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The paper discusses the clash between State Security (Státní bezpečnost) and political dissent during Czechoslovak normalisation, or rather one of its aspects: the expert knowledge that both sides used in the conflict. While State Security was making an effort to improve in the field of psychology and also in its use of technology, especially during surveillance, the dissidents gradually acquired a perfect knowledge of the Czechoslovak legal system, which helped them to defend themselves, at least to some extent, against the harassment by the security apparatus. The paper discusses the approaches taken by both sides as well as how they actually worked in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Work demands for productivity and flexibility are on the rise. In the last 20 years, hourly productivity has increased by 20 % (OECD, 2020). One of the adverse consequences of increased work demands is work stress (Quick & Henderson, 2016). There has been a growing need for organizations to reduce work stress, which is why stress management interventions (SMI) are quickly gaining popularity (Kröll et al., 2017). The aim of this paper is to introduce mindfulness and relaxation as approaches used in stress management interventions (SMI) in the work environment. Mindfulness is an ability we can cultivate with training and consists of two basic skills – monitoring of present-moment experience (based on attention and awareness) and attitude of acceptance and openness towards own experience. Accepting attitude has an essential role in stress management. Relaxation causes stress reduction in two ways: by promoting beneficial physiological processes (improved breathing rate, heart rate) and by focusing on pleasant, relaxing sensations. The paper characterizes these approaches, discussing their efficacy, specificities, differences, and circumstances that support their effectiveness. Method. The efficacy of the investigated approaches was evaluated through the most up-to-date meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. Papers were searched through the Scopus database. Results. The results of the meta-analyses of mindfulness SMI agreed on satisfactory efficacy, showing a medium effect size. The findings of meta-analyses of relaxation SMI also demonstrated a medium effect size and suggested yoga-based interventions might be most effective. More importantly, both approaches are characterised by certain advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of the mindfulness approach include proven effectiveness in stress reduction and also other benefits in the work environment, such as improved creativity and problem-solving skills. However, practising mindfulness requires a lot of discipline, time and high commitment. The relaxation approach seems to offer stress reduction but no other benefits. Relaxation is also easier to learn and practice. Therefore, the mindfulness approach and the relaxation approach may be more appropriate for different groups of workers. For workers preferring straightforward instructions, easy-to-understand concepts, and less time-consuming interventions, relaxation is probably a more suitable alternative (Kaspereen, 2012). Highly motivated workers, willing to undergo more time consuming and harder-to-understand training, may benefit more from mindfulness interventions. Mindfulness interventions may also be more appropriate for workers whose jobs involve a lot of planning and mental work and who may suffer from rumination of negative thoughts (Jain et al., 2007). Therefore, if organisations plan to reduce workers’ stress, it is essential to identify workers’ preferences and carefully weigh the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Discussion. Mindfulness and relaxation SMI can both be considered as options for reducing stress in the workplace in certain circumstances. The key is to identify the preferences of the workers in question and ensure that the chosen intervention is implemented well and thoroughly. The article offers a new perspective on the topic of dealing with stress in the workplace. This information is beneficial not only for researchers but also for psychologists/managers seeking solutions for their organisations. The study is limited by the fact that mindfulness and relaxation SMI in the workplace are not researched to the same extent. Future researchers should consider an experimental comparison of quality yoga and mindfulnessinterventions, in different work settings.

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This paper is based on the one of the author’s diploma thesis defended at the Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University in 2019. The main objective is to present forensic psychology research, especially the research focused on the perception of justice in legally regulated decision-making procedures. Due to the absence of domestic sources, the main attention is focused on foreign research. Finally, it is the ambition of the presented paper to contribute to the professional discussion on the relevant topic within the Czech psychological community. The empirical part presents the newly developed Questionnaire of Perceived Justice in Mediation (DVSM), it’s creating stages and limitations. Also, another research activity of the authors is presented, in which the limitation of DVSM are addressed.

The aim of this contribution is to convey the knowledge from the practice about the hurting impact on the psyche of the family and the bereaved of the victims of crimes, tragic events and the extraordinary disasters in case the information about the event is published on the social networks and news portals on the Internet. It is not the aim of this paper to name all the reactions and possibilities. It aims to present a different point of view on the publishing of this kind of information and makes the readers to think about. We live in the time when anything can be documented, filmed, photographed, sent and published on the social network really easily. It can be seen how media are able to react quickly to the tragic events. It occurs very often that the photograph from the place of the tragedy appears on the Internet much earlier than the family related to this case is informed. And even the situation that the mentioned families get the information about the tragedy just through the Internet is not an exception. This paper outlines the experience of the affected persons, who can read the story and the comment of different users about the tragedy that caught them personally. It is possible that published information is more or less in correspondence with the reality but the most hurting is the fact that their private details can be revealed, in many times even their intimate details. This takes part in the secondary victimization. Then the crisis intervention by the police and possible further following therapy and consultancy is more complicated.

Copyright of Pedagogická Orientace is the property of Pedagogicka Orientace and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of the present article is to describe and evaluate a pilot traffic safety project, “Live to Be Twenty”, run by the Kolečko endowment fund and its partners. Targeted at students in the 17-19 age category, the project was carried out from September 2015 to June 2016 at selected secondary schools, including grammar schools, in the Central Bohemia and Ústí nad Labem regions. The paper provides an outline of the basic concepts concerning the raising of public awareness of traffic safety-related issues, particularly as regards adolescents’ risk-taking behaviour and their specific personality aspects and the ways in which the environment may influence their thinking and behaviour. General statistics showing the rates of injuries among children and adolescents are also provided. The main focus of the article is on prevention and traffic education, with a view to the secondary school context, and the young people’s readiness to provide first aid. In addition, the paper examines thoroughly the effectiveness of the project and the degree of its effect on its participants. It seeks to establish to what extent the project may have influenced the thinking, attitudes, and behaviour of the young people who participated in it. The evaluation study was intended to answer the questions of whether and to what extent the project had an impact on the students (and for how long). The results suggest that the project had a significant effect on the students’ attitudes and their readiness to provide first aid. However, this effect was short-lived: no effect was demonstrated at a three-month follow-up. In conclusion, the findings are, used to recommend changes for the future implementation of the project, including the better practical utilisation of the experience and results generated by the project and incorporating the project into a long-term and systematic policy covering the school-based prevention of risk behaviour.

Psychology has many applications including psychological testing. In this paper, an attempt is made to identify the types of tests used in Ghana and discuss the problems associated with the current state of psychological testing in Ghana. It was concluded that the current state of psychological testing has been too Eurocentric and Westernized. As a result, it limits the applicability and usefulness of the tests in the Ghanaian setting. After this critical evaluation, suggestions were then made for the improving psychological testing in terms of construction of Ghana-centric tests and validation of imported tests. Though this paper focuses on Ghana, it is expected that the discussions and recommendations would equally be relevant for other non-European and non-American populations of world.

