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Tema diplomskog rada je Oblikovanje papirom u likovnim aktivnostima za djecu predškolske dobi te se sastoji od teorijskog i praktičnog dijela. Teorijski dio odnosi se na poglavlja vezana uz povijest papira, njegove razvojne faze kao i vrijednost njegove pojave. U teorijskom dijelu navedene su još vrste papira s kojima se danas susrećemo, uz poseban naglasak na one s kojima rade djeca predškolskog i školskog uzrasta. U nastavku se proučava područje trodimenzionalnog oblikovanja, u kojem papir ima važnu ulogu. U skladu s time fokusira se u radu na sljedeće tehnike trodimenzionalnog oblikovanja: papir-plastiku, kaširanje, origami, kirigami i druge tehnike. Praktični dio rada odnosi se na osmišljavanje i izvedbu likovnih aktivnosti za djecu predškolske dobi, a tiče se prethodno navedenih tehnika trodimenzionalnog oblikovanja papirom. Riječ je o svojevrsnom likovnom istraživanju koje je u radu detaljno opisano, od opisa koncepata tih aktivnosti do analize likovnih radova kao njihovih krajnjih rezultata. The topic of the thesis is “Paper design in art activities for preschool children” and consists of theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part refers to the history of paper, its developmental stages as well as the value of its appearance. Then, the types of paper we encounter today are listed, with special emphasis on those that preschool and school-age children work with. The area of three-dimensional design, in which paper plays an important role, is studied below . Moreover, the thesis explores the possibilities of paper in the field of three-dimensional design focusing on the following techniques: paper-plastic, papier-mâché , origami, kirigami, while the last chapter offers an overview of other possibilities of three-dimensional paper design such as recycling and pop-up books. The practical part of the thesis refers to the design and implementation of art activities for preschool children, and concerns the aforementioned techniques of three-dimensional paper design. It is about a kind of art research that is described in detail in the thesis, from the description of the concepts of these activities to the analysis of art works as their end results.

Glazba Ericha Zanna diplomska je predstava iz lutkarstva studenta Luke Vondraka. Predstava je ujedno i ispit iz lutkarske režije studentice Tončice Knez, te također ispit iz lutkarstva studentima Vedranu Dakiću i Moniki Lanšćak. Mentorstvo potpisuje doc. art. Nenad Pavlović. U ovom radu student opisuje značenje lutkarstva na osobnoj razini, redateljski koncept, proces rada na predstavi uz analizu vlastite izvedbe. Student zaključuje da mu je ovaj rad bio od velike važnosti kao utemeljenje i afirmacija dosadašnjeg školovanja. The Music of Erich Zann is a puppetry graduate play by student Luka Vondrak. The play is also an exam in puppet directing for student Tončica Knez, and also an exam in puppetry for students Vedran Dakić and Monika Lanšćak. Mentorship is signed by doc. art. Nenad Pavlović. In this paper the student describes the meaning of puppetry on a personal level, the directorial concept, the process of working on the play alongside an analysis of his performance. The student concludes that this work was of great importance to him as a revision and an affirmation of his schooling.

Tradicija zapisivanja ljudskog znanja seže u daleku povijest. Prije papira neki od glavnih materijala za zapisivanje ljudskog znanja bili su kamen, drvo, papirus, pergamena i sl., koji su korišteni kod starih civilizacija poput Sumerana i Egipćana. Izumom papira u Kini u 2. st. prije Krista i njegovim dolaskom u Europu preko Arapa nekoliko stoljeća poslije mijenja se način zapisivanja znanja, a veliku je ulogu papir odigrao i u povijesti tiskarstva. Jedni od prvih mlinova u Europi razvili su se u Italiji koja je zbog toga bila jedan od najvećih izvoznika papira i njime opskrbljivala velik dio Europe (posebno je poznat po kvalitetnom papiru bio grad Fabriano koji se ističe i vodenim znakovima (filigranima) koje utiskuje u svoj papir). U Hrvatskoj se proizvodnja papira razvija krajem 17. i u 18. stoljeću. Danas se upotrebljavaju raznolike vrste papira, i, iako je digitalno doba u punom zamahu, papir i dalje ostaje glavni materijal za zapisivanje znanja i medij za razmjenu informacija. Tradition of writing down human knowledge has a long history. Before paper some of the most used writing materials were stone, wood, papyrus, parchment etc., which were used by the ancient civilizations such as Sumerians and Egyptians. Discovery of paper in China in 2nd century B.C and its arrival in Europe via Arabsa few centuries later changed the way of writing human knowledge, and paper played a significant role in the history of printing. Some of the first paper mills in Europe developed in Italy, and because of that Italy was the greatest exporter of paper for the needs of whole Europe (the city of Fabriano was especially known for its excellent quality paper with watermarks that were pressed into paper). The production of paper in Croatia starts in 17th and 18th century. Many different kinds of paper are in use today and, even if the digital era is in full swing, paper still stays the most important writing material and medium for knowledge exchange.

