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Predstavnici znanstvenih disciplina, uključujući i sociologe, trebaju biti refleksivni prema svom radu i prema vlastitim istraživačkim aktivnostima. Metodologija, kao jedan od aspekata tih aktivnosti, predstavlja skup pravila o korištenju različitih metoda i tehnika istraživanja. Autor ove disertacije krenuo je od pretpostavke da je moguće identificirati obrasce korištenja različitih metodoloških pristupa u sociologiji te da istraživači trebaju proučavati širi društveni kontekst da bi mogli utemeljeno objasniti pojavljivanje različitih obrazaca korištenja metodoloških pristupa. Slijedom navedenog, da bi se objasnio predmet istraživanja, u ovoj se disertaciji daje pregled teorijskih koncepata iz sociologije znanosti i sociologije znanja te iz refleksivne sociologije. Predmet istraživanja u ovoj disertaciji može se opisati kao proučavanje promjena u metodološkim obilježjima istraživačkih radova u hrvatskoj sociologiji od 60-ih godina prošlog stoljeća pa sve do danas, uključujući i analizu društveno – političkog konteksta u kojem su proučavana obilježja nastajala. Da bi se dobila opširnija slika o istraživanoj problematici, korištene su metode dvaju metodoloških pristupa. Prva metoda predstavljala je kvantitativnu analizu sadržaja istraživanih radova, koja je dala uvid u karakteristike metodoloških obilježja samih radova. U drugoj metodi, korišteni su polu – strukturirani intervjui koji su provedeni na uzorku sociologa, zaposlenih u znanstveno – istraživačkim institucijama. U intervjuima se raspravljalo o društveno – političkom kontekstu u kojem su istraživani radovi objavljeni. Rezultati istraživanja potvrdili su da je došlo do promjena u metodološkim obilježjima radova u promatranom razdoblju, odnosno da je došlo do porasta u kompleksnosti korištene metodologije u hrvatskoj sociologiji te da su opisi te metodologije s vremenom postajali sve detaljniji. U drugom dijelu istraživanja, identificirana su i objašnjena četiri potencijalna faktora pomoću kojih se može opisati društveno – politički kontekst, s naglaskom na 90-e godine prošlog stoljeća. Ti faktori su sljedeći: političke promjene, institucionalne promjene, generacijske promjene i vanjski utjecaji na razvoj sociologije na ovom području. Iako se ne može tvrditi da su identificirani svi elementi na temelju kojih se može jednoznačno objasniti veza između četiriju spomenutih društvenih faktora i promjena u metodologiji, može se dobiti osnovni uvid u njihov odnos, čime se otvara plodonosan prostor za daljnje diskusije i istraživanja na temu ove disertacije. It can be considered important that members of scientific disciplines, including sociologists, have a reflection on their work and their research activities. Methodology as one aspect of these activities is a set of rules on the use of different research methods and techniques. The author of this dissertation started from the assumption that it is possible to identify patterns of use of different methodological approaches in sociology and that some broader context is needed to explain their occurrence. Regarding the theoretical framework of this dissertation, concepts from the sociology of science and knowledge and concepts from social theory about reflexivity were used to explain the research subject. Theoretical concepts from the sociology of knowledge and the sociology of science were used to explain and define the research subject in this dissertation. Also, concepts from these disciplines were used to explain what it means for a sociological community to have a scientific tradition that depends on the broader social context that needs to be explained. As for the concepts from the sociological theory of reflexivity, they were used to explain why it was important to conduct the research about the topic from this dissertation and which factors needed to be taken into account when explaining it. The main subject of this dissertation can be described as observing the changes in the methodological characteristics of research papers in Croatian sociology from the 1960s to the present time. Another subject of this dissertation was to explain the connection between the observed changes in the methodology of the analyzed research papers and the socio – political context in which these changes took place. To obtain a broader picture of the investigated problem, methods from two methodological approaches were used. The first method was a quantitative analysis of the content of the observed scientific papers and on this basis, an insight into the characteristics of the methodological characteristics of these papers was obtained. A total of 2526 papers were analyzed, of which 702 were estimated to be primarily sociological papers. For the second method, semi – structured interviews were conducted with a group of sociologists employed by research institutions. A total of 17 participants from 8 different scientific research institutions positioned in Zagreb, Osijek, and Zadar participated in the interviews. The discussion in the interviews was about the socio – political context in which the analysed papers were published. Specifically, five thematic blocks were represented in the interviews: (1) the state of sociology during the observed period; (2) the socio – political context during the 1990s, which could have influenced the development of sociology; (3) discussion about the results obtained in this dissertation; (4) discussion about the implications of the results; (5) and discussion about the guidelines for the future development of sociology. The research confirmed that there were changes in the methodological features of the papers. In the observed period, there was an increase in the complexity of the methodology used in Croatian sociology. Also, the descriptions of the used methodology were becoming more detailed. This means that in the observed period, more and more different methodological approaches and statistical tests began to be used. Both quantitative and qualitative solutions to research problems began to be part of the methodology used in the papers. Also, the authors of the research papers have progressed from the use of primarily descriptive statistics on their data and began to use different tests from the corpus of bivariate and multivariate statistics. Regarding the progress on the detail of the methodological descriptions, the authors of the research papers began to provide more and more new pieces of information about the procedures they used in their research. Based on this finding, the first hypothesis from this dissertation was confirmed. In the second part of the research, four potential factors that can serve to describe the socio – political context were identified and explained. These factors are political changes as the main factor; institutional changes; generational changes; and international influences on the development of sociology in this area. Based on the results it can be concluded that identified socio – political factors may have had an impact on the increased number of research papers and the greater thematic diversity of these papers during the observed period. Also, it is necessary to conclude that no completely clear link was found between these factors and the development of more complex methodologies in the observed papers. These results only partially support the second hypothesis. It can be considered that all the results from this dissertation represent a fruitful space for further research and discussions on this or similar topics.