Problematic internet use (PIU) is considered as a relatively new area of risk taking behaviour, which deals with uncontrolled use of the Internet with negative outcomes (impact) on individuals (Caplan, 2010). This paper focuses on relationship between personality factors, depression and problematic internet use among students of secondary schools and universities in Ostrava region. The aim of the paper was to determine whether personality factors and depression predict problematic internet use among young students. Studies dealing with problematic internet use (Caplan, 2010; Young 1998; Davis, 2001 etc.) show that personality is one of the factor which may be associated with internet addiction or other forms of risk behaviour (Kolibáš, Novotný, 1996; Kopasová, 2000; Hemochová, Vaňková & Drlíková in Výrost & Slameník, 2001). Personality was measured by the questionnaire HEXACO (Ashton & Lee, 2009), depression was measured by a modified version of Beck Depression Inventory (M-BDI; Schmitt, Beckmann, Dusi, Maes, Schiller &Schonauer, 2003), the problematic internet use was measured by Generalized problematic internet use scale (GPIUS2; Caplan, 2010). The research sample consisted of 279 students of secondary schools and universities in Ostrava region. There were 200 (71.7%) high school students while the number of the university students was 79 (28.3%). The mean age of the sample was M = 18,5 years, SD = 2,73 and 79,9% were women. The results of Pearson correlation coefficients showed a positive relationship between depression, emotionality and PIU. Between the personality factors honesty-humility, extroversion and conscientiousness was a negative relationship with the PIU. Results of the regression analysis showed four factors - conscientiousness, depression, honesty-humility and emotions that explain 26% of the variance of the Problematic internet use among our research sample. The results confirm the importance of examining personality factors and depression in relation to the PIU. It can be said, that these findings confirm the importance of examining the modern global social issue - problematic Internet use among students at secondary school and universities. It is also important to pay attention to the occurrence of depressive symptoms in adulthood. Results can be used as a basis for development of preventive programs, education programs or trainings programs, which could help to raise awareness in the field of information technologies and their negative impact on the mental life. This study has several limits. There is unequal representation of men and women as well as greater representation of secondary school students. Electronic data collection can be another limit of the study.

Problem. The paper offers findings about selected educational aspects of children’s academic performance, examined here in terms of sociodemographic variables, BMI percentile values, cognitive test scores, weight bias internalization scale and self­ ­concept scale with an aim to detect whether and to what extent these factors contribute to children’s school results. Methods. 557 fifth graders were administered Vana’s Intelligence Test, the Piers‑Harris 2 self­‑concept questionnaire and other tools. Children’s educational aspects were assessed in terms of school Absence, Grade Point Average, and Czech and Mathematics grades, with data obtained from their most recent report cards under the Informed consent of their legal representatives and in compliance with ethical standards. Results. Prepubescent children from stronger socio­‑economic backgrounds suffer from overweight/obesity less often and perform slightly better at school. The present results suggest a link between weight bias internalization and overweight/obesity, and a somewhat weaker link between self­‑concept and overweight/obesity in the non­‑clinical population of prepubescent children. In these relationships of overweight/obese children, as in the cases of alarmingly high school absence, gender is an important variable. Multinomial logistic regression modelling the relationship between Czech and Mathematics grades and selected factors discovered that chances for a worse grade were significantly reduced by the results of Vana’s Intelligence Test in both the subjects, while the Self‑concept total score proved to be an insignificant factor. Conversely, pupils’ Czech grades were negatively influenced by increased BMI (quartile), higher Absence rate, male Gender, Presence of only one parent in the family and WBI, while in Mathematics, in addition to the above­ ­discussed, significant regressors only included Absence and Presence of only one parent. Discussions. The results of the Self‑concept total score, the level of which is generally lower in girls than in boys in the population of Czech prepubescent children, agree with other authors’ experience. The connection between the male sex and poorer performance in Czech can be partly explained by the fact that the development of speech, reading, writing and grammar is generally less complicated for school­‑age girls than boys. We can ask why a higher BMI quartile increases the chances of a worse grade only in the case of Czech language? So far, we can only speculate about the causes. In our opinion, it is possible that the impact of parents’ education on the performance of children of this age is more pronounced in the Czech language (compared to Mathematics). The other possibility of the impact of the BMI quartile on the Czech grade is the significant predominance of boys in the o/o group. On the other hand, it should be noted that this argument would not explain the o/o children’s poorer Grade Point Average score. However, we believe that the above reasons answer partially this question. Conclusion. The vulnerability of o/o girls is pronounced in some domains of Selfconcept and Weight bias internalization, while in boys it is reflected in the more frequent occurrence of high levels of Absenteeism, with the precise causes of this being still subject to speculation. In this regard, workers in the cooperating professions should pay continuous attention to strengthening the desirable aspects of education and healthy lifestyle among vulnerable groups of children. Educational aspects of overweight/obese children should therefore continue to receive increased attention.

Problem and methods: Physical appearance is one of the key components of selfperception from early childhood. An individual’s perceived physical attractiveness is largely conditioned by geographical, cultural and historical factors. Every culture develops its own criteria of attractiveness and any deviations to those are often a cause of ostracism, for example through exclusion or rejection. Still, there are certain universal principles of attractiveness (e.g. a higher waist-hip ratio, facial symmetry, sexually dimorphic features), which exist across cultures and time periods with little variation. To measure a person’s level of satisfaction with his/her physical appearance, psychologists regularly employ figure rating scales. The primary goal of our work was to develop and verify an updated visual body rating scale called the Basic Olomouc Body Rating (BOBR), making sure that it is widely usable, valid and reliable. The scale was created using the method of document analysis of academic papers according body-rating scales and a method of interview with potential probands. In the pilot data gathering phase, a group of respondents was presented with the 3 scales commonly used in the European context, i.e. FDS (Stunkard, Sorensen & Schulsinger, 1983), CDRS (Thompson & Gray, 1995) and BIAS-BD (Gardner, Jappe & Gardner, 2009). The purpose of this was to get feedback on these scales and find out if people are able to use these scales to rate themselves. New schematic figure rating scale for both men and women which would do away with the limitations of the scales used so far was developed. Results: The result is creation of a body-rating scale widely usable in further research and practical consulting. The paper briefly summarizes results of an additional study – the goal definition phase was followed by online research on the subject of body image and the self-perceived sexual attractiveness. Altogether, 5,616 respondents from the Czech Republic responded to questions such as ‘How do I look?’, ‘How do I want to look?’ and ‘Which figures of the same and opposite sex do I find the most sexually attractive?’ The participants indicated their responses on the BOBR 10-point figure rating scale. The results showed a significant divergence between the responses to the questions ‘I want to look’ and ‘I look’ among men, but also among women (p = 0.00; p = 0.00). Our research findings do not differ from the findings of other authors. Body dissatisfaction is a relatively common phenomenon, especially in women and in relation to weight. While women would like to be thinner, body dissatisfaction in men goes both ways, i.e. men, more frequently than women, would like to have a fuller figure. Compared with women, men are more frequently dissatisfied with their height. Conclusion: The main conclusion of the study is creation of the BOBR figure – rating scale, which was validated and is ready to be used in further researches. Further on, the scale has been verified in terms of validity and reliability; and a significant divergence was found between the responses to the questions ‘I want to look’ and ‘I look’ among both men and women. At this stage, the scale has been validated as an instrument and demonstrated to be useful for a variety of tasks: The fact that the scale has been received well also increases its potential and usability, for example in consulting psychology or as an ice-breaker during therapy sessions for individuals suffering from eating disorders.