Rad opisuje određivanje dielektrične konstante metodom pločastog kondenzatora. Dielektrična konstanta, realni dio kompleksne dielektričnosti, od velikog je značaja za konstruiranje visokofrekvencijskih naprava. U prvom dijelu opisana je dielektrična konstanta i razne metode za određivanje iste. Nakon toga opisana je metoda sa pločastim kondenzatorom uz laboratorijski postav korišten u mjerenjima. Korišteni dielektrični materijali pločastog kondenzatora su papir i folija od termoplastičnog polimera. Osim dielektrične konstante mjereni su i nadomjesni parametri čiji su rezultati prikazani tablično i grafički. Determination of dielectric constant using parallel plate capacitor method is described in this paper. Dielectric constant, real part of complex permittivity, is of great significance for construction of high frequency circuits. Dielectric constant and various methods for its determination are described in first part of the paper. Parallel plate capacitor method with laboratory setup is described in the next chapter of the paper. The paper and foil of thermoplastic polymer were used as dielectric materials in parallel plate capacitor. Apart of dielectric constant, equivalent parameters of parallel plate capacitor were measured and presented grafically and tabularly.

Termokromne boje su materijal čija je uporaba u porastu, a glavne komponente često su im pseudoestrogeni bisfenol A i benzofenon. Za identifikaciju i kvantifikaciju ovih spojeva u termokromnim bojama razvijena je tekućinskokromatografska metoda obrnutih faza s UV-detekcijom. Tri od analiziranih petnaest uzoraka boja sadržavali su bisfenol A s masenim udjelima oko 2 %, a dva uzorka benzofenon s masenim udjelima od 0,34 % i 0,66 %. Termokromna boja koja sadrži bisfenol A i koju je moguće tiskati u laboratorijskim uvjetima otisnuta je na različite vrste papira. Razvijena je tekućinskokromatografska metoda za određivanje bisfenola A u termokromnim otiscima na papiru ekstrakcijom metanolom. Maseni udio bisfenola A u papirima bio je od 0,126 mg g‒1 do 0,778 mg g‒1. Otisci termokromne boje koja sadrži bisfenol A podvrgnuti su anaerobnoj razgradnji u tlu čime su simulirani uvjeti razgradnje na deponiju otpada. Razvijena je tekućinskokromatografska metoda s UV-detekcijom kojom je određen maseni udio bisfenola A u tlu u vremenu od 14 do 150 dana razgradnje papira i procijenjena brzina njegova raspada. Tijekom anaerobne ragradnje maseni udio bisfenola A u termokromnim papirima smanjio se do vrijednosti bliske granici određivanja metode od 0,0025 mg g‒1. Maseni udio bisfenola A u tlu tijekom anaerobne razgradnje se povećavao i nakon 150 dana razgradnje bio je od 3,21 ng g‒1 do 35,1 ng g‒1. Thermochromic inks, materials increasingly used, may contain pseudo-estrogens bisphenol A and benzophenone as main ingredients. To identify and quantify these compounds, reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method with UV-detection was developed. Three out of 15 analyzed samples contained bisphenol A in mass fractions of about 2 %. Two samples contained benzophenone with mass fractions of 0,34 % and 0,66 %. Thermochromic ink that contains bisphenol A and was applicable in laboratory conditions was printed on various types of papers. Liquid chromatographic method for determination of bisphenol A extracted in methanol was developed. Mass fraction of bisphenol A in papers was from 0,126 mg g–1 to 0,788 mg g–1. Prints of thermochromic ink containing bisphenol A were subjected to anaerobic degradation in soil to simulate the conditions at a landfill site. Reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method with UV-detection was developed to determine mass fraction of bisphenol A in soil at time intervals from 14 to 150 days, and the rate of its degradation was estimated. During the anaerobic degradation, mass fraction of bisphenol A in papers decreased to value close to detection limit of the method of 0,0025 mg g–1. Mass fraction of bisphenol A in soil increased during the anaerobic degradation, and after 150 days ranged from 3,21 ng g–1 to 35,1 ng g–1.