Kvalitativna istraživačka etika u sociologiji primarno je vezana uz brojne metodološke značajke kvalitativnih istraživanja, istraživački kontekst i interakcijski proces provedbe kvalitativnih istraživanja, ali i uz klasičan razvoj etičkih kodeksa socioloških društava i širih etičkih regulacija. Etička se pitanja, konvencionalno gledano, odnose na zaštitu sudionika u istraživanju i u Hrvatskoj su regulirana ponajprije na profesionalnoj i institucionalnoj razini. No imajući u vidu razvoj istraživačkih metoda, novih tehnologija i društvenih promjena koje uključuju sadašnje etičke regulacije, nekoliko je aspekata koji se problematiziraju i povezuju u ovom radu. U radu se kvalitativna istraživačka etika razmatra kroz analizu postojećih etičkih kodeksa u sociologiji, primjenu etičkih procedura u istraživanjima te izazove s kojima se istraživači pritom susreću. Etičke regulacije koje zadnjih godina impliciraju standardizaciju etičkih procedura i istraživačke prakse upućuju na važnost kontinuiranih teorijsko-metodoloških rasprava o istraživačkoj etici, posebice u kvalitativnim istraživanjima. Većina metodološke literature sadržava dio o etičkim procedurama (informiranom pristanku, anonimnosti i povjerljivosti, rizicima i sl.) koje se primjenjuju u sociološkim istraživanjima. Ipak, u njima se uočavaju argumenti da se spomenute procedure unutar kvalitativne istraživačke etike trebaju smjestiti sukladno značajkama kvalitativnih istraživanja koje u sociologiji mogu biti dodatno etički, metodološki i istraživački izazovne. U radu se zaključuje da se specifičnosti kvalitativne istraživačke etike očituju u etičkoj praksi kojom se u kvalitativnim istraživanjima etičke procedure primjenjuju na refleksivan način., Qualitative research ethics in sociology is primarily related to numerous methodological features of qualitative research, the research context and the interaction process of conducting qualitative research, but also to the classical development of ethical codes of sociological associations and broader ethical regulations. Conventionally speaking, ethical issues refer to the protection of research participants and are regulated primarily at the professional and institutional levels in Croatia. However, given the development of research methods, new technologies and social changes involving current ethical regulations, several aspects are problematised and connected in this paper. The paper therefore analyses qualitative research ethics through existing ethical codes in sociology, the application of ethical procedures in research, and the challenges that researchers face in doing so. Ethical regulations that in recent years imply the standardisation of ethical procedures and research practices point to the importance of continuous theoretical and methodological discussions on research ethics, especially in qualitative research. Most methodological literature contains a section on ethical procedures (informed consent, anonymity and confidentiality, risks, etc.) applied in sociological research. Nevertheless, there are arguments that they should be placed within qualitative research ethics in accordance with the features of qualitative research, which can be additionally challenging in sociology in terms of ethics, methodology and research. The paper concludes that the specifics of qualitative research ethics are reflected in the ethical practice that implies a reflexive application of ethical procedures in qualitative research.

Cilj rada je ukazati na prednosti uporabe književnih djela u poučavanju srednjoškolskih socioloških sadržaja te predložiti izbor domaće sociološke lektire. Rad kreće od teze kako se književnost može uspješno uključiti u poučavanje socioloških sadržaja i ima velik metodički potencijal. S obzirom na nedostatak domaće literature o poučavanju putem književnosti, teorijski okvir rada baziran je na stranoj literaturi (Carlin, Cosbey, Lena and London, Sullivan) i usmjeren na prednosti poučavanja putem književnosti za učenike, nastavnike i sociologiju kao nastavni predmet. Drugi dio rada donosi kratak opis i sociološku analizu odabranih suvremenih hrvatskih književnih djela. The goal of this paper is to point out the benefits of using literature (fiction) in teaching sociology in high schools and to suggest a literary selection of Croatian contemporary prose for use in classroom. The paper starts with the thesis statement that literature can be successfully incorporated in teaching sociology and has a great methodological potential. Considering the lack of Croatian scholarly articles about using novels in teaching sociology, first part of the paper is based on foreign literature (Carlin, Cosbey, Lena and London, Sullivan) and discusses benefits of the literary method for students, teachers and sociology as a school subject. Second part of the paper offers short descriptions and sociological analysis of chosen contemporary Croatian prose.