Clients in treatment and aftercare programmes with a history of long-term abuse of substances like alcohol, cannabis, methamphetamine or heroin often exhibit serious problems while coming back to the working process and managing complex responsibilities and difficulties. It is very important to find a job in the aftercare process for many reasons. It is a source of living, it enables clients to plan their own housing, and it makes repayment of debts possible. Job is also important for establishing new social relations which are not connected with problematic drug environment. Last but not least employment contributes to a reconstruction of a healthy rhythm of life and meaningful spending of time. Thus it is very important for decreasing a probability of a relapse. This process can be disrupted by the deteriorated cognitive functioning. These problems may not be evident in an everyday life routine while talking with friends or performing automatic activities, but can be evident in demanding working tasks, because the job usually requires concentration, memory, decision making etc. The Goal of this study is an evaluation of potential benefits an individual cognitive performance assessment can have in treatment and aftercare. The paper summarizes pilot research in which a complete Neuro-psychological battery of diagnostic methods such as Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT), Verbal fluency Test (FAS), Trail Making Test (TMT), Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF), Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT), Stroop Colour Word Test (SCWT) and Numeric square is used for assessment of cognitive functions of a small sample of treated clients (N=24). We present two case histories with detailed results. In some cases, in line with the expectations, the worsened cognitive functioning is evident. We recommend a cognitive training focused on attention and memory for three clients. In other cases, surprisingly, we can find normal cognitive functions quality, but another obstruction for optimal performance, such as enhanced anxiety, can be detected. Probably, long-term drug abusers can have a larger tendency to be anxious, due to a problematical self-image and fighting other difficulties. An effect of comorbidity should also be taken into account. A depression or anxious syndromes or other common problems can take their part anyway. But it is important to notify that in our sample are not present any confirmed psychiatric diagnoses other than the syndrome of dependence. Standard aftercare programmes devote a lot of attention to another aspect of a treatment like psychosocial, physical and/or socioeconomic issues, but the cognitive assessment and the cognitive training is not a standard part of their effort. We believe that individualized and detailed assessment of cognitive functions of clients in the aftercare programmes can contribute to creating an optimal therapeutic plan which has a larger chance to be effective and successful. This paper is a pilot study for a more extensive quantitative study with larger number of clients in which we will try to compare specific effect of different kind of drugs. We would like to describe the long-term effect of abuse of drugs like alcohol, cannabis, methamphetamine and heroin. Negative effects of drugs for human cognitive functioning are evident. But we can't say that an effect of specific drugs itself is the only cause. Patterns of use, combinations with other substances, and effects of additives or regime of life and so on are also very important. From the point of view of methodology, this area is therefore rather problematic. We would like to bring more awareness of this theme using already tested battery of psychodiagnostic methods.

Problem: The paper is dealing with a psychological approach to the work with families and their children at a shelter home. It describes the circumstances and conditions for the work in the specific socio-therapeutic environment of the Horni Pocernice Shelter Home. The main research question - 'What are the options of psychological intervention and psychotherapeutic work with clients in the scope of services offered by the shelter home in Horni Pocernice'- works with the hypopaper that psychology and psychotherapy have their place within and next to social services. For clients who use services of this shelter home is this work essential and contributes to better understanding of their life situation and their social relations. Effectivity of psychological work in the environment of a shelter home is in a great deal connected to its acceptance, inner belief and understanding of its real possibilities by every single social worker. Lack of understanding, distorted expectations both on the side of social workers and psychologists complicate or even prevent psychotherapeutic work with clients for whom the requirements and demands of social workers are determining during their stay. Methods: This paper is based on the design of ethnographic field research. Empirical design of this research is defined by the premises of the shelter home and the time period from 2007 to 2012. Therapeutic possibilities of clients are examined from the position of psychologist and psychotherapist of this centre who offers his/her services once a week for about 5 to 7 hours. The research sample was being created during the collection of data in the examined period and its analysis when it was early established with respect to the research question that all available cases typical for full collection will be included (there were 646 clients in the examined period). Results: The answer to the main research question concerns two variables which are related to each other. The target group, which is described with the use of demographic and social characteristics, and the position of psychotherapy in social services. The differences, conditions and limitations of various approaches of assisting professions in the shelter home are organised into a three-dimensional model with interlinked variables where the socio-therapeutic environment of the shelter home represents the width, the social work represents the height and the psychological counselling represents the depth. This paper presents the results of the functioning concept of psychological work with all clients and its typical results. It describes and analyses some of the variables which generally work in psychotherapy and which are specific factors in this environment: relationship between a therapeutist and a client, variables on the side of a client, used techniques and non-therapeutical factors. Discussion and assessment of results: The final part evaluates the work of psychologist and psychotherapist in the context of the socio-therapeutic environment which by its nature calls for changes. It points out various views of social workers and psychologists or psychotherapists in their evaluation of co-operation with individual clients and shows a different conception of relationship between an evaluator and a person being evaluated which makes those two approaches different yet complementary in the complex of services. Conclusion: The conclusion brings an assessment of the importance of psychotherapy in social services as an activity determined by the concept of social work and psychotherapy and their historical continuity in individual countries.

This article presents the results of the qualitative research, which pursued the topic of satisfaction in relationships in Czech couples. The results are compared with the outcomes of several studies from abroad. The first part of the paper consists of a brief introduction to the topic and present the results of studies with a similar design. The second part describes the research, which was part of Zuzana Kalousovaʼs thesis in 2017. It is a qualitative research conducted via half-structured interviews with 22 respondents who have been in a satisfactory relationship for over ten years. To analyze the data, we used grounded theory. The results were ten categories that contributed to satisfaction in relationships: overcoming of differences and obstacles, doing things together, communication, endurance, not trying to solve everything, harmony, safety, good choice of spouse, stable financial situation, family.

The paper aims on the issue of negative consequences of playing MMORPG and their relation to gaming addiction. The sample was composed of 786 respondents (685 males and 101 females) with a mean age of 21 years. The newly created questionnaire presence of negative consequences (using the items from PRIME-MD questionnaire) and a shortened version of the gaming addiction questionnaire (Lemmens, Valkenburg, Peter, 2009) were used. The results showed the presence of a number of adverse consequences. In the area of health problems we observed mainly neglect of sleep (48%), back pain (21.5%) and neglect of food (17.8%). As the most problematic areas seem the social and work life, where a quarter of respondents reported neglect of family and friends (24.9%), complaints of neighborhood about excessive gaming (24.7%) devoting of all free time to playing (22.5%), preference for playing in front of other work/school activities (29.5%). Less than a fifth of the respondents also reported feelings of anger towards those who are disturbing them while playing (16.9%) and worsening of work/study performance (15.3%). Correlation analysis showed a strong relationship between all negative consequences and gaming addiction (r = ,444 - ,577), as well as moderately strong relationship between negative consequences and the number of hours played per week (r = ,293 - ,388). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on mutual relations of the belief in a just world and various life satisfaction aspects. More specifically, the function of the belief in a just world in relation between depressivity and experienced psychosocial stress is explored. Structural model assuming mediational effect of personal and general belief in a just world on relation between depressivity and psychosocial stress was successfully verified. Study sample consisted of 266 15-years-old Czech adolescents (136 girls, 130 boys), participating on international project "ELSPAC" (European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood). Results show partial mediation effect of personal belief in justice and only a marginal mediation effect of general belief in justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on the thesis made by the author himself and defended in 2015. It focuses on fairy tale movies and their socializing role in the transfer of values. Fairy tales often contain values and learn children to distinguish different ways of behavior and relating to the world. Film as a medium is very popular and fairy tale movies are therefore highly watched; their importance for the children development and the adoption of basic values should therefore be explored. The empirical research consists of a content analysis of six selected Czech (and Czechoslovak) fairy tales and the coding of situations that are worthwhile in terms of values. Based on these data, it is possible to identify trends in the concept of values across different fairy tales. For example, older fairy tales are more distinctive in values and therefore more educational for children while the newer ones tend to focus on entertainment and fusion of genres.