Danas se u svijetu proizvede oko 400 milijuna tona papira što jasno implicira na važnost ove grane industrije u globalnoj ekonomiji. U radu su opisani osnovni sirovi materijali i načini obrade papira, povijesni razvoj tvornice za proizvodnju papira u Belišću, proces proizvodnje te automatizacija samog procesa. Kako bi se osigurala kontinuirana proizvodnja, pogoni za proizvodnju papira se automatiziraju te se tako uz pomoć softverskog sistema olakšava rukovođenje i praćenje proizvodnje.Vodeći proizvođači papira nastoje novim tehnologijama poput novih natoka, uštedjeti energiju te poboljšati kvalitetu proizvoda. Energija biomase te razvoj recikliranih vlakana i proizvoda samo su neki od načina na koje proizvođači žele smanjiti loš utjecaj na okoliš te podizati ekološku osviještenost kod ostalih proizvođača, odnosno pogona. Nowdays, around 400 million tonnes of paper are produced in the world, which clearly implies the importance of this industry branch in the global economy. The paper describes the basic raw materials and methods of paper processing, the historical development of the paper production plant in Belišće, the process of production and the automation of the process itself.In order to ensure continuous production, paper production plants are automated and thus, with the help of the software system, it facilitates the management and monitoring of production.Leading paper manufacturers strive for new technologies such as new headbox to save energy and improve product quality.Biomass energy and the development of recycled fibers and products are just some of the ways manufacturers want to reduce their environmental impact and raise ecological awareness among other manufacturers or plants.

U ovom radu istraživana je uspješnost primjene metode gama zračenja u svrhu dekontaminacije i očuvanja djela kulturne baštine. Zbog široke rasprostranjenosti gljivica, sva su djela izložena opasnosti degradacije, koja može biti izbjegnuta ukoliko se vodi pravovaljana skrb o artefaktima i tako onemogući rast biokontaminanata. Ispitana je i prirodna kontaminacija samog materijala, te se nakon vizualne identifikacije kolonija mikroskopom, pristupilo zračenju uzoraka. Uzorci su bili podijeljeni u dvije skupine. Jedna skupina je prije zračenja bila inkubirana u vlažnim (Rv=70-80%, t=25°C), a druga u suhim uvjetima (t=25°C). Obje skupine uzoraka zračene su dozama zračenja od 2, 7, 20 i 50 kGy u dvije brzine, 0,1 Gy/s i 9,8 Gy/s. Djelotvornost metode pratili smo porastom kolonija 0.,7.,14. i 28. dana, nakon izlaganja uzorka zračenju. Dobiveni rezultati eksperimenata pokazuju da su prirodni kontaminanti neosjetljivi na primijenjeno zračenje, jer je porast kolonija zabilježen kod uzoraka zračenim visokim dozama, koje su nekoliko puta veće od doza koje se koriste za dekontaminaciju umjetnina. Uočen je porast i drugih vrsta gljivica. Točkasta kontaminacija papira, otežava izvođenje konačnog zaključka o učinkovitosti fungicidnog/fungistatskog djelovanja gama zračenja. This paper analyzes the use and effectiveness of gamma radiation, in order to decontaminate and protect cultural heritage. Fungi are widely spread in the environment, ergo they pose the risk to many works of art, and biodegradation is inevitable, unless the proper care is taken of these artefacts. Also, the natural contamination of the material has been analyzed, colonies were identified microscopically, following gamma radiation of the samples. Samples were divided into two groups. One group was exposed to the conditions of elevated humidity (Rw=70-80%, t=25°C), and the other group did not undergo any treatment, those samples remained in dry conditions. Both groups were irradiated with subsequent radiation doses 2,7,20 and 50 kGy, which were administered with two different velocities of 0,1Gy/s and 9,8 Gy/s. The effectiveness of the method was evaluated in correspondence with colony growth after the certain time, i.e. 0th, 7th, 14th and 28th day after irradiation has taken the place. Natural contaminants have shown radio resistance due to given results, because there has been noticed colony growth in samples, which were treated with a high dose of radiation. The dose of the matter is several times higher than dose, which is usually used for decontamination purpose. Growth of other fungal species has been noticed too. Due to dot contamination, it is very difficult to conclude how effective fungicide gamma radiation actually is.

