriptivna statistika ,political systems ,SOCIAL SCIENCES. Sociology. Specific Sociologies ,političko uređenje države ,ilustracija ,descriptive statistics ,national security - Abstract
Predmet proučavanja ovoga rada predstavlja odnos pojavnosti samoubilačkog terorizma s obzirom na politička uređenja napadnutih država. Budući da su teroristički napadi uvijek udar na društvo i društveni poredak, područje nacionalne sigurnosti predstavlja svojevrsnu poveznicu između promatranih varijabli. Kampanje samoubilačkih napada su u stalnom porastu od početka 80-ih godina prošlog stoljeća, a vrhunac doživljavaju u razdoblju nakon 2001. godine. Taj svima poznati napad u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama označava i početak novog globaliziranoga načina djelovanja terorističkih organizacija. Rezultati pokazuju kako su države svih političkih sustava mete samoubilačkih napada, što znači da ne postoji obrazac djelovanja organizacija koje u svojim napadima koriste samoubilački terorizam. Također, postoje razlike u samom broju samoubilačkih udara pri čemu su anokratske države nešto češća meta. Nadalje, rezultati pokazuju da su mete napada u svim uređenjima najčešće sigurnosne prirode, a najviše napada izvele su vjerske terorističke organizacije. Na kraju iznosimo kratku ilustraciju zaključnih razmatranja na primjeru Republike Irak. The subject of this research paper is the connection between the occurrence of suicide attacks and the political system of the countries that are attacked. Since terror attacks represent an attack on the society and social order, national security represents a kind of connection between those two variables. Suicide attack campaigns are on the rise since the 1980s and they have reached their peak in 2001. That very well-known attack on the United States marks the beginning of a new kind of globalised activity of terrorist organizations. The results show that all countries, no matter their political system, are targets of suicide attacks, which means that there is no pattern in the activity of terrorist organizations that use suicide attacks. There is also a difference in the number of suicide attacks, where anocratic countries are attacked more often. Furthermore, the results show that the targets of most attacks, in all political systems, are security targets, and most of the attacks were carried out by religious terrorist organizations. Finally, we provide a brief illustration of the concluding remarks on the example of the Republic of Iraq.
- Published
- 2021
20. SUICIDE TERRORISM AND NATIONAL SECURITY IN DIFFERENT POLITICAL SYSTEMS
- Author
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Šamija, Gabrijela
- Subjects
samoubilački terorizam ,političko uređenje države ,nacionalna sigurnost ,deskriptivna statistika ,suicide attacks ,political systems ,national security ,descriptive statistics ,illustration - Abstract
Predmet ovoga rada je proučavanje učestalosti samoubilačkog terorizma s obzirom na politička uređenja napadnutih država. Budući da su teroristički napadi uvijek udar na društvo i društveni poredak, područje nacionalne sigurnosti predstavlja svojevrsnu poveznicu između promatranih varijabli. Od početka 80-ih godina prošloga stoljeća kampanje samoubilačkih napada u stalnom su porastu, a vrhunac doživljavaju nakon 2001. godine. Napadi na Sjedinjene Američke Države 2001. označavaju i početak novog, globaliziranog načina djelovanja terorističkih organizacija. Mete samoubilačkih napada su države svih političkih sustava (autokracija, anokracija i demokracija), što znači da ne postoji obrazac djelovanja organizacija koje u svojim napadima koriste samoubilački terorizam, ali su anokratske države češća meta. Nadalje, rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da su mete napada najčešće sigurnosne prirode te da su najviše napada izvele vjerske terorističke organizacije. Na kraju je prikazana kratka ilustracija zaključnih razmatranja na primjeru Iraka., The subject of this research paper is the connection between the occurrence of suicide attacks and the political system of the countries that are attacked. Since terror attacks represent an attack on the society and social order, national security represents a kind of connection between those two variables. Suicide attack campaigns are on the rise since the 1980s and they have reached their peak in 2001. That very well-known attack on the United States marks the beginning of a new kind of globalised activity of terrorist organizations. The results show that all countries, no matter their political system, are targets of suicide attacks, which means that there is no pattern in the activity of terrorist organizations that use suicide attacks. There is also a difference in the number of suicide attacks, where anocratic countries are attacked more often. Furthermore, the results show that the targets of most attacks, in all political systems, are security targets, and most of the attacks were carried out by religious terrorist organizations. Finally, we provide a brief illustration of the concluding remarks on the example of the Republic of Iraq.