The paper is focused on the issue of social support of pupils of the Roma ethnic group who are in the adolescence. The aim of the research was to map social support – namely its resources (mom, father, teacher, friends, classmates, teacher assistant, social worker) and types (emotional, instrumental, provided through evaluation and information) in the frequency and importance of perceived social support. The secondary goal was to compare the resources and types of social support with respect to the type of settlement in which respondents live. The research sample consisted of 79 pupils of the seventh to ninth year of elementary school in Rakúsy. Rakúsy rank among the municipalities with one of the highest shares of the Roma population in Slovakia. 46 boys and 33 girls participated in the research, 61 pupils came from the outpost and 18 pupils from the village. We made a deliberate qualified selection. The main method was the CASSS-CZ questionnaire (Questionnaire of social support of pupils and adolescents – Czech version), further data was supplemented by a structured interview. We used descriptive statistics and pair U-test. Research shows that pupils most often receive social support from their mother, who is also the most important source for them. The least important source of support for them is the teacher. Smallest support is provided from a social worker. As far as the individual types of support are concerned, they are mostly provided with informational support, but emotional support is important as well. Some statistically significant differences in individual types and sources of social support were confirmed with respect to the type of settlement of respondents. Contribution of the article is to find out the preferred sources and types of support in children of the Roma ethnic group and subsequent recommendations to practice.

Principal’s vision along with the style of school leadership are important factors influencing school culture and thus also relationships among the teaching staff. The aim of the present paper is to present a part of the results from a series of 12 case studies of elementary schools focusing on principals’ visions, the resulting leadership styles and their reflection in ways of fostering relationships among the staff. Each case study consisted of a combination of data collection methods: questionnaire survey among teachers, interview with school management, interviews with selected teachers, analysis of school documents, and observation of school life, while the main source of data for the current contribution were 58 interviews with directors, deputy directors and teachers from 12 case schools. Relationships among teaching staff have emerged as a key value in principal’s vision. Consequently, school management uses various practices to promote professional and/or personal relationships among teachers. Based on the case studies, we identified three basic types of principals’ visions, which differ in the roles that leadership assigns to relationships among teachers. The types of visions were labeled “hearters,” “managers,” and “survivors.” The length of the time in management function and the specificity of the school compared to the others shoved both as significant factors influencing principal’s vision.

My aim in this paper is to address some difficulties related to the development of an emerging research program called world art studies. While it originates as a European discipline in the German scholarly tradition around 1900 (Pfisterer in Zijlmans, 2008), this program comes to the fore only recently (Onians, 1996, 2016), with recent advances in natural and cognitive sciences which hold promise for providing more inclusive categories that could serve the study of art as a worldwide phenomenon. I focus more specifically on the strengths and weaknesses of psychology as explanatory framework for world art studies. Unlike the romantic art historiographers of the late 19th century, contemporary scholars no longer dwell on collective mentalities or spirits of an age (Gombrich, 1967) but the problem of postulating mysterious faculties in relation to art behavior and aesthetic response is still present when adopting as an entry point the universality of human nature.

Problem. The popularity of video games is constantly rising and video games playing needs to be considered an essential part of the life of vast majority of adolescents. Excessive video game play may result in addiction, which is known to be linked to many negative phenomena. Relevant literature mentions the existence of a relationship between loneliness and video game addiction (e.g. Lemmens, Valkenburg, & Peter, 2009, 2011; Van Rooij, Schoenmakers, Vermulst, Van Den Eijnden, & Van De Mheen, 2011)we created 21 items to measure seven underlying criteria (i.e., salience, tolerance, mood modification, relapse, withdrawal, conflict, and problems. The aim of this study is to examine the nature of the relationship between the two constructs using a non-recursive model. Method. The research sample consisted of 479 participants (49.7 % girls) aged 12–18 (m = 14.76; sd = 1.68). The data was collected in the school environment using pencil-paper questionnaire. In the study, the following questionnaires were used: Game addiction scale (? = 0,962); Social identity as a player (? = 0,954); Game engagement questionnaire (? = 0,880); UCLA loneliness scale (? = 0.867), Index of family relations (? = 0,867), and Index of peer relations (? = 0.827). Within the non-recursive model, frequency of playing, identity as a player and game engagement were used as instrumental variables for videogame addiction. In case of loneliness, variables reflecting the quality of family and peer relationships were used. Results. Game addiction is most related to perceived game engagement (ß = 0.382) and loneliness to low quality of peer relationships (ß = -0.505). It was found that the postulated non-recursive model data fits the data well (?2 = 1.576; df = 3; p = 0.665) and its results indicate that loneliness can enhance video game addiction (ß = 0.271). Conclusion. The presented study contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between video game addiction and loneliness. The results of the study suggest that loneliness during adolescence may contribute to the development of addiction to video games.

Following the theoretical and empirical findings, the aim of the study was to verify the shift in multicultural attitudes by observing the change towards tolerance in university students after applying the Stimulation Tolerance Program. In the introduction, the paper presents research findings on the issue of (in)tolerance in the Central European area in different population groups. Based on the results of research stating deterioration in perception of foreigners by Slovak citizens, the intention was to develop a program developing multicultural tolerance through creative group activities. The research sample consisted of 40 students in the 3rd year of bachelor study at the Faculty of Psychology, Pan-European University in Bratislava, with 5 men and 35 women. The average age of students was 23 years (20–43 years). Students‘ attitudes were examined through the Semantic Differential Scale with five relevant concepts as stimuli: “I”, “Slovak citizen”, “Migrant”, “Refugee”, “Multicultural Tolerance”. Participants scored the concepts on a 7-point scale between 12 pairs of bipolar adjectives. The Semantic Differential Scale was administered in the 1st week of the semester before the application of the 12-week program and the week after its end. The core of the program was to provide students with an educational and experimental form of basic orientation on the issue of tolerance to differences, to present multicultural (in)tolerance as a part of today’s world and to develop social skills of multicultural communication with other groups of people in terms of culture, nation, race, religion or minority. The collected data were processed through the SPSS statistical program using descriptive statistics, non-parametric Wilcoxon test and measure of effect size. Findings have shown that the program has induced changes in students with more favourable perception of themselves (concept “I”). There have been changes on scale in three pairs of adjectives (beautiful – ugly, friendly – hostile, hot – cold), that were statistically significant and showed small/medium/large effect size. There were positive shifts in adjectives mighty, close, calm and hot in the concept “Slovak citizen”, that were on the edge of statistical significance and effect size was small/medium. Even more positive significant average values of the meaning of the concept “Migrant” on all scales after the intervention programme indicate its effectiveness. Positive shifts were also found on all scales of the concept “Refugee” (except for the adjectives – active – passive). In four scales there is a moderate effect size, in one scale (friendly – hostile) there was a small effect size. The concept “Multicultural Tolerance” showed statistically significant positive changes in 10 out of 12 scales, very large effect size was noted in 6 scales. In line with other research, the intervention program has induced positive changes towards the personality maturity of students. Moreover, on the basis of new experiences with effective behavioural patterns in social situations in a safe and supportive environment, students have acquired more favourable perceptions of themselves (as Slovaks) and other people (migrants, refugees). The most positive changes were found in the concept Multicultural Tolerance, which shows the positive impact of the program on students‘ attitudes towards cultural, social, ethnic, religious or racially different people. The differences in the results of both measurements (before and after the program) showed the effect of the implemented program in the direction of positive changes in attitudes of university students towards themselves, but also to other people in terms of a more tolerant perception of differences. The results confirmed the programme’s potential for developing attitudes in the area of tolerance and especially multicultural tolerance.

