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Wireless chemical sensors are increasingly finding use as analytical devices in healthcare diagnostics, wearable sensing (sweat analysis) and in the rapidly emerging area of the Sensor Internet of Things (SIoT). In such wireless scenarios, the application of fluorescence-based sensors is lagging behind other types of transduction mechanisms. In this work a new low-cost and highly portable wireless fluorimeter for optical chemical fluorescence intensity measurements is presented (bill-of-materials approximately €20). The fluorimeter is programmed and communicates wirelessly with mobile devices or personal computers by radio-frequency identification (RFID) or near-field communication (NFC). This novel mobile analytical system is highly adaptable for use with different fluorescent sensor chemistries and analytes. The fluorimeter has been evaluated in the laboratory in two sets of proof-of-concept experiments: firstly fluorimetry in solution, where the fluorescence intensities of fluorescein were recorded, and secondly chloride sensing via a paper-immobilised quinine sulphate fluorescent indicator. The latter represents the first demonstration of wireless (radio-frequency) fluorescence-based chloride sensing. Satisfactory analytical performance was achieved in the entire range of sweat chloride concentrations. The wireless fluorimeter system presented here could make a significant contribution to several emerging areas of mobile chemical sensor research, including wearable sensors for healthcare and sport, mobile point-of-sample diagnostics as well as more generally for the Sensor Internet of Things.

A bis‐triarylborane tetracation (4‐Ar2B‐3,5‐Me2C6H2)‐C≡C−C≡C‐(3,5‐Me2C6H2‐4‐BAr2 [Ar=(2,6‐Me2‐4‐NMe3‐C6H2)+] (24+) shows distinctly different behaviour in its fluorimetric response than that of our recently published bis‐triarylborane 5‐(4‐Ar2B‐3,5‐Me2C6H2)‐2,2′‐(C4H2S)2–5′‐(3,5‐Me2C6H2‐4‐BAr2) (34+). Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data on the neutral bis‐triarylborane precursor 2 N confirm its rod‐like dumbbell structure, which is shown to be important for DNA/RNA targeting and also for BSA protein binding. Fluorimetric titrations with DNA/RNA/BSA revealed the very strong affinity of 24+ and indicated the importance of the properties of the linker connecting the two triarylboranes. Using the butadiyne rather than a bithiophene linker resulted in an opposite emission effect (quenching vs. enhancement), and 24+ bound to BSA 100 times stronger than 34+. Moreover, 24+ interacted strongly with ss‐RNA, and circular dichroism (CD) results suggest ss‐RNA chain‐wrapping around the rod‐like bis‐triarylborane dumbbell structure like a thread around a spindle, a very unusual mode of binding of ss‐RNA with small molecules. Furthermore, 24+ yielded strong Raman/SERS signals, allowing DNA or protein detection at ca. 10 nm concentrations. The above observations, combined with low cytotoxicity, efficient human cell uptake and organelle‐selective accumulation make such compounds intriguing novel lead structures for bio‐oriented, dual fluorescence/Raman‐based applications., Got the link? Linking two dicationic triarylborane units by Raman‐responsive 1,3‐butadiyne yielded a triple‐action probe: fluorimetric and SERS sensing of ds‐DNA, RNA and proteins, as well as circular dichroism sensing of ss‐RNA (see figure).

The exploitation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in biomedicine represents more than one third of their overall application. Despite their wide use and significant amount of scientific data on their effects on biological systems, detailed insight into their in vivo fate is still lacking. This study aimed to elucidate the biotransformation patterns of AgNPs following oral administration. Colloidal stability, biochemical transformation, dissolution, and degradation behaviour of different types of AgNPs were evaluated in systems modelled to represent biological environments relevant for oral administration, as well as in cell culture media and tissue compartments obtained from animal models. A multimethod approach was employed by implementing light scattering (dynamic and electrophoretic) techniques, spectroscopy (UV–vis, atomic absorption, nuclear magnetic resonance) and transmission electron microscopy. The obtained results demonstrated that AgNPs may transform very quickly during their journey through different biological conditions. They are able to degrade to an ionic form and again reconstruct to a nanoparticulate form, depending on the biological environment determined by specific body compartments. As suggested for other inorganic nanoparticles by other research groups, AgNPs fail to preserve their specific integrity in in vivo settings., This study was based upon a collaborative work from COST Action CA 17140 "Cancer Nanomedicine from the Bench to the Bedside" supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). It was financially supported by the Croatian Science Foundation (grant number HRZZ-IP-2016-06-2436), the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion and Fondo Social Europeo/Agencia Estatal de Investigación (Spain, grant BIO2017-84246-C2-1-R and Ramón y Cajal subprogram, grant RYC-2015-17640), Fondo Social de la DGA (grupos DGA).

The increased utilization of one-dimensional (1D) TiO2 and titanate nanowires (TNWs) in various applications was the motivation behind studying their stability in this work, given that stability greatly influences both the success of the application and the environmental impact. Due to their high abundance in aqueous environments and their rich technological applicability, surfactants are among the most interesting compounds used for tailoring the stability.The aim of this paper is to determine the influence of surfactant molecular structure on TNW stability/aggregation behavior in water and aqueous NaBr solution by dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering. To accomplish this, two structurally different quaternary ammonium surfactants (monomeric DTAB and the corresponding dimeric 12-2-12) at monomer and micellar concentrations were used to investigate TNW stability in water and NaBr. It was shown that TNWs are relatively stable in Milli-Q water. However, the addition of NaBr induces aggregation, especially as the TNW mass concentration increases. DTAB and 12-2-12 adsorb on TNW surfaces as a result of the superposition of favorable electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. As expected, the interaction of TNWs with 12-2-12 was stronger than with DTAB, due to the presence of two positively charged head groups and two hydrophobic tails. As a consequence of the higher adsorption of 12-2-12, TNWs remained stable in both media, while DTAB showed an opposite behavior.In order to gain more insight into changes in the surface properties after surfactant adsorption on the TNW surface, a surface complexation model was employed. With this first attempt to quantify the contribution of the surfactant structure on the adsorption equilibrium according to the observed differences in the intrinsic log K values, it was shown that 12-2-12 interacts more strongly with TNWs than DTAB. The modelling results enable a better understanding of the interaction between TNWs and surfactants as well as the prediction of the conditions that can promote stabilization or aggregation.

Two novel unnatural amino acids, prepared by linking a dicationic purple-coloured and fluorescent naphthalene diimide (NDI) at core position to amino acid side chains of variable length, strongly interacted with ds-DNA/RNA by threading intercalation. Different from a reference NDI dye with identical visible range absorbance (520–540 nm) and Stokes shifts in emission (+60 nm, quantum yield > 0.2), only these amino acid–NDI conjugates showed selective fluorimetric response for GC-DNA in respect to AT(U)-polynucleotides. The DNA/RNA binding-induced circular dichroism (ICD) response of NDI at 450–550 nm strongly depended on the length and rigidity of the linker to the amino acid unit, which controls the orientation of the NDI unit inside within the intercalative binding site. The ICD selectivity also depends on the type of polynucleotide, thus the studied NDI dyes act as dual fluorimetric/ICD probes for sensing the difference between here used GC-DNA, AT-DNA and AU-RNA.

The cation of the title compound, C14H15N2O2+·Cl−, comprises two almost ideally planar systems, 3-nitrophenyl (r.m.s. deviation = 0.0117 Å) and 4-methylphenyl (r.m.s. deviation = 0.238 Å), separated by the central C—N bond, and with their mean planes inclined to one another by 61.36 (5)°. In the crystal, hydrogen-bonded chains running along [001] are generated by connecting neighbouring molecules via N—H...Cl hydrogen bonds and consolidated by C—H...Cl and C—H...O interactions. Within these chains, fused R21(6) and R32(10) ring motifs are formed. Parallel chains are further linked into a two-dimensional network parallel to (100) via C—H...O interactions.