Ovaj je rad usmjeren na analizu različitih karakteristika diskursa o migracijama koji se u medijima razvijao tijekom 2015. i 2016. godine, kao posljedica velikog migracijskog procesa koji je obuhvatio kretanje ljudi iz bliskoistočnih i sjevernoafričkih zemalja prema zemljama Europske unije. Izlaže se o teorijskim temeljima (kritičke) analize diskursa, njezinim predstavnicima i smjerovima, medijskom diskursu i ambivalentnom položaju kolumne u publicistici. Također, prikazuje se sociopolitički kontekst suvremenih migracija i iznose relevantni dostupni statistički podatci. Analiza se vrši na korpusu tekstova iz odabranih hrvatskih dnevnih novina (Jutarnji list, Večernji list, Slobodna Dalmacija, Glas Slavonije) u jednogodišnjem razdoblju (1. 7. 2015. ‒ 30. 6. 2016.), a s obzirom na pretpostavku o njihovoj dostupnosti korisnicima, odnosno na nacionalnu i regionalnu pokrivenost. Provodi se kvalitativna analiza korpusa koji je prikupljen u tiskanom obliku (fotografiranjem tekstova), unutar kojega se stavlja naglasak na komentatorske tekstove u kolumnama kao zaseban žanr za koji se pretpostavlja slobodniji stil obraćanja korisnicima u odnosu na druge novinske vrste koje se temelje na pretpostavci o neutralnosti i objektivnosti. Za potrebe kvantitativne analize promatra se zajednički korpus svih novina i na njihovim mrežnim portalima pri čemu se provodi i anotacija članaka kako bi se smanjio udio lažnih pozitiva. Kao širi teorijski okvir za analizu odabran je trodimenzijski sustav analize diskursa prema Normanu Faircloughou (1992). Analiza pritom obuhvaća mikro i makro razinu te prikazuje karakeristike odabranog diskursa kroz dimenzije teksta, diskursne prakse i društvene prakse uz primjenu odabranih strategija analize prema Reisigl i Wodak (2009). Same dimenzije analize nisu strogo odijeljene i dopuštaju primjenu različitih strategija u različitim dimenzijama. Unutar dimenzije teksta, rad je usmjeren na jezične karakteristike, prije svega na terminološku neujednačenost, analizu strategija imenovanja subjekata i procesa te načina na koji su oni opisani. Sljedeća razina opisuje karakteristike žanra koji se analizira te interdiskurzivne relacije diskursa o migracijama s humanitarnim i vizualnim diskursom. Također, pronalaze se i analiziraju primjeri konceptualne metafore o migracijama te načela argumentacije u kolumnama prikazana primjerima toposa. Naposljetku, izlaže se o kontekstu, odnosno društvenoj praksi unutar koje se opisuju političke okolnosti u kojima se stvara diskurs o migracijama, o subjektima koji sudjeluju u koordinaciji procesima te o konceptima koji uokviruju medijsko praćenje migracijskoga procesa. This paper analyses various characteristics of the migration discourse which developed in Croatian news media in 2015 and 2016, as a result of substantial migration process that included movement of people from the Middle East and North Africa towards European Union. The paper presents theoretical foundations of (critical) discourse analysis, its key representatives and branches, media discourse in general, and the ambivalent position of the newspaper column as a non-fiction form. In addition, it demonstrates the socio-political context of modern migrations and presents available relevant statistical data. The analysis includes corpus of texts from selected Croatian daily newspapers (Jutarnji list, Večernji list, Slobodna Dalmacija, Glas Slavonije) during a one year period (1.7.2015 – 30.6.2016), taking into consideration their availability to users, namely their national and regional coverage. A qualitative analysis is applied to the corpus, which is collected in printed form (by photographing text), within which emphasis is placed on commentary texts in newspaper columns as a separate genre, whose style of addressing users is more relaxed compared to other newspaper genres that are based on the assumption of neutrality and objectivity. For the purpose of quantitative analysis, a common corpus of all newspapers and the corpus on their webpages have been taken into consideration, and an annotation of articles is implemented with the aim of reducing the rate of false positives. A three-dimensional discourse analysis system, according to Norman Fairclough (1992), was chosen as a broader theoretical framework of the analysis. The analysis includes micro and macro levels, and shows the characteristics of the chosen discourse using the dimensions of text, discourse practice, and social practice, with the application of chosen analysis strategies, according to Reisigl and Wodak (2009). The dimensions of the analysis are not strictly separated and they allow the application of different strategies in different dimensions. Within the dimension of text, the paper focuses on linguistic characteristics, primarily on terminological inconsistency, analysis of the naming strategies of subjects and processes and the way in which they are described. The next level describes the characteristics of the genre being analysed and the interdiscursive relations of migration discourse with humanitarian and visual discourse. In addition, examples of the conceptual metaphor of migration and principles of argumentation in columns demonstrated using examples of topos are identified and analysed. Finally, the paper presents the context, i.e. the social practice within which political circumstances of migration discourse creation, subjects involved in process coordination and concepts framing media coverage of the migration process are described.