This paper deals with two constructs – social desirability and integrity. Both constructs are related to honesty and trustfulness. Socially desirable responding interferes with accurate self-presentation and therefore can contaminate data from self-report questionnaires (Paulhus, 2002). Person with integrity is one who is not only honest but also has a strong sense for moral principles and is consistent (Dudzinski, 2004). Integrity is one of character strengths and virtues (Peterson & Seligmana, 2004a). Integrity and social desirability are operationalized by questionnaires. Using qualitative methods to assess social desirability and integrity can help to establish a conceptual framework of both vaguely defines constructs (Barnard, Schurink, & De Beer, 2008). The main aim of this study is to develop a semi-structured interview assessing integrity and social desirability. The interview is based on original Czech test battery focusing on integrity at the workplace – Integrita v Pracovním Prostředí (Příhodová et al., 2017). Specifically, overt integrity test Integrita v Pracovním a Běžném Životě alongside with questionnaire assessing social desirability was used. Semantic and correlation analysis of these two questionnaires helped to create a total of eight questions forming the semi-structured interview. The questions mainly cover lying, cheating and theft. Each question includes a short story from everyday life, and the respondent is asked to judge his or her behaviour in the presented situation and subsequently the behaviour of others as well. Respondents are asked to judge behaviour of others because it´s hypothesised that dishonest behaviour is more likely to occur in respondents who approve of dishonest behaviour of others, in those who have a positive attitude towards dishonest behaviour in general and in those who have behaved dishonestly in the past (Van Iddekinge, Roth, Raymark, & Odle-Dusseau, 2012). Eight respondents (4 women, 4 men, 21 to 61 years old) from department n.2 of National Institute of Mental Health took part in the first research using a newly developed semi-structured interview. Besides the semi-structured interview Integrita v Pracovním a Běžném Životě as overt integrity test and a questionnaire assessing social desirability was used. Short demographic questionnaire was presented as well. Based on their integrity level according to integrity test results the respondents were divided into three groups to low integrity group (N = 3), medium integrity group (N = 3) and high integrity group (N = 2). Data obtained from the interviews were analysed while theoretical background how people with different levels of integrity differ was considered. The results showed that th semi-structured interview can distinguish respondents by their level of integrity. The distinction is possible through respondents’ description of their own behaviour, usage of moral disengagement and their preferences to make either internal or external attributions. Distinguishing different levels of tendencies to socially desirable responding was not possible due to homogeneity of the research group in observed trait.

Objectives. Excess weight and obesity in children are associated with psychosocial complications and have the attributes of psychosomatic illness. The research followed on from Czech and foreign publications about families with overweight and obese children, about the peculiarities of cognitive and social development, and about the psychosocial circumstances that accompany this section of the populace. This paper maps out the existing state of knowledge in the above areas, too. The aim of the research was to verify findings of foreign studies relating to the experiences of overweight preschool children with prejudices about themselves by their peers also among the Czech population. Similar problem was also researched in terms of performance of these children in two cognitive tests and their estimates by adults. Methods. The study compared the results of the Pre-school Children Knowledge Test and of the Urban’s Figural Test of Creative Thinking in the group of children with overweight (N=52; BMI percentile ranged 92-95; converted to BMI values M = 18.18; SD = 0.36; age 4-6; M=4.62; SD=0.49), their estimates by parents and kindergarten teachers and in the control group of children with normal weight (N=46; BMI percentile ranged 11-72; converted to BMI values M = 15.38; SD = 0.52; age 4-6; M=4.53; SD=0.58). Observation of Social Expressions of both groups of children in a free play situation was performed, too. Results of cognitive tests, estimates and observations were evaluated in the mutual context. Processing the data. We carried out a descriptive analysis of all the variables. The standard significance level used in the statistical testing was ?=0.05. Multiple linear regression was performed in the form of a so-called generalized linear model (GLM) in order to underpin the influence of the quantitative variables of social behaviour and the categorical variables of the child’s weight on the difference between the real results of the cognitive tests and the results as estimated by the children’s mothers, fathers and teachers. From the original, complete set of regressors we gradually eliminated those which proved to be statistically insignificant. Results. In terms of the level of performance of both groups of children in both cognitive tests there were found no significant differences, while observed social expressions showed the one. Estimates of the performance of both groups of children in the two sets by adults were mostly tended towards overestimation. After customizing some of these results to social variables and in terms of estimates by adults the weight band lost in some cases its importance. Conclucions. The number of child respondents was affected by real number of overweight pre-school children in the Zlín region (see Discussion). The link between children’s weight and their performance as estimated by adults may be influenced by social and possibly by other types of variables. The difference in the social behaviour of the two sets of pre-school age children may be an indication of nascent differences in their psychosocial development. Several studies have confirmed that the relationships between problems with preschool peers have tendency to repeat in older peer groups and in some cases were confirmed relations with psychiatric disorders in adulthood, too.

The goal of the Second Step Social-Emotional Learning (SEL) Program is to promote five social-emotional skills. The skills are self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship skills, and responsible decision making. The Second Step Program has been used in the Czech Republic since 2015. This paper introduces a small part of the research project carried out by the Psychology Department of Palacký University in Olomouc, called The Second Step Program – Effectiveness Research in the Czech Republic. The main goal of the presented research was to evaluate the effect of the Program on children’s creativity and self-concept. The data were obtained by means of Urban’s Test for creative thinking and Piers-Harris Self Concept Scale. The research sample consisted of 77 3rd grade students, 46 of them were in the experimental group (they worked with the Second Step Program for 5 months), 31 in the control group. After statistical testing the previously defined hypotheses were confirmed, therefore it is possible to say that the Second Step Program has a positive impact on creativity and selfconcept. The total creativity score increased by 12 points after 5 months of the program (in the control group only by 1,5 points). The total self-concept score increased by 4,7 points (in the control group by 0,4). Subsequent statistical analyses of self-concept subscales were performed. Statistically significant effect was seen in Intellectual and School Status subscales; Freedom from Anxiety; Popularity; Happiness and Satisfaction. Several factors that might have influenced the results were discussed. Firstly, the number of participants was quite low. That is the reason why it is not possible to generalize the results. Secondly, during the second testing period the experimental group was only in the middle of the program. Moreover, the research was not longitudinal, so only the immediate effect was verified. Those are factors that might need to be controlled in the future researches. However, in every Primary Prevention Program there are many factors that cannot be controlled so easily, such as personality of the program conductor, the examiner’s influence or the immediate situation (participants´ mood or their weariness). On the other hand, the main aim of the research was to obtain primary data on the topic and to set an organisational and methodological framework for other researches and that was fulfilled. The main recommendations are: to involve more participants in the research, to make the research longitudinal and to let the experimental group to undergo all program lessons. Even though the effect of social-emotional programs on creativity and self-concept has not been thoroughly explored and studies on that topic are rare, we believe that it is very important to understand those phenomena as they are essential for social and emotional wellbeing of every child. However, traditional researches on the topic, such as the effect of social-emotional learning on the level of social-emotional skills, or the reduction of aggression, have an important role as well. That is why the research project of our department consists of several smaller researches, which will be followed by a research of a larger scale.