The molecule of the title compound, C13H12N2O2, has a bent conformation with a torsion angle about the central C—N bond of 72.55 (19)°. In the crystal, the molecules are connected via classical N—H...O and non-classical C—H...O hydrogen bonds into chains along [10overline{1}]. The dihedral angle between the ring planes is 86.0 (6)°.

In this work we report on gelation properties, self-assembly motifs, chirality effects and morphological characteristics of gels formed by chiral retro-dipeptidic gelators in the form of terminal diacids (1a–5a) and their dimethyl ester (1b–5b) and dicarboxamide (1c–5c) derivatives. Terminal free acid retro-dipeptides (S,S)-bis(LeuLeu) 1a, (S,S)-bis(PhgPhg) 3a and (S,S)-bis(PhePhe) 5a showed moderate to excellent gelation of highly polar water/DMSO and water/DMF solvent mixtures. Retro-peptides incorporating different amino acids (S,S)-(LeuPhg) 2a and (S,S)-(PhgLeu) 4a showed no or very weak gelation. Different gelation effectiveness was found for racemic and single enantiomer gelators. The heterochiral (S,R)-1c diastereoisomer is capable of immobilizing up to 10 and 4 times larger volumes of dichloromethane/DMSO and toluene/DMSO solvent mixtures compared to homochiral (S,S)-1c. Based on the results of 1H NMR, FTIR, CD investigations, molecular modeling and XRPD studies of diasteroisomeric diesters (S,S)-1b/(S,R)-1b and diacids (S,S)-1b/(S,R)-1a, a basic packing model in their gel aggregates is proposed. The intermolecular hydrogen bonding between extended gelator molecules utilizing both, the oxalamide and peptidic units and layered organization were identified as the most likely motifs appearing in the gel aggregates. Molecular modeling studies of (S,S)-1a/(S,R)-1a and (S,S)-1b/(S,R)-1b diasteroisomeric pairs revealed a decisive stereochemical influence yielding distinctly different low energy conformations: those of (S,R)-diastereoisomers with lipophilic i-Bu groups and polar carboxylic acid or ester groups located on the opposite sides of the oxalamide plane resembling bola amphiphilic structures and those of (S,S)-diasteroisomers possessing the same groups located at both sides of the oxalamide plane. Such conformational characteristics were found to strongly influence both, gelator effectiveness and morphological characteristics of gel aggregates.

The V-shaped propeller-like molecule of the title compound, C29H24O4, does not exhibit crystallographic twofold symmetry as the two benzene rings are twisted asymmetrically with respect to both the central propyl plane and the benzoyloxy groups [4.6 (2), 43.6 (2)° and 45.07 (8), 69.50 (8)°]. In the crystal structure, centrosymmetrically related molecules form a dimer through C—H...π intermolecular interactions.

Rad donosi studiju slučaja propale tvornice konca i pamučnog prediva Dalmatinka u Sinju, s fokusom na radničku kulturu kao uporište društvenog sjećanja. Počevši s historijatom tvornice, preko koncepta radništva u kontekstu jugoslavenskog socijalizma, u tekstu se detektiraju ključni elementi za konstrukciju sjećanja radnika na tvornicu. Na temelju kazivanja nekadašnjih radnica istražuje se relacija radnik-tvornica kroz međuodnos koncepata životne povijesti i osobne povijesti te u vezi s konstruktom socija­lističkog čovjeka. U posljednjem dijelu rad se koncentrira na suvremene interpretacije nematerijalnog nasljeđa Dalmatinke. Analiza djelovanja izložbeno-edukativnog projekta usmjerenog na revalorizaciju njezina doprinosa razvoju grada u infrastrukturnom, ekonomskom i kulturološkom pogledu pokazuje čvrstu ukotvljenost Dalmatinke u društvenom sjećanju lokalne zajednice., This paper presents a case study of the thread and cotton yarn factory Dalmatinka in Sinj, focusing on workers’ culture as the backbone of collective memory within the local community. Starting with the history of this industrial plant, through the elaboration of the concept of labor in the context of socialist Yugoslavia, the study identifies several narrative elements as the basis for the construction of workers’ memory. Based on their accounts, the relationship between workers and the factory is explored through the concepts of life history and life story and in relation to the construct of the socialist man. Following these conclusions, the paper concentrates on contemporary interpretations of Dalmatinka’s immaterial heritage. An analysis of a civil initiative project, aimed at reevaluating the factory’s contribution to town’s infrastructural, economic and cultural development, indicates a sustained presence of Dalmatinka in the collective memory.

U ovom radu baletno se školovanje promatra iz pedagogijske perspektive, odnosno biva sagledano kao odgojno-obrazovni proces čiju centralnu dimenziju čini pedagoški odnos između nastavnika i učenika. Analiziraju se opresivne pedagoške prakse, stavovi i vrijednosti koji se, unutar baletne obrazovne vertikale, tradicijski prenose “s koljena na koljeno” bez kritičkog propitivanja. Poseban je fokus na pravima djeteta i njihovu poštivanju u procesu odgoja i obrazovanja, uz analizu diskriminatornih obrazaca selekcije djece koji i danas egzistiraju u baletnim školama diljem svijeta. Tako se fokus pomiče s onog što je “važno za profesiju” na nužnost uvažavanja najboljeg interesa djeteta u procesu baletnog školovanja. U obradi teme primijenjena je autoetnografska metoda istraživanja, pri čemu su kao kvalitativni podaci korištena i različita osobna iskustva stečena kroz školovanje i plesačku te pedagošku karijeru. Temeljem tih iskustava i teorijskog istraživanja ovaj rad pokušava ponuditi rješenja za promjenu u procesu baletnog školovanja te ih pronalazi upravo u potencijalnom pedagogijskom doprinosu baletnoj pedagogiji. Mogućnost promjene kvalitete odnosa između nastavnika i učenika prezentirana je kroz pedagoški odnos s obzirom na to da osvještavanje i artikulacija svih segmenata pedagoškog odnosa donose potencijal promjene koji je nužan u procesu baletnog školovanja. Zahtjevom za pedagogičnim artikuliranjem pedagoškog odnosa, kao temeljnog pedagoškog koncepta u baletnom školovanju, i dalje se uvažavaju zahtjevi koje pred dijete postavlja baletna umjetnost, ali se istovremeno afirmiraju prava i najbolji interes djeteta., This paper explores ballet education from a pedagogical perspective, viewing it primarily as an educational process. In this sense, oppressive pedagogical practices are analyzed, defined as attitudes and values that are traditionally transmitted from one generation to the next within the ballet educational hierarchy without critical questioning. The paper focuses on the Rights of the Child and their human rights in the educational process, analyzing the discriminatory patterns of child selection that continue to exist in ballet schools around the world even today. Thus, the focus shifts from what is “important to the profession” to regarding the best interests and welfare of the child in the ballet educational process. The approach is qualitative, and based on autoethnography, where various personal experiences are included, experiences gained through education, dancing and teaching. Based on these experiences and theoretical research, the paper attempts to offer a change in the process of ballet education and finds it precisely in its pedagogical contribution to ballet pedagogy. The needed change is the shift in the quality of the teacher-student relationship, and it is presented as a pedagogical relationship because it is the awareness and articulation of all segments of the pedagogical relationship that bring about the potential change that is necessary for the ballet education process. The articulation of the pedagogical relationship as a basic pedagogical concept still respects the demands of ballet art, but at the same time does not neglect the child’s position within ballet education as well as the child’s best interest in it.