Papir je zauzeo važno mjesto u povijesti čovječanstva, ali svojom raznolikošću i mogućnostima oblikovanja do danas ima važnu ulogu. Diplomski rad upoznaje o mogućnostima likovnog oblikovanja i tehnikama oblikovanja. Analizom povijesnog razvoja papira pratimo nastanak i razvojne faze proizvodnje papira, pregled različitih vrsta i namjena papira koje omogućuju zaista široku lepezu njegove primjene. Drugi dio rada bavi se mogućnostima likovnog oblikovanja papira te nastoji dati uvid u različite mogućnosti i tehnike oblikovanja. Papir kao zahvalan materijal za oblikovanje se vrlo često koristi u likovnom izražavanju u razrednoj nastavi, no iako ne spada u tradicionalne tehnike kiparskog oblikovanja umjetnici ga također rado koriste na najrazličitije načine; izražavaju svoje osjećaje, šalju poruke o današnjim problemima, o prolaznosti živog svijeta te o ostalim važnim stvarima koje nas okružuju i događajima svakodnevice. Throughout human history, paper has had a significant role, wich persists nowadays for its diversity an potetntial for distinct designs. This thesis presents the possibilities of visual arts design and techniques. Analaysing historical development of paper, we can trace its origin and manufacture formation stages as well asdistinct types and functions, which allow a wide array of application. The second part of the thesis deals with the possibilities of visual (fine) art paper design and aims to give an insight into various design options and techniques. Being such a grateful material, paper is very often use din fine arts in the classrom and even though it is not a traditional material for sculpting, artists sometimes gladly use it in various purposes: to express emotions; to send a message regarding current issues; to express the temporal nature of the living world and other relevant issues in the outside world.