U ovom radu istražili smo svijet društvenih značenja žena oboljelih od anoreksije i bulimije koja se vezuju uz rodne uloge te uz tijelo i hranu. U teorijskom dijelu rada predstavili smo vladajuće teorije i dosadašnja istraživanja, te smo analizirali društveno-historijske kontekste razvoja fenomena poremećaja hranjenja kod žena. Pri tome smo primijenili koncept rodnih uloga i društvenih značenja u pojavnosti ovih poremećaja u suvremenim zapadnim društvima s naglaskom na društvene aspekte doživljaja ženskog tijela, hranu, hranjenje i suzdržavanje od hrane. U empirijskom dijelu rada proveli smo istraživanje čiji rezultati prikazuju na koji način osobe oboljele od poremećaja hranjenja doživljavaju rodni identitet, te koja su značenja veze između feminiteta i odnosa prema tijelu i hrani. Također, analizirali smo sličnosti i razlike značenja vezanih uz javno-zdravstveni diskurs „rata protiv pretilosti“ i značenja koja osobe oboljele od poremećaja hranjenja pridaju pojedinim oblicima ženskog tijela (mršavo/debelo žensko tijelo) te hrani, hranjenju i suzdržavanju od hrane, te smo ukazali na moguće implikacije rezultata ovog istraživanja na prevenciju i liječenje poremećaja hranjenja i pretilosti. Kvalitativno istraživanje obuhvatilo je uzorak od 30 punoljetnih žena koje su psihijatrijski liječene zbog anoreksije ili bulimije. Dubinski intervjui provedeni su uz posebnu pažnju prema etičkim normama i zaštiti sugovornica. Tematskom analizom podataka izdvojeno je šest tema: Različiti putevi odrastanja, Magična hrana, Nesigurna ženstvenost, Prezreni i idealizirani muškarac, Tijelo kao temelj identiteta, Skliska cesta zdravog života. Ključni nalazi ukazuju kako većina sugovornica nema izraženu femininost, te se nalazi u konfliktnom i ambivalentnom odnosu prema društvenim očekivanjima vezanima uz žensku rodnu ulogu. Izdvojena su dva osnovna stereotipa ženske uloge: tradicionalna žena-žrtva i superžena. Sugovornice jednoglasno odbacuju stereotip tradicionalno definiranog normativnog feminiteta, dok se prema stereotipu superžene dvojako postavljaju. Neke sugovornice odabiru maskuline vrijednosti i idealiziraju mušku rodnu ulogu. Druge odbacuju i žensku i mušku rodnu ulogu želeći ostati adolescentica ili dijete. Hrana je doživljena kao magična budući da manipulacija hranom posjeduje sposobnost transformirati nečiji život u potpunosti. Cilj je mršavo žensko tijelo koje se čita na tri načina: kao znak uspjeha, kao put do fizičke ljepote i privlačnosti te mršavost kao zaštita od seksualne privlačnosti. Sugovornice se dijele na one koje uz mršavo žensko tijelo vezuju estetski kriterij ljepote i seksualne privlačnosti od onih koje također streme mršavom ženskom tijelu no za njih je mršavost bijeg od ženske rodne uloge. U tom smislu dolazi do negiranja, potiranja vlastitog tijela ili čak mržnje prema njemu, posebice prema sekundarnim spolnim karakteristikama (tjelesne obline) i odbojnosti prema reproduktivnoj ulozi žene (majčinstvu). There are two scientific contributions of this thesis: conceptual and empirical contribution. In the theoretical part of the paper, the main theoretical concepts from eating disorders field are presented, which include the conceptualization of eating disorders as a culture bound syndrome; the universalist perspective, offering the arguments for presence of eating disorders in all societies and epochs, and the theory of social change, with the view that eating disorders are more present in periods of rapid cultural change associated with modernization and westernization. A detailed review of the socio-historical development of discourses and practices related to anorexia and bulimia indicates the key relationship of these phenomena with the social context, and encourages a more precise aetiological positioning of anorexia and bulimia between sociocultural theories of these disorders and biological-medical model. In this study, we advocated a combined approach to the aetiology of eating disorders (Keel and Klump, 2003) by accepting anorexia as universally present in most societies throughout history, while understanding bulimia through the prism of culture-bound syndrome (Keel and Klump, 2003). We also presented the most influential socio-cultural theories of eating disorders: the tripartite model, the double path model, and the objectification theory, which emphasize the influence of the ideal of thinness on self-perception in girls and women. We presented various environmental influences on the development of low self-esteem, poor self-image and body dissatisfaction, which are closely related to the shaping of normative femininity and the experience of socialization into the gender role of girls in Western society. The internalization of lean body ideals and frequent dietary behaviours link eating disorders to the average female population, allowing interpretation of the “crystallization of culture” (Bordo, 1993): the intensification of common gender-specific practices to the pathological extent of eating disorders. We have also presented previous researches that have led to contradictory results on the connection between the adoption of femininity norms and the incidence of eating disorders. In the empirical part of the paper, we present the results of a thematic analysis on the data collected by in-depth semi-structured interviews on a sample of thirty adult women with anorexia and bulimia. Major themes have been singled out: Diverse Experience of Growing Up, Magical Food, Insecure Femininity, Despised and Idealized Man, The Body as the Foundation of Identity, and the Slippery Road of Healthy Living. The results of this study contribute to elucidating the gender identities of women with eating disorders. From the obtained findings included in the Uncertain Femininity theme, it is clear that most of the interviewees do not have a pronounced femininity, and they express a conflicting and ambivalent attitude towards social expectations related to the female gender role. The findings of our study continue on the line of research that indicates that patients with eating disorders largely belong to the group of gender-undefined (Bem, 1974), which would certainly be good to verify in future quantitative research. From the collected data, we singled out two basic stereotypes of the female role: the womanvictim and the superwoman. The woman-victim is a stereotype that corresponds to the traditionally positioned female role, as a woman submissive to a man, focused on maintaining the household, on caring for her husband and children, a person who is vulnerable and emotional. The stereotype of the woman-victim is unanimously rejected by the participants and they distance themselves from it. The superwoman is a stereotype associated with an emancipated woman in a capitalist neoliberal economy, who is a winner in all fields: she has a career, a husband and children, financial independence, and higher education. In addition, the superwoman is thin and beautiful, takes care of herself, eats healthily and exercises regularly. These unrealistic and idealized expectations related to the gender role of the superwoman simultaneously create admiration and rejection among the interviewees, and they are conflicted and ambivalent towards this stereotype. It is possible to propose that the girls and women with eating disorders are torn between the negatively perceived traditional stereotype of the female role and the (too) perfect stereotype of the new emancipated neoliberal woman, who represents a "winner takes it all" attitude: a success at work and in the family, together with physical beauty and "self-care". Feminist critique may yet to deconstruct this relatively new stereotype that imposes a vision of normative femininity as equally damaging as the traditional female role: a gender role of a superwoman seemingly powerful and equal to a man, but similarly hegemonic and annihilating authentic human experience, weakness, or the right to diversity. This interesting line of further research could take into account the fact that eating disorders have flourished in a capitalist society, at the time of the greatest women's emancipation, and that belonging