Budući da je u svjetskoj književnosti od romantizma nadalje najveći dio fantastične dionice pripovjedne književnosti formiran oko ideje straha od nepoznatoga i neobjašnjivoga, ovaj je prilog usmjeren na manifestacije te emocije u odabranim primjerima hrvatske fantastične novele 19. stoljeća. U raspravi se problematizira i tematsko-žanrovska pripadnost kanonskih novela, i to upravo s obzirom na prisutnost motiva straha. U književnostima zapadnog kruga u 19. se stoljeću pojačano javljaju fantastični pripovjedni žanrovi kojima je motiv straha glavni narativni pokretač, a pojedini elementi fantastički intonirane književnosti s obilježjima književnoga horora prisutni su i u odabranome istraživačkom korpusu: od romantičarskih obilježja Jorgovanićeve fantastike preko premošćivanja realističke poetike i okretanja misticizmu u Gjalskijevoj novelistici do modernističke psihologizacije Matoša i Leskovara. Iako se u tradicionalnoj hrvatskoj književnoj historiografiji zadani korpus nije tumačio kroz prizmu motiva straha, njegova prisutnost otvara niz istraživačkih pitanja poput, primjerice, kako se strah manifestira u pripovjednom tekstu, kojoj pripovjednoj razini emocija straha zapravo pripada, kako motiv straha sudjeluje u proizvodnji fantastičnog i irealnog itd., Given that from Romanticism onward the fantastic in world narrative fiction centers around the idea of fear of the unknown and inexplicable, this paper explores the manifestations of this emotion in selected Croatian fantastic stories from the 19th century. Since the concept of genre is a variable category dependent on a number of literary and non-literary factors, this paper also discusses topic and genre qualification, especially considering the presence of motifs related to the emotion of fear. In the Western literature of the 19th century, the fantastic narrative genre with the motive of fear as the main narrative core is quite frequent. Some elements of fantastically intoned literature with features of literary horror are also present in the research corpus: from the romantic features of Jorgovanić’s fantasy, the bridging of realistic poetics and the turn to mysticism in Gjalski’s stories to the modernist psychologization of Matoš and Leskovar. Although traditional Croatian literary historiography does not interpret its basic corpus through the prism of the motif of fear, its presence leads to a number of research questions: how does fear manifest itself in the narrative text?, which narrative level does the emotion of fear belong to?, how does the motif of fear participate in the production of the fantastic and irreal? etc.

S aspekta kognitivne semantike razmatraju se primjeri u Brešanovim dramama u kojima se izravno kontrastiraju jedenje i govorenje. Riječ je o primjerima kojima se posreduju književni toposi i konvencionalni izrazi koji svoje utemeljenje imaju u konceptualnim metaforama: ideje su hrana i um je spremnik i koji su i oblik specifičnoga tematiziranja jezika u novim pučkim komadima. Polazeći od klasičnih kognitivnih razmatranja (Lakoff i Johnson 1999) i Deleuzeova (2015) razmatranja dijalektike jedenja i govorenja kao odnosa unutarnjeg i vanjskog artikulira se dvojakost kulturnog modela gozbe – manifestacija razmjene ideja, svijesti i duhovnog te manifestacija hedonizma, unutarnjeg, nesvjesnog i tjelesnog – koja u Brešanovim dramama nalazi specifičan socijalnokritički oblik., This paper investigates the contrast of eating and speaking from the theoretical standpoint of cognitive semantics, as it appears in plays written by Ivo Brešan. These examples are mediated by literary archetypes and conventional expressions based on the ideas are food and the mind is a container conceptual metaphors. They are also a specific way to problematize language in new folk plays. Starting from the classical cognitive view (Lakoff and Johnson 1999), and Deleuze’s (2015) dialectics of eating and speaking as a relationship between the inner and the outer, the paper articulates the duality of the cultural model of banquet: manifestations of the exchange of ideas, consciousness and spirituality, and manifestations of hedonism, inner, unconsciousness and physical. This duality in Brešan’s plays has a specific social-critical form.

Port baseline surveys (PBS) provide species inventories in and around ports, with a focus on non-indigenous species that may have been introduced by vessels, primarily via ballast water. PBS are an essential tool to support effective management strategies for non-indigenous as well as native harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens (HAOP). This paper describes the methodology of PBS that were conducted in 12 Adriatic ports. The PBS employed existing protocols that were adapted to meet the characteristics of the Adriatic sites. Their results are reported in several papers included in this special issue, each of which is devoted to a specific community. An overview of existing surveys protocols – which provide valuable support to decision-making and to design effective monitoring of non-indigenous species – is also supplied.

Recently, quantum contextuality has been proved to be the source of quantum computation&rsquo, s power. That, together with multiple recent contextual experiments, prompts improving the methods of generation of contextual sets and finding their features. The most elaborated contextual sets, which offer blueprints for contextual experiments and computational gates, are the Kochen&ndash, Specker (KS) sets. In this paper, we show a method of vector generation that supersedes previous methods. It is implemented by means of algorithms and programs that generate hypergraphs embodying the Kochen&ndash, Specker property and that are designed to be carried out on supercomputers. We show that vector component generation of KS hypergraphs exhausts all possible vectors that can be constructed from chosen vector components, in contrast to previous studies that used incomplete lists of vectors and therefore missed a majority of hypergraphs. Consequently, this unified method is far more efficient for generations of KS sets and their implementation in quantum computation and quantum communication. Several new KS classes and their features have been found and are elaborated on in the paper. Greechie diagrams are discussed.

Postojeći komercijalni procesi dobivanja biodizela uglavnom se zasnivaju na homogenoj bazno kataliziranoj metanolizi biljnih ulja. Najčešće se kao katalizatori primjenjuju NaOH i KOH i NaOCH3. U ovom radu istraživana je mogućnost primjene hidratiziranog vapna, komercijalnog proizvoda koji se prije svega primjenjuje u građevinarstvu, kao katalizatora u procesu metanolize suncokretova ulja. Ispitivan je utjecaj procesnih parametara; mase katalizatora, omjera ulja i metanola te duljine trajanja na prinos metilnog estera i na osnovne karakteristike dobivenog biodizela. Rezultati dobiveni istraživanjima u okviru ovog rada pokazuju da se hidratizirano vapno može upotrebljavati kao učinkovit, jeftin i ekološki prihvatljiv katalizator za metanolizu suncokretova ulja. Ovo djelo je dano na korištenje pod licencom Creative Commons Imenovanje 4.0 međunarodna., Existing commercial processes for the production of biodiesel are mainly based on homogeneous base catalysed methanolysis of vegetable oils. The most commonly used catalysts are NaOH, KOH and NaOCH3. In this paper, the possibility of using hydrated lime, a commercial product used primarily in construction, as a catalyst in the process of methanolysis of sunflower oil, was investigated. The influence of process parameters was examined; the catalyst mass, the ratio of methanol/oil, and the time of reaction on the methyl ester yield and on basic characteristics of the resulting biodiesel. The results obtained by the research in this paper show that hydrated lime can be used as an efficient, inexpensive and environmentally friendly catalyst for the methanolysis of sunflower oil. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Europe is one of the leading tourist destinations where tourism is one of the key economic sectors. The quality of bathing waters is a very important factor when choosing a vacation destination. Croatia recognized this early and was one of the first Mediterranean countries to start systematic monitoring of bathing waters. On the other hand, monitoring of inland bathing waters is relatively new and includes a much smaller number of sites (41) compared to coastal waters (894). The aim of this paper was to summarize and analyze the water quality of inland and coastal bathing sites of Croatia, closer regions (non-EU Member States) and in the EU for the last decade. The share of excellent water quality in EU Member States increased by 10.1% and 6.6% for inland and coastal waters, respectively (2011–2020). Germany recorded the highest proportion of excellent water quality for inland waters (92.2%) and Cyprus for coastal waters (99.3%). Looking at the 10-year average of the proportion of bathing waters with excellent quality, the proportion of coastal bathing sites exceeds that of inland waters by 7.1%. It is clear that additional efforts should be made to improve the management and monitoring of inland waters.