- Published
- 2020
21. Procesna prava osoba povezanih s terorizmom pri primjeni sankcija naspram povjerljivih podataka država članica EU
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Stjepan Novak
- Subjects
procesna prava osoba povezanih s terorizmom ,povjerljivi podaci ,nacionalna sigurnost ,Sud EU-a ,National security ,procedural rights of persons connected with terrorism ,classified data ,national security ,the Court of the European Union ,Public Administration ,Distrust ,Jurisdiction ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Economic Justice ,Political science ,Law ,Terrorism ,Member state ,Sanctions ,media_common.cataloged_instance ,European union ,business ,media_common - Abstract
Kada je riječ o pravima obrane, odnosno njihovoj realizaciji, jedan od većih problema koji se javlja u tom smislu je nedostatak informacija koji proizlazi iz nevoljkosti država da podijele određene podatke iz svoje nadležnosti, kako sa samim osobama prema kojima se sankcije primjenjuju tako i sa Sudom Europske unije. To je rezultat nastojanja država članica da zaštite vlastite podatke klasificirane odgovarajućim stupnjevima tajnosti, dio kojih podataka smatraju posebno osjetljivim s aspekta nacionalne sigurnosti te ih kao takve posebno štite vlastitim zakonskim aktima. Sukob tih dviju tendencija pokušao je riješiti i Sud Europske unije., The paper deals with the necessity of protecting procedural rights of persons or entities connected with terrorism in the course of international sanctions and legal sanctioning on one hand, and the requirement of protecting classified data of the EU member states on the other. When considering the rights of the defendant, one of the biggest issues is the lack of data stemming from the reluctance of the member states to share information from their jurisdiction with either the sanctioned persons or the Court of the European Union. It has arisen from the effort of the member states to protect their classified data, some of which are seen as particularly sensitive from the national security aspect, by their national legal regulations. The most serious issue is distrust of the member states in the Court of the EU, i.e. their doubt whether the EU justice system will be able to protect classified data appropriately. The Court of the European Union has tried to resolve these two conflicting tendencies, thus indirectly widening its jurisdictions to the areas previously reserved for the member states. It has regulated the handling of classified national security data in its practice and its internal regulations, for example in the Rules of Procedure of the General Court of the European Union. In fact, the Court has conditioned the implementation of sanctions on the delivery of such data both to the Court and, although not in all instances, to the persons or entities whom the particular sanctions refer to. The problem could be solved by delivering an unclassified summary of the relevant data in order to provide an explanation as to why the competent body of a member state believes that a person or an entity should be covered with sanctions. Such a summary could be delivered to the Council of the EU, and if necessary, to the Court of the EU and the person or entity contesting the sanctions. Considering the principle of loyal cooperation stipulated in Article 4, Paragraph 3 of the TEU, this should suffice to the Court of the EU.
- Published
- 2019
22. Republic of Croatia as a Source of Migration and Demographic Aspects of National Security
- Author
-
Burić, Mia and Jakešević, Ružica
- Subjects
demography ,migranti ,Croatia ,Hrvatska ,nacionalna sigurnost ,demografija ,migrants ,SOCIAL SCIENCES. Political Science ,national security ,DRUŠTVENE ZNANOSTI. Politologija - Abstract
Značaj migracija kao sigurnosnog pitanja u globalnoj zajednici sve više raste. Iako su nezakonite migracije u tom kontekstu u prvom planu, jasno je da i zakonite migracije predstavljaju sigurnosni problem, osobito za emigracijske zemlje. Jedna od takvih zemalja nažalost je i Hrvatska koju emigracijski trendovi dugoročno prate još od 19. stoljeća. Suvremeni iseljenički trendovi iz Republike Hrvatske od ulaska u Europsku uniju nastavljaju se u negativnom tonu. Članstvo u Uniji olakšalo je iseljavanje i ohrabrilo veliki dio mladog stanovništva na preseljenje čak i cijelih obitelji. Prema podatcima Državnog zavoda za statistiku Hrvati se najviše iseljavaju u Njemačku, Irsku i Austriju, a točne podatke o broju iseljenih nemamo. Osobito je zabrinjavajuća dobna struktura hrvatskih iseljenika, obzirom da se radi o mladom, visokoobrazovanom, radno aktivnom stanovništvu, čiji su razlozi iseljavanja prvenstveno povezani s ekonomskim, ali i moralnim pitanjima Prevelika stopa emigracije uz druge demografske probleme, poput starenja stanovnišva, dodatno narušava demografsku sliku hrvatske. Obzirom da pojam sigurnosti danas ne podrazumijeva samo vojne prijetnje, nego i širok spektar suvremenih prijetnji, pitanje demografske sigurnost postavlja se kao prioritet svim državama. Problematika nepovoljne demografske situacije povezana je s gospodarskim razvojem zemlje, ali i razvojem društva općenito, jer je upravo razvoj ljudskog faktora temelj gospodarskog razvoja. Adekvatni zakonodavni okvir koji regulira pitanje migracija u Hrvatskoj – ne postoji, iako je to pitanje najviše zahvaćeno u Strateškom planu demografske revitalizacije za razdoblje 2018.-2020. Na koncu, u radu je se zaključuje da je emigracija iz Hrvatske potaknuta negativnim gospodarskim trendovima i neperspektivnim okruženjem općenito., The importance of migration as a security issue in a global society is growing. Although illegal migration in this context is in the foreground, it is clear that legal migrations are also security problem, especially for emigration countries. Croatia is undoubtedly one of these countries whose emigration trends have been in the long run since the 19th century. Contemporary emigration trends from the Republic of Croatia since joining the European Union continue to be negative. EU membership facilitated emigration and encouraged many young population to resettle even the entire family. According to the data of the Central Bureau of Statistics, Croats mostly go to Germany, Ireland and Austria, but exact data do not exist. Particularly worrying is the age structure of Croatian emigrants, as it is a young, highly educated, working-active population whose reasons of emigration are primarily related to economic and moral issues. The excessive emigration rate along with other demographic problems, such as the aging of the population, further undermines the demographic picture of Croatia. Since the term security today does not only mean military threats but also a wide range of contemporary threats, the issue of demographic security is a priority for all states. The problem of unfavorable demographic situations is related to the economic development of the country, but also to the development of society in general, because the development of the human factor is the basis of economic development. An adequate legislative framework regulating the issue of migration in Croatia - does not exist, although this is the most affected issue in the Strategic Plan for demographic revitalization for the period 2018-2020. Finally, the paper concludes that the emigration from Croatia has been stimulated by negative economic trends and non-perspecitve environment in general
- Published
- 2018
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