Veliki dio kulturne baštine čine objekti od papirnatih materijala. Kao takvi izrazito su podložni kontaminaciji gljivicama koje svojim djelovanjem ubrzavaju njegovo propadanje. Jedna od najpogodnijih metoda za zaustavljanje destruktivnog djelovanja gljivica je gama zračenje. U ovom je radu ispitivan utjecaj gama zračenja na prirodnu mikobiotu papira te utjecaj na inokuliranog sekundarnog kolonizatora, vrstu Cladosporium sphaerospermum. Uzorci su tretirani pomoću izvora u Laboratoriju za radijacijsku kemiju i dozimetriju (LRKD) Instituta Ruđer Bošković (IRB). Primijenjene su apsorpcijske doze od 2, 7, 20 i 50 kGy u dvije brzine zračenja 0,1 Gy/s i 8,6 Gy/s. Mikrobiološka analiza ozračenih uzoraka provedena je neposredno nakon zračenja te 14., 28., i 56. dan nakon zračenja. Učinak gama zračenje ovisan je o dozi i o brzini doze. Iz dobivenih rezultata vidljivo je da najniža doza od 2 kGy nije učinkovita u redukciji plijesni ni pri nižoj ni pri višoj brzini doze. Dok su veće doze od 7, 20 i 50 kGy pri višoj brzini učinkovito reducirale i prirodnu mikobiotu i inokuliranu vrstu C. sphaerospermum. To potvrđuje i izračunata vrijednost D10 (decimalna redukcijska doza), odnosno doza potrebna da se inaktivira 90% od početnog broja plijesni u uzorku, koja za C. sphaerospermum i brzinu zračenja 0,1 Gy/s iznosi 11,29 kGy, a za brzinu 8,6 kGy iznosi 4,35 kGy. Potrebno je dakle naći odgovarajuću dozu koja će reducirati mikroorganizme na prihvatljivu razinu, a istovremeno imati minimalni negativni učinak na kemijski sastav papira stoga su u tom području potrebna daljnja ispitivanja. Za učinkovitu je primjenu gama zračenje u konzervaciji papirnatih objekata kulturne baštine potreban interdisciplinarni pristup. Major part of cultural heritage is made up of paper-based materials. As such, they are highly susceptible to fungal contamination, which causes paper to decay. One of the most convenient methods of stopping the destructive action of fungi is gamma irradiation. This paper was aimed to assess the influence of gamma irradiation on the naturally occurring mycobiota as well as artificially inoculated secondary colonizer Cladosporium sphaerospermum. Inoculated samples have been treated by the Laboratory for radiation chemistry and dosimetry of Ruđer Bošković Institute source. Doses of 2, 7, 20 and 50 kGy were applied at two dose rates of 0,1 and 8,6 Gy/s. Microbiological analysis of irradiated samples was conducted immediately after radiation and on 14, 28 and 56 days after radiation. Fungicidal effect of gamma radiation was dose and dose rate-dependent. From the obtained results it is apparent that the lowest dose of 2 kGy is not effective in reducing mold at either lower or higher dose rates. While higher doses of 7, 20 and 50 kGy at higher dose rate effectively reduced the naturally occurring mycobiota as well as artificially inoculated secondary colonizer C. sphaerospermum. This is also confirmed by the calculated value D10 (decimal reduction dose), the dose required to inactivate 90% of the initial number of molds in the sample, which is 11.29 kGy for C. sphaerospermum and the rate of radiation 0.1 Gy/s, and for 8.6 kGy is 4.35 kGy. Thus, it is necessary to find an appropriate dose which will reduce the microorganisms to an acceptable level while at the same time will have a minimal negative effect on the chemical composition of the paper, so further testing in this area is required. To conclude, for the efficient use of gamma irradiation in conservation of paper-based cultural heritage objects, an interdisciplinary approach is needed.

Papir je jedan od najzastupljenijih proizvoda u svijetu pa su tako potrebne velike zalihe da bi se osigurali i zadovoljili razni potrošači i prerađivači papira. Tvornica papira u Belišću kao primarnu sirovinu za proizvodnju papira koristi stari reciklirani papir te u manjim količinama drvnu sirovinu. Potrebno je jako puno proizvedenog papira kako bi se pokrili troškovi proizvodnje te potrošnje električne energije zbog njihovog cjelodnevnog rada. Kao u svakom poslu pa tako i u proizvodnji papira normalno je da dolazi do raznih kvarova i ostalih čimbenika koji utječu na proces proizvodnje i njegovo usporavanje. Zbog toga se automatizacijom i modernizacijom strojeva pokušava što više smanjiti zaustavljanje i usporavanje proizvodnje. Sustav kontrole kvalitete papira i upravljanja proizvodnim procesom omogučava da se iz kontrolne sobe sa računala daljinski upravlja pojedinim djelovima stroja i vrši pregled trenutnog stanja proizvodnje. Mjerna platforma u sebi sadrži razne senzore koji održavaju vrijednosti postavljene od strane odgovorne osobe i tako održava kvalitetu proizvoda u cjelini. Paper is one of the most prominent products in the world and so large quantities are needed to provide and meet the various consumers and paper makers. The paper mill in Belišće uses recycled paper as a primary raw material for paper production and in smaller quantities of wood raw material. A lot of paper is needed to cover the cost of production and operation of machines and electricity consumption due to their full-day work. As in any business, so in paper production, it is normal to have various faults and other factors that affect the production process and its slowdown. As a result, the automation and modernization of the machines themselves are trying to reduce production stoppage and deceleration as much as possible. The Paper Quality Control and Production Process Management system allows remote control of the individual parts of the machine from the computer control room and reviews the current state of production. The measuring platform contains various sensors that maintain the values set by the responsible persons and thus maintains the quality of the product as a whole.