In this paper, we emphasized the dual application of Cu-modified vertically aligned TiO2 nanotube arrays as photocatalyst and a relative humidity sensor. The TiO2 nanotube arrays were obtained by anodization of the titanium layer prepared using radio frequency magnetron sputtering (RFMS) and modified with different copper concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 M) by a wet-impregnation method. The sample modified with 2 M Cu(NO3)2 solution showed the highest efficiency for the NH3 photocatalytic degradation and the most pronounced humidity response in comparison to the other studied samples. In order to investigate the structure and impact of Cu modification, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used. The photocatalytic activity and the kinetic study of ammonia oxidation were studied in a mini-photocatalytic wind tunnel reactor (MWPT), while relative humidity sensing was examined by impedance spectroscopy (IS). Higher NH3 oxidation was a direct consequence of the increased generation of •OH radicals obtained by a more efficient photogenerated charge separation, which is correlated with the increase in the DC conductivity.

CaCO3 precipitation is physical-chemical basis of biomineral formation of hard tissue (shells, skeletons) in marine calcifying organisms (=biomineralization). Processes controlling biomineralization are still not fully clarified, so the study of influence of pH on basic processes of CaCO3 precipitation should contribute to better understanding of biomineralization under climate change. This paper reports on the effect of initial pH (pH0) and type of stirring (mechanical and magnetical) on spontaneous precipitation and phase composition, size and morphology of spontaneously precipitated CaCO3 formed at the identical initial supersaturation, ionic strength and a(Ca2+)/a(CO32−) ratio. The initial pH varied in a range 8.50 ≤ pH0 ≤ 10.50 and included values relevant for mimicking the conditions related to biomineralization in marine organisms. In all systems two CaCO3 polymorphs were found: calcite and/or vaterite. The increase of pH0 favoured the formation of rhombohedral calcite no matter the type of stirring. This was exclusively influenced by the systems’ pH0 (other relevant initial parameters were identical). Furthermore, increase of pH0 caused change of vaterite morphology from cauliflower-like spheroids to regular spherulites. The mechanically stirred systems produced larger calcite and vaterite particles and higher content of calcite.

The paper reports the micron-scale investigation1 of an all-carbon detector based on synthetic single crystal2 CVD-diamond having an array of cylindrical graphitic buried-3 contacts, about 20 µm in diameter each, connected at the4 front side by superficial graphitic strips. To induce diamond-5 to-graphite transformation on both detector surface and bulk6 volume, direct-laser-writing technique was used. Laser-treatment7 parameters and cell shape have been chosen to minimize the over-8 lapping of laser-induced stressed volumes. Optical microscopy9 with crossed polarizers highlighted the presence of an optical10 anisotropy of the treated material surrounding the embedded11 graphitized columns, and non-uniform stress in the buried12 zones being confirmed with a confocal Raman spectroscopy13 mapping. Dark current-voltage characterization highlights the14 presence of a field-assisted detrapping transport mainly related15 to highly-stresses regions surrounding buried columns, as well as16 superficial graphitized strips edges, where electric field strength17 is more intense, too. Notwithstanding the strain and electronic-18 active defects, the detector demonstrated a good charge collection19 produced by 3.0 and 4.5 MeV protons impinging the diamond,20 as well as those generated by MeV β-particles emitted by 90Sr21 source. Indeed, the mapping of charge collection efficiency with22 Ion Beam Induced Charge technique displayed that only a few23 micrometers thick radial region surrounding graphitic electrodes24 has a reduced efficiency, while most of the device volume25 preserves good detection properties with a charge collection26 efficiency around 90% at 60 V of biasing. Moreover, a charge27 collection efficiency of 96% was estimated under MeV electrons28 irradiation, indicatingthe good detection activity along theburied29 columns depth

U radu je dan pregled pojmova i jednadžbi vezanih uz određivanje zabranjene zone metodom difuzne refleksijske spektroskopije i uporabu Taucova grafičkog prikaza. Kako bi se demonstrirao postupak i vrednovala sama metoda, primjenom metode određena je zabranjena zona komercijalnih uzoraka anatasa, rutila, cinkita i hematita. Na temelju eksperimentalno dobivenih vrijednosti širine zabranjene zone komentirana je točnost metode te osjetljivost pri razlikovanju poluvodiča s direktnim i indirektnim prijelazima. Pokazano je da Taucova metoda nije besprijekorna niti u pogledu točnosti niti razlikovanja indirektnih i direktnih elektronskih prijelaza u poluvodičkim materijalima, ali je vrlo praktičan način određivanja širine zabranjene zone poluvodiča budući da ne zahtijeva pretjerano skupu instrumentaciju a obrada eksperimentalnih podataka relativno je jednostavna. For the application of semiconductors, an important factor is the band gap, i.e., the minimum energy required for the transfer of electrons from the valence to the conduction band. One of the possible methods for band gap determination is diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and Tauc plot. In this paper, an overview of the terms and equations related to the said method is given, as well as its utilization in the determination of band gaps of commercial samples of various metal oxides. Thus, the procedure is demonstrated and evaluated through the determination of indirect and direct band gap values of anatase (TiO2), rutile (TiO2), zincite (ZnO), and hematite (Fe2O3). All samples were beforehand analysed and identified by X-ray powder diffraction on Shimadzu XRD 6000 diffractometer with CuKα radiation working in a step scan mode with steps of 0.02° and counting time of 0.6 s. It was determined that all samples are well crystallized with relatively large crystallite sizes. UV-Vis spectra of the samples, as well as barite, which was used as a reference, were obtained on the UV-Vis spectrometer with an integrating sphere in total reflectance mode. The UV-Vis DRS spectra were transformed to Kubelka-Munk function, after which Tauc plot was used for the determination of the indirect and direct band gap values of all samples. The obtained values for anatase were 3.20 eV for indirect transition and 3.41 eV for direct transition, and for rutile 3.00 eV for indirect transition and 3.11 eV for direct transition. The zincite sample showed an indirect band gap of 3.19 eV and direct band gap of 3.25 eV, while the obtained indirect band gap value for hematite was 1.96 eV and direct band gap value 2.15 eV. As may be seen, the method is not particularly useful when distinguishing direct from indirect semiconductors, since, for all samples, the curves in Tauc plot for both indirect and direct electron transitions possess a linear dependence region from which the band gap value is estimated. However, the obtained band gap values for all the studied semiconductors are in relatively good concordance with literature references. The method is perhaps most useful in monitoring the variation of band gap depending on the dopant content. Namely, the studied metal oxides are used in photocatalysis where the addition of dopants is expected to reduce the band gap to visible light area, and thus improve the photocatalytic activity of the semiconductor. It can be concluded that the Tauc method is not perfect in terms of accuracy and differentiation between indirect and direct electron transitions in semiconductors. Nevertheless, it is a very practical way of band gap assessment for semiconducting materials, because it requires no excessively expensive instrumentation, and the processing of experimental data is rather simple.

The paper presents the main structural aspects of the innovative car carrier being designed and built by the Uljanik Shipyard as a Newbuilding 513-514. To increase deadweight and reduce structural mass, vertical centre of gravity and fuel consumptions, three upper fixed vehicles decks have been designed as a hybrid concept, i.e. a combination of steel deck grillage and composite sandwich panels. Various relevant aspects and results of the case study are undertaken with the aim to determine a feasible structural design of the lightweight, cost-effective and easily installable composite sandwich panels intended to carry vehicles loaded on fixed decks. For a predefined sandwich panel geometry and interaction with the supporting deck steel grillage, structural capability and compliance with the relevant Bureau Veritas (BV) rules of various feasible configurations were evaluated, whereby structural response was determined using the finite element method (FEM) on the local (panel) level. On the global level, composite sandwich panels do not contribute to the hull girder bending, so longitudinal and racking strengths of the new structural concept have been evaluated using the complete full ship FEM model. Finally, benefits of the suggested concept have been summarised and compared to the conventional car carrier design.

Amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) and calcium phosphate (ACP) increasingly attract attention as initial solid phases in vertebrate and invertebrate hard tissue formation, as well as in materials science as a possible new synthetic route for advanced materials preparation. Although much is known about these two amorphous phases and similarities in the mechanisms of their formation are recognized, no attempt has been made to investigate their formation under defined and comparable initial experimental conditions viz supersaturation, constituent ions ratio, ionic strength and presence of relevant inorganic additives. In this paper, the formation of ACC and ACP in three model precipitation systems of increased chemical complexity were investigated: (a) systems containing constituent ions, (b) systems containing additional co-ions, and (c) systems with higher ionic strength and addition of Mg2+. The results have shown that ACP is more stable and was formed at lower relative supersaturations in comparison to ACC. The precipitation domain of both phases expanded with increasing complexity of precipitation systems, with the ACP precipitation domains always being larger than that of ACC. In addition to stability, the presence of inorganic ions, especially Mg2+, influences the composition of both amorphous phases. The obtained results indicate that general similarity between ACC and ACP exists, but it could also be concluded that similar chemical environment in which they form not necessary lead to similar structural properties.

U knjizi Arhitektura i disjunkcija Bernard Tschumi (2004) upozorio je na važnu ulogu koju arhitektura i organizacija prostora imaju u stvaranju i ograničavanju osobne i političke slobode građana, a koju on nazva nasiljem arhitekture. Naime, prostor i događaji koji se zbivaju u nekom prostoru međusobno utječu jedni na druge. Opisujući javni prostor kao produkt društvenih sila i kao mjesto koje ima “aktivnu ulogu u stvaranju i reproduciranju društvenih identiteta, kao što i društveni identiteti, značenja i odnosi stvaraju materijalna i simbolička mjesta”, Gill Valentine (2002) razlikuje tri razine prostora: materijalnu, regulatornu i performativnu. U ovom radu propitivat ćemo kako te tri razine prostora korespondiraju s queer zajednicom u gradu Zagrebu. Propitivat ćemo kako se LGBTIQ udruge organiziraju u materijalnom prostoru i koliko ih Grad Zagreb u tome podržava, a kako se bore za svoja prava i slobode u areni regulativnog prostora odnosno javnih politika. Istražit ćemo i kako queer aktivizam mobilizira performativni potencijal prostora kako bi transformirao grad Zagreb iz heteroseksualnog prostora u prostor kulturne različitosti, odnosno prostor koji uključuje nehetero ili queer seksualne identitete., According to architect Bernand Tschumi, architecture and the organization of space play a significant role in the creation and limitation of personal and political freedom. Tschumi refers to this power of architecture over citizens as ‘violence of architecture’. Space and events which happen in a particular space influence each other. Gill Valentine describes public spaces as the product of social forces. Just like place has an active role in the creation and reproduction of social identities, social identities, meanings and relations create material and symbolic spaces, notices Valentine. Further, Gill Valentine distinguishes three levels of space: material, regulatory and performative. In this paper I will try to demonstrate how these three levels of space correspond to the queer community in the city of Zagreb. First, I describe how queer groups organize in material spaces of the city and how the city authorities support their organization on the material space level. Then, I present how queer groups use regulatory space, i.e. public policies, to accomplish rights and freedoms that straight citizens already have and take for granted. And finally, I describe how queer activism is mobilizing the performative level of space in order to transform the city of Zagreb from a straight heterosexual space to a space of cultural differences, i.e. a space which includes non-hetero or queer sexual identities.

Oksazolski prsten kao strukturna jedinica u nekom većem sustavu znatno utječe na reakcije u osnovnom i pobuđenom stanju. Reakcijama ciklizacije, cikloadicije i izomerizacije u pobuđenom stanju nastaju nove složene policikličke strukture zanimljive za daljnja biološka istraživanja. Od posebnog interesa su 2,5- i 2,4-disupstituirane kao i 2,4,5-trisupstituirane oksazolske strukture u kojima se kao jedan od supstituenata pojavljuje konjugirani vinil-stirilni sustav. U ovom radu dan je detaljan literaturni pregled inter- i intramolekulskih reakcija oksazolskih derivata u pobuđenom stanju. Ovo djelo je dano na korištenje pod licencom Creative Commons Imenovanje 4.0 međunarodna., The oxazole ring in a complex system has a substantial impact on the reactions in ground and excited state. By cyclisation, cycloaddition and isomerization reactions in the excited state new complex polycyclic structures are formed that are interesting for further investigation. Of particular interest are 2,5-, 2,4-disubstituted and 2,4,5-trisubstituted oxazole structures in which one of the substituents is a conjugated vinyl-styryl segment. In this paper a detailed literature review is given into photoinduced inter- and intramolecular reactions of oxazole derivatives. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Silvicultural practices are generally developed to meet societal objectives given the constraints of the site. This simple premise is a foundation of modern silviculture. However, silviculture may vary for other reasons related to cultural factors. This paper reviews the differences in silviculture in the twelve countries that comprise southeastern Europe, an area that includes a variety of cultures, and a complex history. The silviculture generally follows three models: coppice systems that are largely unregulated, even-aged stands that include former coppice stands and other reforested sites, and systems to develop and maintain complex stand structures. Plantation management is not common. Cultural and historic drivers have affected the development of silviculture in this region. Additional drivers include forest access, the importance of wood for fuel, and proximity to central Europe. It is anticipated that European Union membership of countries in the region will lead to greater regional and international exchange and cooperation in the future. Publisher's Version

Polimeri i polimerni materijali već su dugi niz godina prisutni u farmaceutskoj industriji, gdje se primjenjuju kao pomoćne tvari za oblikovanje konvencionalnih lijekova ili za izradu ambalaže za lijekove. Međutim sve je veća primjena polimera u naprednim terapijskim sustavima, gdje je oslobađanje djelatne tvari kroz dulje razdoblje kontrolirano najvećim dijelom brzinom degradacije polimera. Poželjno je da polimeri koji se unose u tijelo čovjeka budu biorazgradljivi, a to znači da s vremenom potpuno degradiraju na netoksične produkte koji se mogu prirodnim putem izlučiti iz organizma. Također, moraju biti i biokompatibilni, pri čemu u dodiru s organizmom ne izazivaju neželjene nuspojave iako se u tkivu mogu zadržati dulje vrijeme. Tako dizajnirani kompleksni terapijski sustavi u kojima su polimeri funkcionalne djelatne tvari imaju brojne prednosti kao što je jednostavnost i lokaliziranost primjene, produljeno i kontrolirano vrijeme djelovanja lijeka, što znatno smanjuje učestalost primjene. Na taj način smanjena je mogućnost javljanja neželjenih nuspojava, s ciljem poboljšanja kvalitete života pacijenata. Postoje različito dizajnirani sustavi za dostavu lijeka, a njihov pregled te mehanizam djelovanja bit će opisani u sklopu ovog rada zajedno s istaknutom ulogom polimera za svaki pojedini sustav. Ovo djelo je dano na korištenje pod licencom Creative Commons Imenovanje 4.0 međunarodna., Polymers and polymeric materials have been used in the pharmaceutical industry for many years and play an indispensable role as excipients in the development of the conventional dosage forms or for manufacturing various drug packaging materials. In recent years, their important application resides in the development of sophisticated drug delivery systems where the release of the drug over a longer time period is mainly controlled by degradation kinetics of the applied polymer. It is preferable that polymers introduced into the human body be biodegradable, meaning that they should eventually completely decompose to nontoxic products that can be naturally excreted from the body. In addition, they should be biocompatible, and in contact with the living organism, should not cause undesirable side effects, although their retention in the tissue could be for a longer time. Such designed complex drug delivery systems where polymers are used as functional excipients have numerous advantages, such as simplicity of administration and targeted drug delivery to the desired site, extended and controlled release, which reduces frequency of drug administration. This can consequently lead to reducing adverse side effects of administered drugs and improvement of patient compliance. There is a range of differently designed drug delivery systems and their description and mechanism of action will be presented in this paper together with the prominent role of the polymers for each particular system. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