This paper deals with the stressful situations in the profession of the nursing staff. The occupation of the nurse belongs to the most demanding ones. In this occupation, the nurse is permanently affected by many stressors of different types. She faces death, the suffering, dying and incurably ill people very often. She is there in times of pain, agony and suffering. Personal encounters with these difficult situations require highly professional approach but most of all, they present immense work stress for the nurse. The stressful situations that are the most common and most difficult in the work of the nursing staff are the care of dyeing persons, the care of incurable and suffering persons, also the care of aggressive patients and confused patients. Patient’s family members could cause the stressful situations for nursing staff so as the working and personal conditions of nursing staff. The emotions the nursing personal experiences in such situation influence their behaviour and communication with patients in negative way. Both sides are therefore dissatisfied which could develop in to aggressive situation or burn out syndrome of the personnel. Also such culminate situations could lead to leaving the personnel. The lack of personnel then doesn´t allows enough of needed time for communication with patients in their life difficult situations. The first objective of our survey was to map the manners used by the nursing personnel to cope with the stressful situations brought by their profession. The second objective was to find out the difference in the coping with the stressful situations between the hospital staff and hospice staff. The research section of this survey contains the quantitative research was done by using the technique of an anonymous questionnaire with 20 question prepared by ourselves. The questionnaire was distributed to the nursing staff of all categories in the hospital and hospice care. It was completed by 269 respondents in total. The data was statistically processed using systems Microsoft Excel 2010 and Software R, version 3.0.2 (Chi-squared test, Fisher´s exact test). The research results show that the nursing staff faces the stressful situations very often. They see as the heaviest stress the care of the suffering and aggressive patient, conflicts with the patient´s family, conflicts at work and workload. The manners of coping with the work burden which proved as the best for them are relax, rest and sleep. There were no differences proved in the manners of coping with the stress among respective members of the nursing team. Nevertheless, the coping with the work burden of the nursing staff in the hospital and hospice care is different. A minimum of the respondents notices any support during the stressful situations from the employer. On the other hand, certain support by the management could be viewed in the form of trainings, supervision or contribution to a „recovery“ which are granted to the respondents from the employer according to their answers. However, the respondents would prefer, as the support by the management, the increase in pay or more days off. The respondents view as insufficient the preparation of the graduates for the future stressful situations in their profession, as well. They would recommend mainly various trainings dealing with the stress and its management. We can state that in the transformation and process of improvement of health care service in Czech Republic the nursing personnel in at the last place. The care of caregivers is insufficient the meaning of supervision, support and education of the personnel. A good solution to alleviate the work burden of the nursing staff and quality enhancement of the services provided could be investments into better work conditions, both in terms of sufficient human and material resources so as the very organization of the work processes. This means the investment into safety of patients because continuous stress in work could jeopardize the quality of provided service and care but also the health of providers of care.

Family Communication Patterns are the methodical way to distinguish between two sides of communication sphere inside the family. The current model suggests a concept of conformity orientated family and conversation orientated family. We point at the mentioned orientation as a main prediction of behavioral manners of family members in communication area. The aim of our study is to introduce mentioned methodical way and describe one of the possible approaches in family communication area. In this paper, we describe Family Communication Patterns instrument which has a set of questions to quantitative measure family communication patterns. Family Communication patterns show how parents communicate with their children. The construct of Family Communication Patterns has been often used by researchers for decades. They have used this construct to describe a family environment influenced by many variables. Researchers also began to examine how family communication patterns are related to children‘s development in some aspects. Original model of these communication patterns was used by researchers to investigate an interest about public sphere, protection children online and parental mediation online as well. Family communication patterns are described in terms of conformity orientation (originally “socio-orientation”) and conversation orientation (originally “concept orientation”). The first of them point at the parent‘s authority and extensive encourage to accept parent‘s advice or opinion. Children in this type of families accept parental authority, maintain consistent relationship and to remain away any misunderstanding with their parents or others. The conformity oriented families are authoritative and controlling families. The conversation orientation includes families within is natural to spend a lot of time together. These family members share their thoughts and activities. One of the main features of conversation orientation families is effort to discussion. It means the children are encouraged to discus with their parents and they are encouraged to express their individual ideas, beliefs and feelings.

Diagnosis and assessment is an integral part of psychological practice and research. One of the specific areas is creating of diagnostic tools for assessment of children and adolescents. The aim of this paper is to illustrate some of the difficulties in creating of self-assessment questionnaires for child population, based on the experiences with the process of creating a new questionnaire for pupils of 7th grade of elementary school. We created new “Potential of entrepreneurial competencies questionnaire” (PPK-7T), tool that detects the presence of key prerequisites, abilities and skills of 7th and 8th grades pupils, which can be seen as a starting point (potential) of future entrepreneurial competencies. During the verification of the questionnaire, we implemented two focus groups with 63 primary school pupils (7th grade). The results pointed to several problematic issues of diagnosis in children and adolescents. A large number of items with same content and different formulations made most pupils apparent problems. Pupils reported this repeating items during the questionnaire filling already, and in subsequent debate this issue was one of the most mentioned. Some statements were angry with signs of frustration because of the apparently recurring items. In other situations were pupils so surprised by these items that it has slowed significantly the completing of the questionnaire. Regarding the cognitive abilities, the results showed that pupils are not able to work with the generalizing questions. The vast majority of pupils were not able to determine the general (dominant) trend. In this case, the cognitive abilities of pupils are sensitively set into a detailed analysis of situations (up to literal accuracy), and it is very difficult and problematic to get rid of them. Semantically similar problem appeared for the items that were vague or too general, where pupils were unable to clearly answer. This also applies to items that cover a wide range of possible activities at different times, and/ or are linked to the social environment. Another problem is the tendency of pupils to seek complexity where it isn’t, i.e. look for “trick questions”. Likewise problematic appears the occurrence of foreign words (e.g. “chaotically” or “impulsively”). This problem is multiplied by the fact that most pupils have not the courage to ask for the meaning of unknown words. The construction of scales is also related to the evaluation of questionnaire. In our case the 4-point scale without the mean value was used. A wider scale (e.g. 6-point) is unnecessarily difficult (from developmental perspective), and mean value often leads to its overuse in the moments when the pupils are not sure how to answer. This potential tendency was also confirmed within the focus groups (pupils would have selected mean value if it had been available). In conclusion, it is appropriate to apply some principles for questionnaire items when creating assessment tools for children and adolescents. These principles include use of 1) simple, specific and unambiguous questions/items that minimize the risk of multiple possible interpretations, 2) items with low demands on abstraction and generalization, 3) fewer semantically identical or similar items, and 4) minimal use of foreign terms. The verification of clarity of and understanding the items by respondents shows also as necessary. This can be done e.g. by applying the focus groups.