Ovim radom se na temelju analize vrši usporedba umjetno proizvedenih materijala za toplinsko izoliranje sa prirodnima. Analizirani umjetni materijali su stiropor, mineralna vuna i poliuretan, a uspoređivani su sa slamom, ovčjom vunom, plutom i papirom. Na temelju analize i usporedbe donesen je zaključak da su prirodni materijali dugotrajniji, neštetni za ljudsko zdravlje, jednostavnija je njihova proizvodnja i ugradnja, koeficijenti toplinske vodljivosti i koeficijenti prolaska topline zadovoljavaju uvijete kao i umjetni, te ono najvažnije u cjelokupnom životnom vijeku ne štete okolišu i nikad ne postaju smeće. No, unatoč svemu tome gotovo da se i ne koriste u RH, jer su nedostupni kao finalni proizvod spreman za ugradnju, nego ih moramo sami proizvesti. In this work is an analysis based on comparison of artificially produced materials for thermal insulation with the natural. The analyzed artificial materials are styrofoam, mineral wool and polyurethane, and they are compared with straw, sheep wool, plum and paper. Based on the analysis and comparison, the conclusion is that natural materials are longer-lasting, harmless to human health, their production and installation is simpler, heat conductivity coefficients and heat transfer coefficients meet the conditions as well as artificial, and the most important is that they in ther overall life-cycle does not harm the environment and They never become garbage. But despite this, they are almost unused in Croatia because they are unavailable as the final product ready for installation, but we have to produce them ourselves.

Kulturna baština većinom se sastoji od organskih tvari koje su podložne biodegradaciji. Među biološkim uzročnicima oštećenja materijala knjižnične građe najrasprostranjenije su različite vrste plijesni. Najopasnije plijesni za papir su one koje imaju sposobnost proizvodnje celulaznog enzimskog kompleksa, koji razgrađuje i oštećuje celulozu, glavni sastojak papira. Spore plijesni stalno su prisutne u zraku, u prašini i na predmetima, i u povoljnim uvjetima iz njih će se razviti plijesan. Stupanj podložnosti papira napadu plijesni ovisi o kemijskim svojstvima papira i fizičkim uvjetima u knjižnici. Kritični čimbenici okoliša pogodni za rast i razvoj plijesni na papiru su prisutnost spora plijesni, izvor hranjivih tvari, dovoljna količina vlage, odgovarajuća temperatura za određenu vrstu plijesni i ograničeno strujanje zraka. Najvažniji uvjet koji plijesni trebaju za klijanje spora je vlaga. Najbolji način za prevenciju napada plijesni su higijenske mjere i uklanjanje uvjeta koji bi mogli omogućiti njihov razvoj. Zaraženu građu potrebno je izolirati i određenim postupcima očistiti i dezinficirati. Rodovi plijesni koji se najčešće nalaze na papiru su Chaetomium, Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Stemphylium, Alternaria, Stachybotrys i Cladosporium. U ovom radu sistematizirano je 47 vrsta plijesni koje su najčešće izolirane s papira., Cultural heritage items are composed mainly of organic compounds which are susceptible to biodegradation. Various molds species are the most widespread biological agents that cause damage to library materials. Molds that can produce cellulose enzymatic complex, which degrades and damages cellulose, are most dangerous to paper, because cellulose is its main component. Mold spores are constantly present in the air, in the dust and on various objects, and in the favourable conditions the molds will easily develop. The degree of paper susceptibility to mold attack depends on the chemical characteristics of the paper and the environmental conditions in the library. Critical environmental factors, which are favorable for mold growth on paper, are presence of mold spores, source of nutrients, sufficient moisture, appropriate temperature for certain species of mold and limited air circulation. The most important condition for germination of mold spores is moisture. Good hygienic measures and elimination of environmental conditions that can cause mold growth are the best means of prevention of mold attacks. Infected materials have to be isolated, cleaned and disinfected by specified procedures. The most common genera of molds on paper are Chaetomium, Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Stemphylium, Alternaria, Stachybotrys and Cladosporium. The 47 mold species that are most frequently isolated from paper are systematized in this study.