U ovom radu istraživan je učinak dodatka višestjenih ugljikovih nanocjevčica (MWCNT) te MWCNT-a modificiranog skupinama COOH (MWCNT-COOH) u rasponu masenih udjela od 0 do 4 % na svojstva poliuretana. Uzorci nanokompozita pripravljani su dispergiranjem nanopunila u otopini poliuretana u acetonu te polaganim isparavanjem otapala pri sobnoj temperaturi. Utjecaj punila na mehanička svojstva kompozita ispitan je testom jednoosnog istezanja, a električna provodnost uzoraka određivana je metodom četiri kontakta. Toplinska postojanost istražena je termogravimetrijskom analizom (TGA). Obje vrste punila MWCNT povećavaju modul, ali snižavaju prekidnu čvrstoću i prekidno istezanje kompozita. Rezultati ispitivanja električne provodnosti pokazali su da se, u odnosu na čisti PU koji ima provodnost reda veličine 10–13 S cm–1, provodnost nanokompozita s masenim udjelom punila MWCNT 0,2 % znatno povećava na vrijednost reda veličine 10–6 S cm–1. Daljnjim povećanjem do masenog udjela obje vrste MWCNT-a 4 %, provodnost se dalje povećava do vrijednosti većih od 10–2 S cm–1. Taj učinak povećanja provodnosti neznatno je jače izražen u sustavima s MWCNT-COOH-om. Rezultati termogravimetrijske analize upućuju na to da se dodatkom obje vrste MWCNT-a znatno poboljšava toplinsku postojanost u istraživanom rasponu udjela nanopunila, pri čemu je ovaj učinak nešto izraženiji za sustave s punilom MWCNT. Ovo djelo je dano na korištenje pod licencom Creative Commons Imenovanje 4.0 međunarodna., In this paper, the influence of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and carbon nanotubes modified with COOH groups (MWCNT-COOH) on the mechanical and electrical properties as well as on thermal stability of polyurethane (PU) were investigated. The samples of nanocomposite were prepared by dispersion of the nanofiller in a solution of polyurethane in acetone, followed by slow evaporation of the solvent at room temperature. The effect of the fillers on the mechanical properties of PU nanocomposites was examined by the uniaxial deformation test, and electrical properties of the samples were determined by the four probe method. Thermal stability was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The addition of both types of MWCNTs fillers increases modulus (Fig. 1), due to higher modulus of the nanofillers. Due to the better distribution in PU matrix and stronger interactions between COOH groups and carbonyl group in PU matrix, nanocomposites with MWCNT-COOH have higher modulus than nanocomposites with MWCNT filler. Most of the composites have lower strength and elongation at break than PU (Figs. 2 and 3). Smaller MWCNT-COOH aggregates and stronger interactions between this filler and the PU matrix cause less pronounced decreasing of strength at break. Compared to the pure PU, with conductivity of the order of 10–13 S cm–1, the conductivity of the nanocomposite with mass fraction of MWCNT nanofiller 0.2 % substantially increases up to the value of the order 10–6 S cm–1 (Fig. 4). A further increase up to 4 % for both types of MWCNTs, resulted in a further increase in conductivity up to values exceeding 10–2 S cm–1. Due to the better distribution in PU matrix and stronger interactions between COOH groups and carbonyl groups in PU matrix, the conductivity increase effect in systems with MWCNTs-COOH is slightly more pronounced. All investigated nanocomposites have potential applications as electric discharge materials and for electrostatic painting. The results of the thermogravimetric analysis indicate that the addition of both types of MWCNTs significantly improves the thermal stability (Figs. 6 and 7). The maximal degradation rate temperature of polyurethane increased by about 45 °C, thereby this effect is slightly more pronounced for systems with MWCNTs (Fig. 7). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Usluge šumskih ekosustava i funkcije šuma imaju slično značenje, iako se djelomično razlikuju. Funkcije šuma se odnose na namjenu i svrhu šuma od kojih ljudi imaju koristi, dok su usluge šumskih ekosustava posljedice i rezultati funkcija šuma, odnosno koristi od ekosustava za čovjeka i okoliš. Usluge šumskih ekosustava se odnose na sve funkcije šuma, dok se općekorisne funkcije šuma (OKFŠ) odnose samo na one funkcije šuma od kojih svi ljudi imaju koristi. Park šuma Marjan (PŠM) sa svojim različitim ekosustavima pruža brojne usluge i koristi stanovnicima Splita, posjetiteljima park šume i drugim organizmima.U Park šumi Marjan koja je površine od oko 300 ha, najzastupljeniji su šumski ekosustavi koji zauzimaju 2/3 park šume. U radu je po prvi puta definirano 28 usluga šumskih ekosustava PŠM na temelju međunarodne podjele usluga ekosustava i drugih podjela OKFŠ. Pomoću anketnog upitnika napravljeno je rangiranje tih usluga. Pet najvažnijih usluga šumskih ekosustava bile su stvaranje čistog i svježeg zraka, pružanje prirodnog prostora za rekreaciju, pružanje prirodnog prostora za odmor, stvaranje kisika i pružanje prirodnog prostora za edukativne aktivnosti. Procjena novčanih vrijednosti pet najvažnijih usluga šumskih ekosustava napravljena je na temelju određenih kriterija i indikatora. Procijenjene vrijednosti pojedinih najvažnijih usluga šumskih ekosustava iznosile su od 700 do 77.000 kn po hektaru godišnje. Procijenjena ukupna vrijednost pet najvažnijih usluga šumskih ekosustava iznosila je 122.000 kn po ha godišnje, odnosno oko 24,4 milijuna kn godišnje za 200 ha šuma PŠM. Napravljena je i aproksimativna procjena vrijednosti preostalih 23 usluge šumskih ekosustava PŠM. Ukupna procijenjena vrijednost svih 28 usluga šumskih ekosustava PŠM iznosila je oko 708.000 kn po ha godišnje, odnosno oko 141,6 milijuna kn godišnje za 200 ha šuma PŠM. Analizirane su i vrijednosti općekorisnih funkcija šuma dobivene na temelju procjene općekorisnih funkcija šuma prema programu gospodarenja za PŠM, zatim na temelju procjene općekorisnih funkcija mediteranskih šuma i na temelju godišnjeg iznosa naknade za općekorisne funkcije šuma. Procjene su iznosile od 200 kn do 402.000 kn po ha godišnje. Procjene novčanih vrijednosti usluga ekosustava, pa tako i šumskih ekosustava, imaju važnu ulogu u planovima zaštite, upravljanja i gospodarenja ekosustavima, kao i pri smanjivanju nepovoljnih ljudskih utjecaja na ekosustave i njihove usluge o kojima ovisi blagostanje sadašnjih i budućih generacija., Forest ecosystem services and forest functions have similar meaning with partial differences. Forest functions refer to forests’ purposes beneficial to people, while ecosystem services are results of forest functions and still present the benefits of ecosystems to people and environment. Ecosystem services cover all forest functions, whereas non-market forest functions are those which are used by all people. Park forest Marjan with its many ecosystems offers many services and benefits to the inhabitants of Split, park forest visitors and other organisms. Of the 300 ha area of park forest Marjan, forest ecosystems are most prevalent and account for 2/3 of the park forest area. In this paper, 28 forest ecosystem services of park forest Marjan were defined for the first time based on the international ecosystem services classification and other non-market forest function classifications. Services were ranked by means of a questionnaire of stakeholders. The five most important services were the production of clean and fresh air, natural space for recreational activities, natural space for leisure, oxygen production and natural space for educational activities. Monetary value of the five most important services was assessed using several different estimation methods based on certain criteria and indicators. Estimated values of individual most important services ranged from 700 kuna to 77.000 kuna per ha per year. Total estimated value of those services amounted to 122.000 kuna per ha per year, that is, 24,4 million kuna per year for the 200 ha of forests in park forest Marjan. Furthermore, approximative monetary value assessment was performed for other 23 forest ecosystem services. As a result, the total estimated value of all 28 services was 708.000 kuna per ha per year, that is, around 141,6 million kuna per year for the 200 ha of forests in park forest Marjan. Obtained results were validated using assessment of non-market forest functions according to the management plan of park forest Marjan, assessment of non-market forest functions of mediterranean forests and the annual amount of non-market forest function fees, with estimated values ranging from 200 kuna to 402.000 kuna per ha per year. Monetary assessment of forest ecosystem services is key in the management and protection of ecosystems, as well as in reducing of adverse human influences on ecosystems and their services, which serve to the welfare of current and future generations.