to the traditional societies for women is a protective factor in the development of eating disorders. Most of the interviewees "do not know how or/and do not want to grow up" by verbalizing resistance to the offered gender roles. In the theme Despised and idealized man, it is evident that some interviewees choose masculine values and idealize male gender role, believing that it would be easier for them to live as men. Men are most often perceived as privileged, stronger and more aggressive. Other interviewees reject both the female and male gender roles, wanting to remain an adolescent or a child because they do not feel ready to take on responsibilities and meet adult expectations. A group of participants with experiences of sexual trauma stands out, especially strongly rejecting the female role. They do not want to accept female sexuality, and cannot identify with the male gender either, since the man is perceived as a "sexual predator". The predominant male gender stereotype is the traditional stereotype of a strong man who does not show emotions, but there are indications for possible conceptualization of other stereotypical male gender roles: modern emotional guy (egalitarian parenting and financial equality), narcissus (man dedicated to the ideal of muscularity), sexual predator and weakling (incompetent man leaning on a capable woman). Results of the analysis of social meanings that women with eating disorders attribute to food, starving, and feeding are included in the theme entitled Magical Food. Food is perceived as magical since food manipulation has the power to transform one’s life completely. For the participants, dietary behaviour is a proof of self-control and correctness, while food causes fear, guilt and stress. There are allowed and forbidden foods, as well as allowed caloric intake, and when the interviewees eat restrictively or when they fast, they feel clean and powerful. Overeating is a forbidden pleasure, and it is experienced as giving in to internal compulsion - like addictive behaviour. The emotional need for food is associated with suffocating emotions through feeding as well as resolving internal tension through feeding. The interviewees describe binge eating as moments without control and restraint, which- for some- create a feeling of pleasure, relaxation and freedom. The others report feeling dirty, fat and ugly when overeating. Vomiting for the interviewees brings emotional emptiness. In addition to expelling food, the women also expel emotions out of themselves. They also experience the urge to vomit as an internal compulsion. In relation to vomiting, an ambivalent attitude emerges: on the one hand, vomiting is a practice associated with pleasure, relief and excitement. On the other hand, women feel guilty about vomiting, and they use vomiting as a form of selfpunishment. The attitude towards food for the interviewees is very complex and there are many meanings associated with food, very often in dichotomy of clean and dirty. Food control for the interviewed women is an attempt to control life. Many associate their life with the idea of chaos that can only be controlled by rigid rules and restrictive eating. The meanings attributed to the body (fat and lean) are revealed in the theme Body as the foundation of identity. The goal is a lean female body that is read in three ways: as a sign of success, as a path to physical beauty and attractiveness, and through thinness as a protection against sexual attraction. If a lean body is read as an indicator of success, control and power, it is a source of self-confidence for the interviewees. Again, the participants are divided into those who associate the aesthetic criteria of beauty and sexual attractiveness with a thin female body, and those who also strive for a thin female body but do not expect that they will achieve beauty and attractiveness through thinness. On the contrary, for them thinness is an escape from female beauty and sexual attraction. In this sense, there is denial, negation of one's own body or even hatred towards it, especially towards secondary sexual characteristics (body curves). The fat female body is mostly perceived as repulsive, and negative epithets are mostly attributed to it - it is ugly, unattractive and lazy, and fat women are weak, with a fear of weight gain. The theme entitled The Slippery Road to Healthy Living reveals the meanings that the interviewed women attach to the so-called healthy eating and exercise. For people at risk for developing eating disorders, eating and exercising can be a trigger for development of anorexia or bulimia. For many participants, orthorexic behaviour (unhealthy obsession with healthy food) was the first step towards an eating disorder. The interviewees perceive the benefits of a "healthy life" regime in a similar, sometimes identical way, as the benefits of anorexic behaviour: a healthy life provides a sense of power, control and purity. For most interviewed women, a healthy body is only a lean body, so many equate health and thinness (with a minority affirming the importance of a fit and firm body). Paradoxically, for some of the participants, orthorexia was at the same time a way out of the disorder. Because it provides a similar sense of control and cleanliness as an eating disorder, an obsession with a healthy diet has helped some women to accept more regular food consumption. Contrary to the so-called “healthy food”, there is unhealthy food, which when consumed arouses various disturbing feelings but also brings pleasure. For some interviewees, eating unhealthy food is a revolt against the tyranny of control and against the rigid rules of the so-called healthy living regimes (and/or eating disorder). Exercise is also a part of the eating disorder: an obsessive exercise often accompanies eating the so-called clean food, and also provides a sense of duty and control of one’s own life through intense physical activity. In the theme Diverse Experience of Growing Up it is not possible to single out any typical pattern of attitudes towards food and the body in the childhood of women who later developed eating disorders. However, in the vast majority of interviewees’ native families there was an increased focus on food and the physical appearance. Their parents or the extended family members emphasized the imperative of healthy food eating and a lean body appearance. The interviewees regularly received messages that appearance is important, either as a form of parental influence, through peer teasing or through experts’ incentives to lose weight (pressure from health worker, nutritionist or coach). Most of the women started their eating disorders as regular dieting behaviour “just to lose a few pounds”. In doing so, they relied on the peer model, imitating close female (friends, older sister, cousin). Sometimes, they heavily relied on dieting information collected from traditional media or via the Internet and social networks. We conclude that the meanings that women with eating disorders attach to food and body are fully in line with the dominant public health discourse of the "war on obesity", equating healthy body and lean body, and constructing healthy, clean and correct food as opposed to unhealthy, fatty and harmful foods. The binary division of food types and body shapes leads to the exclusivity and stigmatization of that part of life experience that is not "correct and healthy." Thus, the moralization of food, nutrition and body shape is carried out, and the responsibility for a healthy life style rest solely on the individual who proves her moral correctness through healthy daily choices. Exercise can also be part of self-monitoring and self-control technologies, both for the purpose of burning calories and building a firm, athletic body that looks healthy. The results of this study need to be further tested through quantitative research on a sample of the same or a related population, which would investigate the extent to which certain topics are present in that population and the strength of their association with eating disorder symptoms, and whether they correlate with recovery rate.