Problem: The aim of this paper is to verify the existence of differences in experiencing life meaningfulness of believers and unbelievers and analyze how much faith affects life meaningfulness. Methods: The sample consisted of 213 university students aged 20-29 years (mean age = 23). Respondents were divided into three groups: Christians (N = 80), Buddhists (N = 25), atheists (N = 108). We used a Existential Scale (ES) questionnaire, 46-item tool, detecting a subjective measure of personal meaningful existence in two dimensions: Personality (sub-dimensions Self-distance and Self-transcendence) and Existentiality (sub-dimensions Freedom and Responsibility). Data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: Using independent t–test, it was confirmed that life meaningfulness was significantly lower for unbelievers in dimension Personality, t(180,943) = 7,013), p < ,001 (this represented a strong effect, d = ,983) and ES Total Score, t(175,424) = 4,201, p < ,001 (this represented a medium effect, d = ,592). Subsequent independent one-way ANOVA (using Welch F) indicated that believers demonstrate a higher life meaningfulness in the dimensions Personality, F (2, 84,212) = 32,062, p < ,001, Self–distance, F (2, 69,585) = 8,556, p < ,001, Self–transcendence, F (2, 79,331) = 26,058, p < ,001, and in ES Total Score, F (2, 74,285) = 9,133, p < ,001. A post hoc Games–Howell indicated that believers (Christians and Buddhists) scored significantly higher in Personality (strong effect, ?2 = ,23), Self-transcendence (strong effect, ?2 = ,19), Self-distance (medium effect, ?2 = ,07), and ES Total Score (medium effect, ?2 = ,07) than atheists. In Personality and Self–transcendence Buddhists also scored significantly higher than Christians. A linear regression was further performed. The faith (Christianity and Buddhism) was a significant predictor of life meaningfulness in ES Total Score, dimension Personality and its sub–dimensions. The religion explains 7,6% (R2 = ,076) of ES Total Score variance, 18,7% (R2 = ,187) of Personality variance, 16,9% (R2 = ,169) of Self–transcendence variance, and 6,9% (R2 = ,069) of Self–distance variance. Finally, we analyzed the influence of gender on the relationship between faith and life meaningfulness. A Pearson correlation explored the relationship between faith and life meaningfulness. This analysis was found to be statistically significant in dimension Personality, r(209) = ,433, p < ,001, and ES Total Score, r(209) = ,276, p < ,001, indicating a strong positive relationship. This relationship was then subjected to a first-order partial correlation in order to explore the relationship controlling for the effects of social support. The first-order correlation was found to be statistically significant in dimension Personality, r(209) = ,432, p < ,001, and ES Total Score, r(209) = ,278, p < ,001, indicating that gender doesn’t affect a relationship between faith and life meaningfulness. Discussion: Analysis confirmed the differences in life meaningfulness depending on faith and corresponds with the results of earlier studies (cf. Mahoney & Grace, 1999; Fromm, 2001; Halama, Martos & Adamová, 2010; Yalom, 2006). Faith seems to facilitate understanding of one’s own world as meaningful, and through religious dogma, traditions and rules provides a firm meaningful life framework. Higher scores of meaningfulness at Buddhists can be explained by the fact that Buddhism compared with Christianity more potentiates the possibility of self-development and a positive perception of the world. The influence of faith on the perceived life meaningfulness is however rather smaller, but still significant. This is consistent with previous studies (cf. Byron & Miller-Perrin, 2009). The biggest influence is evident in the dimension Self-transcendence. Faith, therefore, affects more emotional than cognitive aspects. This is consistent with the fact that faith is more a matter of the heart than sense, rather a kind of sensed, animistic beliefs than rational logical conclusions. The research has some limitations. The research sample consist of specific group of university humanities students. More general population may therefore produce different results. Also the concept of faith (religiosity) was measured in simplex way. For future research it would be desirable to accurately distinguish the different forms of faith (spiritual beliefs) and also monitor their intensity. This could provide further/ deeper insight into the issue of relationship between faith and life meaningfulness. Conclussion: Believers and unbelievers university students significantly differ in their experience of life meaningfulness, especially in the domain of Personality. The actual impact of the faith is not too large and ranges from 6,9 to 18,7% of the explained variance of meaningfulness. The research results and lack of studies on certain aspects of this issue indicate the need for further investigation of the topic.

The aim of the present paper is to introduce how to analyse the qualitative data from the Critical Decision Method. At first, characterizing the method provides the meaningful introduction into the issue. This method used in naturalistic decision making research is one of the cognitive task analysis methods, it is based on the retrospective semistructured interview about critical incident from the work and it may be applied in various domains such as emergency services, military, transport, sport or industry. Researchers can make two types of methodological adaptation. Within-method adaptations modify the way of conducting the interviews and cross-method adaptations combine this method with other related methods. There are many decsriptions of conducting the interview, but the descriptions how the data should be analysed are rare. Some researchers use conventional approaches like content analysis, grounded theory or individual procedures with reference to the objectives of research project. Wong (2004) describes two approaches to data analysis proposed for this method of data collection, which are described and reviewed in the details. They enable systematic work with a large amount of data. The structured approach organizes the data according to an a priori analysis framework and it is suitable for clearly defined object of research. Each incident is studied separately. At first, the decision chart showing the main decision points and then the incident summary are made. These decision points are used to identify the relevant statements from the transcript, which are analysed in terms of the Recognition-Primed Decision Model. Finally, the results from all the analysed incidents are integrated. The limitation of the structured approach is it may not reveal some interesting concepts. The emergent themes approach helps to identify these concepts while maintaining a systematic framework for analysis and it is used for exploratory research design. It is based on the grounded theory which it shares with only that it enables the concepts to emerge themselves. All incident are analysed at the same time. At the beginning of the procedure it is necessary to find broad themes and within them to identify specific themes with relevant excerpts from the transcripts, which are then decomposed according to the structure describing the decision making process. In the final stage the narratives are written on the base of the information synthesis. A disadvantage of this data analysis can be greater difficulty, especially for inexperienced qualitative researchers. Obviously, the findings from both approaches should be used to facilitate the nature of the cognitive work. Recommendation are given in the conclusion.

Problem: The aim of this paper is to analyze the value orientation of university students and workers in humanities and then determine possible differences between these groups in the context of branches of occupation, school results and gender. Methods: The sample consisted of 158 university students aged 19-24 years (mean age = 20.8) and 170 humanities workers aged 29-48 years (mean age=36.8). Respondents were divided into following groups: men (N = 72), women (N = 256), students’ school results A (N = 43), B (N = 47), C (N = 35), D (N = 29), E (N = 4) and worker´s branch of occupation: teachers in the kindergarten (N = 34), special education teachers (N = 32), high school teachers (N = 47), educational workers (N = 31) and civil servants (N = 26). We used a Rokeach Value Survey (RVS) which is designed to measure two sets of values. One set is composed of 18 terminal values or desired end states of existence (e.g., an exciting life, national security), and the other set is composed of 18 instrumental values, or preferable modes of behavior (e.g., being ambitious, independent). Then, subjects are asked to rank order each value as to its importance as a guiding principle in their life. A 1 indicates the most important value and an 18 the least important. Scale responses are considered ordinal.Data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: We analyzed the preference of values depending on the gender. Pearson’s ?2 analyses indicated that men are significantly more (often) „Effective Crusaders“ than women and women are significantly more (often) „Virtuous Advocates“ than men, ?2 (3) = 13.817, p= .003, ?c = .205. After that we analyzed the preference of values depending on depending on the type of employment. Pearson’s ?2analyses indicated that students are significantly more (often) „Virtuous Advocates“ than workers and workers are significantly more (often) „Effective Crusaders“ and „Independent Maximizers“ than students, ?2 (3) = 61.414, p= .000, ?c = .433.Subsequently we analyzed the preference of values depending on the student´s school results. Pearson’s ?2analyses indicated that there si no significant differences among students divided into groups according to the school results, ?2 (12) = 10.695, p = .555. Finally we analyzed the preference of values depending on the type of work. Pearson’s ?2analyses indicated that there si no significant differences among workers divided into groups according to the type of work, ?2 (12) = 12.456, p = .410. Discussion: Analysis confirmed differences in the preference of values depending on the gender and type of employment. These correspond with the results of earlier studies (cf. Rokeach, 1973; Broek & Moor, 1994; Inglehart, 1997; Hitlin & Piliavin, 2004; Schwartz & Rubel-Lifschitz, 2005, 2009; Schwartz, 2006; Hofmann-Towfigh, 2007). It appears that differences in the values ranking in relation to gender are conditioned by various social conditions, education and individual experiences. The last two research questions were focused on the preference of values depending on the study results and the type of employment. In both cases, the mentioned groups showed no significant differences. Thus, we assume that these factors do not affect the preference of specific values. Value orientation is thus more likely to be tied to a deeper personal characteristics or external determinants in socialization. The study results, as well as the choice of a particular job has probably been effected by different motivational factors than those who activate behavior in the direction of preference selected values. Conclussion: The concept of values is still an important issue in contemporary psychology. Although today's Western society is very focused on performance and the current trend tends to support other than the humanities, we believe that the analysis of the structure of values and value system of the humanities is also important because of the large number of students and staff working in these areas. Values are generally a topic that touches every human being and every human action relates to questions of values and how it fits into the broader concept of personality structure and external determinant. Due to the dynamic changes of today's society, it seems that the concept of values will acquire greater importance and probably will go through changes.