This paper describes the methodological approach used for the development of an Early Warning System (EWS) for Non Indigenous Species (NIS) and ballast water management and summarizes the results obtained. The specific goals of the EWS are firstly to warn vessels to prevent loading of ballast water when critical biological conditions occur in ports and surrounding areas i.e. mass development or blooms of Harmful Aquatic Organisms and Pathogens (HAOP). Secondly, to warn environmental and health authorities when NIS or pathogens are present in ports or surrounding areas to enable an early response and an implementation of remediation measures. The EWS is designed to be used for implementing various parallel obligations, by taking into consideration different legal scopes, associated information and decision-making needs. The EWS was elaborated, tested in the Adriatic Sea and illustrated by two case studies. Although the EWS was developed with an Adriatic Sea focus, it is presented in a format so that it may be used as a model when establishing similar systems in other locations. The role of the various actors is discussed and recommendations on further developments of the EWS are presented. It was concluded that the EWS is a suitable tool to reduce the spread of potentially harmful and ballast water mediated species.

U radu je istraživana morfološka varijabilnost listova devet prirodnih populacija divlje trešnje (Prunus avium L.) na području Srbije. Na osnovi deset mjerenih morfoloških svojstava listova i jednog izvedenog omjera utvrđena je unutarpopulacijska i međupopulacijska varijabilnost. U istraživanju su korištene deskriptivne i multivarijantne statističke metode. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na visoku varijabilnost istraživanih populacija, kao i na to da se populacije međusobno statistički značajno razlikuju po svim istraživanim svojstvima. Unutarpopulacijska varijabilnost veća je od međupopulacijske varijabilnosti. Prema klasterskoj analizi istraživane populacije se grupiraju na način prema kojem nisu geografski logično raspoređene. Populacije Boranja i Fruška Gora se nalaze na većoj udaljenosti od ostalih istraživanih populacija., Wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) is the most important European tree species in the family Rosaceae (Russell 2003). It is very valuable forest species that grows in mixed forests in Southern, Central and Western Europe. In the growing stock of Serbia wild cherry falls into the category of species at risk (Banković et al. 2009) to which is not paid enough attention. The researches of population structure and genetic variability at the level of genotypes and/or populations are the basis for the knowledge on the adaptive and genetic potential of wild cherry in some area.The morphological variability of leaves in nine natural populations of wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) in Serbia was studied in this paper. The research material was collected in nine natural populations of wild cherry in Serbia (Figure 1, Slika 1). The leaves from ten trees per population were collected while every tree was presented with 50 healthy and intact leaves. The leaves were collected from borderline trees or trees located in an isolated position usually from the southern exposed part of the crown, from its outer well-lit part. Leaf morphological characteristics were described by descriptive statistical indicators: arithmetic mean (x), standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV). In order to determine the intra-population and inter-population variability the univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed.Results obtained by performed statistical analysis of studied morphological characteristics of wild cherry leaves showed that the most variable characteristic is the leaf surface area (LA). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed presence of statistically significant differences between values of the arithmetic means of the studied characteristics on both inter- and intra-population level. Populations varied the most in the petiole length (PL) and the smallest differences were observed in the leaf length (LL). Intra-population variability is greater than inter-population variability.Based on the conducted researches it can be concluded that in the studied wild cherry populations a high rate of variability of the studied leaf morphological characteristics was determined. The obtained results are the basis for the continuation of the research that needs to be conducted in order to provide guidelines and recommendations for the conservation and targeted use of genetic resources of this species in Serbia and beyond. For a complete knowledge on the variability of wild cherry in a part of the natural area the research should be expanded by the use of molecular markers.

It is necessary to know the looseness factor and bulk density of chipped wood generated in the mechanical wood processing to make the optimal choice of equipment for handling, transportation and storage, and also to determine the durability and quality of chipped wood as raw material. The looseness factor of chipped wood is defi ned as the ratio of volume of chipped wood and volume of solid wood. This paper presents the analysis of the effect of feed speed, rake angle and wood species on the looseness factor of chips generated in planing solid wood. Selected samples of chipped pine-wood, oak-wood, steamed and thermally modifi ed beech-wood (at temperature of 212 °C) were generated in planing at four different feed speeds (vp1= 6; vp2=12; vp3=18 i vp4=24 m/min) and three rake angles (γ1 = 15°; γ2 = 20° i γ3 = 25°). The increase of feed speed only affects the reduction of the looseness factor for beech-wood and fi r-wood. The impact of the rake angle during planing of researched wood species is not entirely clear. The presumed signifi cant infl uence of cutting depth on the looseness factor was not established but signifi cant infl uence was found of the cutting direction relative to the wood grain direction, the particles shape and their ability to fragmentation. The maximum looseness factor was obtained for chipped 1 Autori su znanstveni novak, profesorica i izvanredna profesorica Sumarskog fakulteta Sveucilista u Zagrebu, Zagreb, Hrvatska. 1 Authors are junior researcher, professor and associate professor at Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Croatia. Jug, Beljo Lucic, Cavlovic: Cimbenici koji utjecu na rastresitost usitnjenog materijala... ..... 230 DRVNA INDUSTRIJA 67 (3) 229-239 (2016) zo zatupljuje rezna ostrica i nastaju vrlo sitne drvne cestice sklone lebdenju u okolnom zraku. Prema teoriji rezanja, debljina strugotine proporcionalna je posmicnoj brzini i obrnuto proporcionalna brzini rezanja. Iz dosadasnjih granulometrijskih analiza usitnjenog materijala nastaloga pri otvorenom rezu (blanjanje, obodno glodanje i brusenje) poznato je da povecanje posmicne brzine pozitivno utjece na stvaranje veceg broja krupnijih cestica i manjeg broja sitnih cestica, manjih od 0,1 mm (Kopecky and Rousek, 2007.; Beljo Lucic i dr., 2007a). Međutim, rezultati drugih istraživanja pokazuju suprotno (Hemmila i dr., 2002.): pri glodanju nižim brzinama nastao je usitnjeni materijal s manje sitnijih cestica. Također se pokazalo da smanjenje posmicne brzine rezultira smanjenjem udjela sitnijih cestica u usitnjenome materijalu, kao i to da utjecaj posmicne brzine na granulometrijski sastav nije jasan. Istraživanja Varge i dr. (2004.) pokazala su da s povecanjem posmicne brzine i brzine glodanja u usitnjenom materijalu nastaje vise sitnijih cestica. Složenost problematike ocituje se u brojnosti cimbenika koji utjecu na usitnjavanje drva. Rezultati granulometrijske analize usitnjenog materijala nastaloga pri zatvorenom rezu (piljenje) pokazali su da povecanje posmicne brzine ne rezultira uvijek nastankom veceg broja krupnijih cestica u smjesi te da smjer rezanja u odnosu prema smjeru vlakanaca i obliku nastale cestice imaju veci utjecaj na gra nulo metrijski sastav negoli debljina strugotine. Pro mjenom položaja radnog stola pri piljenju kružnom pilom mijenja se smjer rezanja u odnosu prema vlakancima pa tako nastaju cestice razlicitog oblika – krace i deblje cestice pri rezanju okomito na vlakanca ili dulje i tanje cestice pri rezanju uzduž vlakanaca (Beljo Lucic i dr., 2007b). Neposredno nakon nastanka cestice u zatvorenom rezu dolazi do dodatnog usitnjavanja ovisno o obliku cestice. Istraživanjem utjecaja smjera brusenja na usitnjavanje cestica smrekovine i borovine pokazalo se da brusevina znacajno manje nasipne gustoce nastaje pri brusenju u smjeru vlakanaca negoli poprecno na vlakanca (Ockajova i dr., 2008.; Dolny i Rogozinski, 2011.). Pritom je građa drva uzrok nastanka cestica vlaknastoga (omjer duljina /sirina μ > 3) ili izometricnog oblika (μ < 3), ovisno o geometriji rezanja i smjeru rezanja s obzirom na vlakanca. Utjecajni cimbenik katkad može biti i oblik rezne ostrice. Naime, istraživanje Ockajove i dr. (2006.) pokazalo je da pri piljenju smrekovine, bukovine i merantija listom sa stlacenim zubima nastaju krupnije cestice usitnjenog materijala te da je u smjesi dvostruko manje cestica sitnijih od 1 mm nego pri piljenju listom pile s asimetricnim trobridnim razvracenim zubima. U tablici 1. dane su vrijednosti faktora rastresitosti razlicitoga usitnjenog materijala iz dosadasnje litewood generated during planing of fi r-wood at minimum feed speed (fr=28.42) and the lowest in planing thermally modifi ed beech-wood (fr=2.62). All obtained looseness factors were several times higher than those quoted in the literature.