E-profesionalizam kao izvedeni oblik profesionalizma, odnosi se na implementaciju načela „tradicionalnog“ profesionalizma u online aktivnostima. Ovaj rad bavi se definiranjem e-profesionalizma, izradom mjernih instrumenata za procjenu e-profesionalizma doktora medicine i dentalne medicine te procjenom i usporedbom e-profesionalizma doktora medicine i dentalne medicine u Republici Hrvatskoj. Istraživanje je provedeno metodom ankete, tehnikom online anketiranja na neprobabilističkom uzorku doktora medicine i doktora dentalne medicine koji koriste društvene mreže. Ukupno je prikupljeno 1013 odgovora, od čega 753 koriste neku društvenu mrežu koji čine uzorak od interesa u ovom radu. Za potrebe određivanja koja ponašanja su e-(ne)profesionalna kreiran je normativni okvir, te je e-profesionalizam konceptualno podijeljen na dva aspekta: aspekt opasnosti i aspekt prednosti korištenja društvenih mreža, te su za mjerenje istih kreirani i validirani mjerni instrumenti. Rezultati pokazuju da je najveća pojavnost neprofesionalnog ponašanja kod kontrole vidljivosti objava na društvenim mrežama, a najmanja pojavnost bila je kod prekršaja HIPAA zakona (engl. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) koji predstavljaju najteže prekršaje e-profesionalnog ponašanja. Kod ispitanika postoji vrlo stroga percepcija profesionalnosti objava na društvenim mrežama. Doktori dentalne medicine koriste društvene mreže aktivnije i češće od doktora medicine, te je veći udio doktora dentalne medicine od doktora medicine koji koriste mreže u profesionalne svrhe. Doktori dentalne medicine skloniji su interakciji s pacijentima putem društvenih mreža. U radu su utvrđeni prediktori e-profesionalizma. Veće prihvaćanje stava da je etički koristiti društvene mreže u interakciji s pacijentima je najsnažniji prediktor neprofesionalnog ponašanja na društvenim mrežama, dok je starija dob najsnažniji prediktor iskorištavanja prednosti društvenih mreža. E-professionalism, as a derived form of professionalism, ad it can be defined as implementation of the principles of “traditional” professionalism in online activities. Aim of this dissertation is to define e-professionalism, develop measuring instruments for the assessment of e-professionalism of doctors of medicine and dental medicine and to compare e-professionalism of doctors of medicine and dental medicine in the Republic of Croatia. The research was conducted using the survey method, the online survey technique on a non-probabilistic sample of doctors of medicine and dentists who use social networks. A total of 1,013 responses were collected, of which 753 use a social network. For the purposes of determining e-professional behavior, normative framework was created based on three relevant sources, and it is shown that e-professionalism can be conceptually divided into two aspects: the aspect of dangers of social networks, like losing privacy of doctors' profiles, contact with patients and the fair distribution of resources, and the aspect of the benefits of social networks that include proactive posting of medical information of public health interest and scientific objectivity. The result of the process of creating and validating measuring instruments are two validated indices that researchers in the fields of occupational sociology and medical sociology will be able to use in future research. The results of the incidence of unprofessional behavior on social networks show that the highest incidence of unprofessional behavior is lack of control of the visibility of posts on social networks, followed by the lack of seeking permission from associates before tagging them in posts. The lowest incidence of unprofessional conduct was in HIPAA violations (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) such as publishing information and photographs of patients and including patient data collected through social networks in the medical records without the patient's knowledge. There is a very strict perception of the professionalism of posts on social networks, which results in doctors of medicine and dental medicine successfully recognizing behaviors that are serious violations of professionalism, but they also strictly judge behaviors that are not violations of professional norms. Results also showed some significant differences between two professions. Doctors of dental medicine are more active on social networks and access them more often than doctors of medicine. Also more doctors of dental medicine use social networks for professional purposes and are more likely to interact with patients through social media than doctors of medicine. Finally, the paper identifies predictors of two aspects of e-professionalism. Greater acceptance of attitude toward ethical use of social networks in interaction with patients is the strongest predictor of unprofessional behavior on social networks, followed by the frequency of access to social media profiles (those who access more often have a higher frequency of unprofessional behavior). In contrast, established predictors of benefits of social networks, such as the potential for proactive posting of professional information of public health interest, show that the most important predictors are age and attitude about social networks, with older doctors of medicine and with positive attitudes about social networks do this more often.