Problem: Residential care environment represents a specific social space that is associated with a number of negative consequences, covering most aspects of children and youth functioning. The paper analyzes of the presence of adjustment problems among adolescents from institutional care environment and compares this results with a population of adolescents who grew up in a family. Methods: The sample consisted of two groups of adolescents. The first group included 285 adolescents currently growing up in an residential care environment, aged 13 to 21 (M = 16.23, SD = 1.643). The second group consisted of 214 adolescents growing up in a family, aged 15 to 20 (M = 17.07, SD = 1.070). We used a questionnaire Youth Self Report. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and MANOVA. Results: Results showed that adolescents in residential care exhibit higher average values in all adjustment problems. Also, in the context of diagnostic categories are the residential care adolescents more frequently in non-normal range (borderline and clinical), primarily in the border range. The greatest differences were reflected in the Thought problems and Rule-breaking behavior. MANOVA showed a significant multivariate effect between groups of adolescents, Hotelling's T = .803, F(8, 490) = 49.202, p

Presented paper is focused on questions of cyclist transport in urban settings, specifically in the city of Pardubice. Emphasis is put on analysis of potentially conflict places, especially in interaction with pedestrians. Direct terrain observation and consequent evaluation of conflict potential are used as method for data collecting. When cycling routes are designed, the requirements of the cyclists should be taken into account in order to ensure that the routes are accepted. In order to make planning user oriented one has to know which criteria are important for cyclists` route choice. Until now not many studies were conducted on this topic in Czech Republic. Theoretical background used states 5 basic requirements for cycle routes. These are: 1. Coherence (the cycling infrastructure forms a coherent unit and links with all departure points and destinations of cyclist), 2. Directness (the cycling infrastructure continually offers the cyclists as direct a route as possible, so detours are kept to a minimum, 3. attractiveness (the cycling infrastructure is designed and fitted to the surroundings in such a way that cycling is attractive), 4. safety (the cycling infrastructure guarantees the road safety of cyclists and other road users, 5. comfort (the cycling infrastructure enables a quick and comfortable flow of bicycle traffic.). Planners need a clear understanding of what influences bicycling behavior to develop effective strategies to increase use of those modes. Transportation practitioners have largely focused on infrastructure and the built environment, although researchers have found that attitudes are also very important. Theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1985) - intentions to perform behaviors of different kinds can be predicted with high accuracy from attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control; and these intentions, together with perceptions of behavioral control, account for considerable variance in actual behavior. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) suggests that behavior such as active transportation results from a mixture of personal attitudes toward these modes, subjective norms, and a person's perceived behavioral control, giving us a way to conceptualize psychological factors that influence travel behavior. Furthermore, we work with Situational awareness (Endsley, 1999) - cognitive model of decision making based on perception of current situation, understanding of current situation and anticipation of future situation. Situational awareness influence decisions and future actions (the way we understand reality). The research results are indicating that cyclists prefer a track separated from flows of motor vehicles, in the case of presented research common space with pedestrians. Next results have shown disrespect of obligation to convey bike over pedestrian crossing by walking as well as mistaken using of cyclist crossings. Locations selected for research have got relatively high conflict potential on interaction with pedestrians. Proposed alternatives of possible solution are mentioned as a conclusion in two points of view - modification of infrastructure and information (education) of operation participants.

The paper is concerned with mapping the quality of life of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. Surveying the quality of life of schizophrenics may be complicated due to the symptomatology - e.g. negative results during the higher levels of anxiety. Apart from health: age, gender, occupation, family, social contacts, finances, opportunities for rehabilitation and psychoeducational programmes are all among the important factors of the individual quality of life. Our research group comprised 16 clients (male n=12, female n=4) of the Psychosocial Rehabilitation Centre, MANA o.p.s. Olomouc. Average age of our respondents was 38.2. Except for 4 male respondents, all the rest were unemployed at the time of the survey, 3 respondents were living alone, others with parents or a partner. Average age of the male respondents at the time of their first hospitalization was 22, of the female respondents 18.5. The Czech version of the Quality of life questionnaire (Dotazník životní spokojenosti - DŽS) was the basis of our primary method. In view of the sociodemographic data of our respondents, we have surveyed the level of the individual quality of life in the areas of health, financial situation, oneself and friends, acquaintances and relatives. A supplementary method was based on the SEIQoL (Schedule for the Evaluation of Individual Quality of Life), a questionnaire for monitoring the importance of happiness with individually chosen life themes (QL) and an overall level of quality of life (VAS). The goal was to ascertain the level of happiness in the aforementioned areas of life DŽS and the correlation with age, importance and quality of life themes and their correlation with current overall quality of life. The lowest level of happiness (DŽS) was measured in the overall level of the current quality of life (VAS) in connection to gender (male=60.7%, female=43.8%), but in view of the low number of female respondents (n=4) we consider this result an approximation that will need to be statistically verified in a larger group. Overall current quality of life (VAS) statistically correlated with the level of happiness in the area of health and friends (DŽS). The respondents have given family, friends (social relationships, networks), health, frame of mind and leisure as the most common important life themes. We realize that our research is limited in some aspects, especially the composition and the low number of respondents in the group precluded a deeper statistical analysis. We do not assume to generalise our results since it is necessary to remember that the quality of life is a subjective matter that can change in course of a lifetime. Even so, the research has brought some important information that can help us in our future work with the clients and their relatives in finding help in their difficult life situation.

There is a significant shift of approach to the management of organizations and workers in recent decades. This shift in management philosophy is characterized by converting from traditional, conventional (rather bureaucratic) management models to rather humanistic/existential oriented models. This transition comes partly from the understanding that human resources are the most promising and effective way for organization development, partly from a shift in the understanding of the role of organizations in society. The key point of these approaches has become a "meaning" or "meaningfulness" in relation to the work and organization. The importance of work meaningfulness is not only in its potential to increase the competitiveness of organizations, but especially in its major (mostly positive) impacts on the employee himself and his work (and by that the organization and its performance). Work meaningfulness is strongly connected to the work engagement, which represents the active personal participation in the work process, manifested by vigor, active cooperation, willingness to contribute to the company's success and dedication to work. Work engagement seems to be next important factor affecting work attitudes and achievements of employees. The paper gives an overview of various approaches to work meaningfulness and work engagement, on the basis of which authors propose new model of work meaningfulness with overlap to work engagement. The work meaningfulness is not seen as one-dimensional variable, but consists of complex of interacting factors and processes that define an individual perceived meaning and importance of the work. Meaningful work is influenced by three areas. The first is the organizational culture. This is defined as a specific pattern of values, norms, beliefs, attitudes and assumptions that are often not clearly expressed, but affect the way individuals behave in an organization and how things are done. The second area is the work design (and broadly the design of organization). It contains several variables, such as workload, work extent (e.g. number of various activities), the depth of work (the amount of the reasoning behind the necessary processes and results of work), relationships with others, work flexibility, job sharing etc. The last area represents the individual/employee himself, e.g. his personality, intelligence (including emotional), optimism, sense of mastery, self-efficacy, attitudes etc.