This paper presents an invasive plant species that occur in the forests of Kalnik. It also presents the state of the distribution and their impact on forests of Kalnik. A total of 14 invasive species in the forests of Kalnik and these are – Acer negundo L., Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Amorpha fruticosa L., Asclepias syriaca L., Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist, Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. et Gray, Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers., Impatiens glandulifera Royle, Juncus tenuis Willd.), Phytolacca americana L., Reynoutria japonica Houtt., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Solidago gigantea Aiton. Alochtonous vegetation is not only inevitable, but it also appears to be a constant future challenge in the globalizing world which communicates on all levels with every means possible. Its influence should not by any means be marginalized. Its importance and influence is not completely negative and there are possible benefits and dangers which should be controlled by the preventive measures and physical regulation. The most important species in Kalnik forest vegetation is definitely acacia. It is especially important for private forest lands where acacia tree has become very popular because of its characteristics as a fast growing tree species without any special requirements with relation to growth and it gives fast results concerning timber and firewood. Private lots are usually very small and fragmented. There is a growing need for timber, therefore the trees are grown extensively, from stumps and roots. Other woody species still do not pose a serious threat in economical or biological sense. The impact of herbaceous plants differs in various areas. The most problematic issues for the forestersare thick layers of unwanted specieswhich grow in young forest stands or in forests in the phase of restorationwhere these unwanted speciesinvasively compete with autochthonous species. In biological sense, invasive species pose a constant threat not only to domestic vegetation and biodiversity, but also to human health. We should also mention apiculture, a very important and well developed activity on Kalnik. Above mentioned species are very important and interesting for apiculture as a type of rich bee pasturage. Apiculture in this area depends on acacia pasturage and it is one of very important reasons for growing acacia tree. Other tree species are also valuable for bee pasturage, especially late in autumn when there is no other bee pasturage available and they are mostly species which blossom in autumn and represent a valuable source of pollen (Japanese Knotweed, Prickly cucumber and European goldenrod). Generally speaking, the biggest responsibility for possible consequences of invasive plant species to the vegetation of Kalnik lies on foresters who have to recognize and monitor the appearance of invasive species, especially in state forest lands where they grow and directly influence their composition and state.

The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) is a new observatory for very high-energy (VHE) gamma rays. CTA has ambitions science goals, for which it is necessary to achieve full-sky coverage, to improve the sensitivity by about an order of magnitude, to span about four decades of energy, from a few tens of GeV to above 100 TeV with enhanced angular and energy resolutions over existing VHE gamma-ray observatories. An international collaboration has formed with more than 1000 members from 27 countries in Europe, Asia, Africa and North and South America. In 2010 the CTA Consortium completed a Design Study and started a three-year Preparatory Phase which leads to production readiness of CTA in 2014. In this paper we introduce the science goals and the concept of CTA, and provide an overview of the project., La lista completa de autores puede consultarse en el documento o en la página web de la revista., Facultad de Ingeniería

This study was conceived to evaluate the global scientific output of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) research over the past 20 years and to assess the characteristics of the research patterns, tendencies, and methods in the papers. Data were based on the online version of Science Citation Index Expanded from 1992 to 2011. Publications referring to SOAs were assessed by distribution of the number of publications and times cited, source categories, source journals, author keywords, KeyWords Plus, and the most cited publications in these years. By synthetic analysis of author keywords, KeyWords Plus, titles, and abstracts, it was concluded that modeling is currently and will at least over the next decade continue to be the predominant research method to validate state-of-the-art knowledge of SOAs, and that the foci of SOA research will be the key precursors terpenes and isoprene, the mechanisms of oxidation and gas-phase reactions, and emission inventories.

Creating an entrepreneurial culture in society is associated with entrepreneurship in school education and training, qualification, level of education, abilities, opportunities and desire of immediate holders of educational work – educators, teachers, professionals and school principals – to act entrepreneurial, proactive, and innovative, to seek self-esteem and success. This paper analyses and discusses the research results of teachers’ entrepreneurial drive in elementary school, in the context of contributing to creating an entrepreneurial culture. The study was conducted on a sample of 466 subject teachers in 23 primary schools in the Republic of Croatia. The goal of research was to identify and discuss the dimensions of teacher’s entrepreneurial drive which proved to be significant in the questionnaire containing 42 statements structured in five subscales. Results were analysed by using descriptive statistics and interpreted through values of arithmeticmean, standard deviation and frequency of items in the questionnaire on the entrepreneurial drive.According to the results of this research, elementary school teachers show: a high degree of selfreported entrepreneurial drive in teaching, school and extracurricular work; the highest level of self-perception on proactivity and innovation, and achievement orientation, and self-esteem. Elementary school teachers indicate general characteristics for realization of an entrepreneurial culture in the school and the application of entrepreneurial pedagogy.

The paper presents flexible component analysis-based blind decomposition of the mixtures of Fourier transform of infrared spectral (FT-IR) data into pure components, wherein the number of mixtures is less than number of pure components. The novelty of the proposed approach to blind FT-IR spectra decomposition is in use of hierarchical or local alternating least square nonnegative matrix factorization (HALS NMF) method with smoothness and sparseness constraints simultaneously imposed on the pure components. In contrast to many existing blind decomposition methods no a priori information about the number of pure components is required. It is estimated from the mixtures using robust data clustering algorithm in the wavelet domain. The HALS NMF method is compared favorably against three sparse component analysis algorithms on experimental data with the known pure component spectra. Proposed methodology can be implemented as a part of software packages used for the analysis of FT-IR spectra and identification of chemical compounds.

In our previous research, we applied independent component analysis (ICA) for the restoration of image sequences degraded by atmospheric turbulence. The original high-resolution image and turbulent sources were considered independent sources from which the degraded image is composed of. Although the result was promising, the assumption of source independence may not be true in practice. In this paper, we propose to apply the concept of dependent component analysis (DCA), which can relax the independence assumption, to image restoration. In addition, the restored image can be further enhanced by employing a recently developed Gabor-filter-bank-based single channel blind image deconvolution algorithm. Both simulated and real data experiments demonstrate that DCA outperforms ICA, resulting in the flexibility in the use of adjacent image frames. The contribution of this research is to convert the original multi-frame blind deconvolution problem into blind source separation problem without the assumption on source independence; as a result, there is no a priori information, such as sensor bandwidth, point-spread-function, or statistics of source images, that is required.