Tema ove doktorske disertacije su supkulturne prakse mladih u Zagrebu. Kroz četiri studije slučaja istražuju se različiti aspekti supkulturnih grupa mladih te se testiraju do sada postojeći teorijski koncepti unutar sociologije supkultura. Promatraju se četiri grupe mladih ljudi koji svoj identitet grade na temelju različitih elemenata (glazba, sport, aktivizam). Ishodište supkulturnog stila za prve dvije grupe je glazba. Jednu grupu čine pripadnici punk-supkulture, tipičnog supkulturnog stila koji je dio scene od kraja 1970-ih godina. Za razliku od pankera, koji dio svog identiteta baziraju na dugovječnosti i elementima stila koje su dobili u nasljeđe, druga istraživana grupa su mladi okupljeni oko kolektiva Jeboton. Svojim djelovanjem, sviranjem na javnim mjestima u gradu, u klubovima i na festivalima ovi mladi ljudi putem dekonstrukcije ustaljenih glazbenih stilova kreiraju zaseban stil. U trećoj studiji slučaja bavili smo se mladima za koje je sport, preciznije ekstremni sport ishodište supkulture. Riječ je o zagrebačkima skejterima i in-line rolerima. Posljednja studija slučaja odnosi se na istraživanje skvotera okupljenih oko skvota BEK. U teorijskom okviru rada podijeli smo supkulturnu teoriju na autore koje određujemo kao supkulturaliste i postsupkulturaliste. Korištenjem kvalitativne metodologije istraživanju smo pristupili etnografski. Primijenili smo metodu promatranje sa sudjelovanjem i intervjue kao metodološke alate koji omogućavaju najpotpuniji uvid u svijet ovakvih grupa mladih. U poglavljima Diskusija i Zaključak odgovorili smo na istraživačka pitanja konstruirana oko tri temeljna pojma koji čine razdjelnicu na supkulturaliste i postsupkulturaliste, a to su: društvena klasa, otpor i stil. The topic of this doctoral dissertation is the subcultural practices of young people in Zagreb. Different aspects are investigated through four case studies and we test the existing theoretical concepts within the sociology of subculture. Sociological approach to research of youthful subcultural styles occurs in parallel with their emergence in the 1950s in the UK. To understand the origin of this new sociological subdiscipline, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of the works of key authors of the Chicago School of the 1920s and 1930s who research interests and the methodology used are in fact the starting point for the study of urban phenomena based around the idea of ’human ecology”, spatial-social relations and the theory of ‘social disorganization” (Čaldarović, 2012). Albert Cohen (1955) considers the phenomenon of ‘delinquent subculture’ and thus begins the development of this subdiscipline in sociology. We emphasize the delinquent theory subculture because it rejects the presumption of the delinquent as an individual marked by some psychological or physical characteristic. Cohen talks about exposure to a delinquent pattern, delinquent tradition, and attaching importance to the context in which an individual is exposed to delinquent patterns of behavior (Cohen, 1955). Also, Cohen (1955) makes another theoretical assumption important for the future development of subdiscipline, and thus our research, and that is the existence of a reference framework and a reference group in the analysis of youth groups. Howard Becker (1963) with his book Outsiders puts empirical research into the youth subculture within the framework of interactionist theoretical paradigms. Theories emerged in the context of the interactionist approach, relying on the authors of the Chicago School, change the perspective of observing the phenomenon of subculture, ‘approaching” actors and shifting the focus from ‘deviant” to the system and institutions. Change of focus is best seen in the work of Stanley Cohen (1972) who describes the conflict between two subcultural groups of young people ‘mods’ and ‘Rocker’) in Britain constructs the concept of moral panic as an extremely important theoretical approach to the analysis of the relationship between subculture and dominant culture. As we stated at the beginning, the first subcultural groups appeared in the 1950s, and the real ‘explosion of styles’ happened through 1960s and 1970s. In those years, a group of authors known as the Birmingham School were ‘in action’. Through research of different subcultural styles, researchers from the University of Birmingham create a corpus of concepts, definitions and typologies that represent, to this day, a reference point in the study of this phenomenon. Phil Cohen (1980) talks about four subsystems that make up the lifestyle of young people (dressing, music, sleng, ritual). In his work, describing subcultural youth in London's East End, he talks about the latent function of subcultures according to which young people through belonging to a subcultural group want to resolve contradictions that remain hidden or unresolved in parental culture. Paul Willis (1978) exploring ‘bikers” and ‘hippies” and comparing their lifestyles, image, and musical preferences points to homology between the lifestyle and values of the actors. John Clark (1976) and Dick Hebdige (1980) use the term ‘bricolage” to describe taking over and appropriating or completely transforming the meaning of objects and symbols important in certain subcultural groups. Analyzing empirical research and theoretical aspects of dealing with youth subcultures in sociology up to the 1990s, it is possible to abstract three most important theoretical-methodological concept. The first of these refers to class as the source term in subculture research, often used by the author of the Birmingham School. For example, Cohen (1980) argues that the evolution of subcultural styles is not only related to the relationship with parental culture but also the attitude towards other subcultural styles of different class factions. A notion that greatly marked the work of numerous researchers is resistance and the frequently used phrase 'resistance through ritual', implicit and explicit resistance of young people, represents the second constitutive element of ‘subculturalists’. The last prominent element of subcultural theories combines in itself several previously mentioned concepts, primarily homology, ‘bricolage” and style. In the context of our research, the common denominator of this concept will style, using the previously mentioned concepts with the addition elements such as music, visual expression and slang. The last stage in the chronological review of the most important concepts of subculture research is often referred to as postsubcultural theory. Authors who find their place in post- subculturalism after Birmingham often start from the critique of earlier research and questioning the sufficiency of the notion of subcultures in the modern world. Steve Redhead (1990) criticizes earlier research believing that for them subcultures are only the objects of theoretical construction. He also speaks of the 1980s as a period of disintegration and restructuring of previous youth cultural groups. The emergence of the entire electronic music scene has strongly influenced many authors since the late 1980s up to today. They emphasize the need to replace the notion of ‘resistance through rituals” with a more appropriate concept, arguing that subculture does not possess the characteristics attributed to it by Cohen but it is in fact the turn of young people towards hedonism. David Muggleton (2000) believes that there is no longer authenticity, no ideological engagement but only a stylistic game that young people play. Leading the basic theoretical determinants of postmodern society post-subculturalists emphasize the fluidity of identity and style. Andy Bennett (1999) speaks of the loss of the primary role of the group as a space of firm identification rather it becomes one of the possible spaces in which youth expresses a temporary identity. David Chaney (2004) argues that phenomena that were once labeled as subcultural in the contemporary cultures have become generalized to the point that they are simply part of everyday life. This type of interpretation of contemporary styles and identities of young people questioned the sufficiency of the notion of subcultures, so Michel Maffesoli (1996) spoke about the term ‘new tribe’. Postculturalists, in their critique of subculturalism, turn to the notion of ‘cross-class’ and omission of class origin as an important element in the formation of youth subcultural identity. Youths' turn to hedonism postsubculturalists see as evidence of the disappearance of ‘resistance through rituals’. Speaking of style in the context of postsubcultural theory we have already mentioned discussion of the impossibility of exploring style, as the Birmingham School authors did, primarily conditioned by broader postmodern as a form of understanding the fluidity of the reality in which people live and thus the styles and identities themselves. Research aims and questions As we have shown earlier in the text, the key elements of the dispute between subculturalists and postsubculturalists relates to disagreement over fundamental concepts in researching youth subcultures. On the one hand, the constitutive elements of subcultural theory are class, resistance and style, while on the other hand, postculturalists in their critique of earlier theoretical and methodological concepts emphasize concepts such as cross-class, hedonism, fluidity of style and stylistic imitation of former subcultural styles today. The aim of this paper is to explore subcultural practices youth in Zagreb, through four case studies, testing the theoretical perspectives of subculturalists and postsubculturalists and exploring the applicability concepts derived from previous research. Research questions: 1) Is the social class the origin of the subcultural style today? 2) Can we label contemporary youth subcultural practices as resistance through rituals? 3) Are there coherent subcultural styles among young people in Zagreb today? 4) Do the researched youth practices have subcultural or postsubcultural features? 5) What is the explanatory function / power of the concept of subculture in contemporary Croatian society? Approaches, methods, sample and research materials The research will be conducted on four different case studies. These are four groups of young people who build their identity through different elements (music, sports, activism). The first group refers to the phenomenon of ‘squatting’ in Zagreb, researched through young people gathered around the squat ‘BEK’. Another research group is a collective of young street musicians collectively called ‘Jeboton collective’. In the third case study, we will investigate members of ‘punk’ subculture, and in the latest case study we will deal with young people participating in ‘skate” activities. BEK field research was conducted between January and October 2019. Jeboton field research was conducted between December 2018 and July 2019. Punk and skate subculture were researched through autumn od 2019 and through 2020. Through our research we approached the observed phenomenon ethnographically, using participatory observation and individual in-depth interviews as research methods. Participatory observation was conducted using densely descriptions of filed research through a research diary. We recorded every contact with the research group in the research diary as well as their activities. Observation will also take place through informal contacts with the group members. As these are different groups of young people, it is necessary to create specific criteria for recording data for each group, but it is equally important to use the same coding model of the collected data in the later analysis of diary entries. With coding diary notes, the processing of analyzing of empirical material collected through interviews will be performed using NVIVO software for qualitative analysis. Because the researched groups can be considered quite closed we are aware of the necessity of long-term observation with participation within individual groups due to gaining the trust of respondents and noticing different intra-group dynamics and processes. Already during the preparations for the research the initial contacts were made with the members of the researched groups and their role as gatekeepers enabled further entry of researcher in the group itself. The anonymization of the transcribed material was consistently carried out and all participants in the research were guaranteed anonymity.

Pretilost je jedan od najvećih javnozdravstvenih izazova modernog društva. Iako je dosegla razmjere globalne epidemije, njeni uzroci i posljedice na individualnoj i društvenoj razini i dalje se istražuju. Sukladno tome, cilj ovog završnog rada je predstaviti rezultate istraživanja socioloških aspekata pretilosti kroz analizu njezinih povijesnih, socio-ekonomskih i psiho-socijalnih determinanti, ali i zdravstvenih rizika te programa prevencije i suzbijanja pretilosti na razini pojedinca, ciljane ugrožene skupine ili populacije., Obesity presents one of the biggest challenges of modern society. Even as it reaches epidemic proportions, its causes and consequences on society and individual levels are still being studied. Taking that in consideration, the purpose of this paper is to present well-documented cosiological aspects of obesity by breaking down its historical, socioeconomic, psychosocial structure, as well as health risks related to obesity and prevention and suppression programs targeting individuals, susceptible groups or the whole population.