Ovim se istraživanjem nastojalo otkriti ovisnost količine DNA-traga o različitim čimbenicima. Analizirala se povezanost dobi i spola donora te količine DNA koju su ispitanici ostavili na predmetima različite teksture (papir, plastika, plastificirani metal) prilikom trljanja prstima i dlanom ili držanja predmeta u ruci te ovisnost količine DNA-traga o vremenu kontakta ispitanika s predmetima. Predmeti su prebrisani navlaženim vatiranim štapićem, DNA se izolirala metodom Chelex, a za kvantifikaciju DNA se koristila lančana reakcija polimerazom u stvarnom vremenu (engl. Real Time PCR). Rezultati su pokazali da je količina DNA-traga neovisna o vremenu u kojem je ispitanik bio u dodiru s predmetima. Nasuprot tome, ovisna je o teksturi predmeta pri čemu je najveća količina DNA-traga ostala na plastificiranom metalu, a najmanja na papiru. Osobe između 35 i 44 godine starosti te muškarci ostavili su najveću količinu DNA-traga. Konačno, u ovom smo radu pokazali da je svojstvo ostavljanja određene količine DNA na predmetima individualno. The aim of this research was to discover the dependence of trace DNA quantity on various factors. We analyzed the correlation between handling time, donor age and gender and quantity of DNA trace left by individuals on items of different textures (paper, plastic, plastic coated metal) during rubbing with fingers and palm or holding items in a hand. Items were swabbed with moistened cotton swab, DNA was isolated by Chelex method and quantified by Real Time PCR. The results showed the amount of DNA transferred to an item was independent of the handling time. In contrast, it was dependent of item texture where the greatest amount was left on plastic coated metal and the least on paper. The greatest amount of DNA trace was left by individuals ranging in age from 35 to 44 years and men. Finally, this study showed that the tendency to deposit DNA on an item was an independent characteristic of a person.

Trgovci papirom i pergamentom koji su opskrbljivali urede Dubrovačke Republike i uvezivali knjige, navedeni u izvorima kao librari ili knjižari, pridonijeli su u 16. stoljeću strukturiranju upravnog i sudskog aparata. Njihova djelatnost istražena je u prizmi međusobnih odnosa, profesionalne povezanosti i ugovornih veza s državom koja ih je financirala, te s obzirom na proizvod koji su dopremali u grad, a stekao je stratešku važnost., The gradual process in which the medieval commune of Dubrovnik developed into a classical city-state in the first half of the 16th century was related both to the outer and to the inner elements. Among the latter the most important role belonged to the establishment of a firm, reliable and well organised web of clerks. Since their work would have been impossible without a continuous supply of paper and parchment, the Government signed several contracts with various entrepreneurs who were undertaken to fulfil all such needs, including also the book binding. The primary sources always describe them simply as librarii. They were coming from various backgrounds, including native people and Italians, priests and laity, nobles and commoners. Although they had never formed a proper corporation, their profession enjoyed a particular status due to a relatively small, but regular income, their mutual connections (including education of apprentices) and particular professional knowledge they had, especially that of making parchment. The first decades of the 16th century witnessed to a severe restriction imposed to all civil servants, but since 1540s sources are particularly abundant with news concerning the parchment and paper supply. Therefore we traced the roots of paper from Venice and Ancona to Dubrovnik and, occasionally, to the Ottoman Empire afterwards. We are precisely informed about the prices, careers of several librarii who worked in a span of several decades and their mutual relations. Also, as there were various kinds of paper being supplied to the State offices, it is easily possible to perceive their value. Towards the end of the Republic the flourishing days gradually disappeared and 1790s brought just a single request from a local priest to learn the service of bookbinding in Rome. However, thousands of books kept today in the State Archives of Dubrovnik undoubtedly testify about the quality of the late librarii and their work.