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This paper is based on the one of the author's diploma thesis defended at the Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University in 2019. The main objective is to present forensic psychology research, especially the research focused on the perception of justice in legally regulated decision-making procedures. Due to the absence of domestic sources, the main attention is focused on foreign research. Finally, it is the ambition of the presented paper to contribute to the professional discussion on the relevant topic within the Czech psychological community. The empirical part presents the newly developed Questionnaire of Perceived Justice in Mediation (DVSM), it's creating stages and limitations. Also, another research activity of the authors is presented, in which the limitation of DVSM are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sanbo Kyodan is a contemporary school of Zen that was founded by Yasutani Haku'un Roshi in 1954. Sanbo Kyodan has exerted considerable influence in the development of Zen in the West. Most important for the development of Sanbo Kyodan was Yasutani Roshi's successor, Yamada Koun Roshi. He attracted a number of Western students, many of whom were Christian's priests and nuns. The paper aims to describe the Christian Zen movement influenced by Sanbo Kyodan. Essential is the work of the most important Yamada Koun's students and verified Zen teachers. Among them were three Roman Catholic priests, Hugo M. Enomiya-Lassalle SJ, Ama Samy SJ and Willigis Jäger OSB, who went on to become leading figures in the Christian Zen movement. The paper attempts to characterize their understanding of the relation between Zen and Christianity including differences among them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interreligious relations between Christianity and Islam are rapidly changing on both theoretical as well as practical fields. The paper is dealing with bioethical issue of artificial reproduction as it is discussed in the world of Islam. The paper is focused on the methodological approaches to bioethical issues in a context of Sharia law in general. In particular it deals with cultural aspects of decision making process. The interpretation and understanding the process is presented in the Christian way of discernment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this contribution is to convey the knowledge from the practice about the hurting impact on the psyche of the family and the bereaved of the victims of crimes, tragic events and the extraordinary disasters in case the information about the event is published on the social networks and news portals on the Internet. It is not the aim of this paper to name all the reactions and possibilities. It aims to present a different point of view on the publishing of this kind of information and makes the readers to think about. We live in the time when anything can be documented, filmed, photographed, sent and published on the social network really easily. It can be seen how media are able to react quickly to the tragic events. It occurs very often that the photograph from the place of the tragedy appears on the Internet much earlier than the family related to this case is informed. And even the situation that the mentioned families get the information about the tragedy just through the Internet is not an exception. This paper outlines the experience of the affected persons, who can read the story and the comment of different users about the tragedy that caught them personally. It is possible that published information is more or less in correspondence with the reality but the most hurting is the fact that their private details can be revealed, in many times even their intimate details. This takes part in the secondary victimization. Then the crisis intervention by the police and possible further following therapy and consultancy is more complicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of the qualitative research, which pursued the topic of satisfaction in relationships in Czech couples. The results are compared with the outcomes of several studies from abroad. The first part of the paper consists of a brief introduction to the topic and present the results of studies with a similar design. The second part describes the research, which was part of Zuzana Kalousova's thesis in 2017. It is a qualitative research conducted via half-structured interviews with 22 respondents who have been in a satisfactory relationship for over ten years. To analyze the data, we used grounded theory. The results were ten categories that contributed to satisfaction in relationships: overcoming of differences and obstacles, doing things together, communication, endurance, not trying to solve everything, harmony, safety, good choice of spouse, stable financial situation, family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is a part of the research that focuses on the Catholic theologians and biologists between 1871 and 1910 who accepted Mivart's thesis of the evolutionary origin of the human body, or who, on the contrary, tended to reject it. The paper presents J. Knabenbauer SJ (1839-1911). In the 1930s, Czech theologian J. Miklík asserted that Knabenauer accepted Mivart's position. Knabenbauer's study on evolution is analysed. Already in 1877, Knabenbauer shows, in the first two parts of his work, an openness to the reality of evolutionary origin of species in the fauna and flora. In the third part, he deals with Mivart's thesis. From the philosophical point of view, Knabenbauer admits the possibility of the creation of human body by way of evolution. From the exegetical point of view, he refuses the reading of Gen 2:7 that considered this verse to be an allusion of the origin of the human body from the animal base. Because of this later view, Miklík's information is to be considered imprecise. Knnabenbauer's study contains, though, much relevant information that testifies to the Catholic theology and exegesis of his era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on the thesis made by the author himself and defended in 2015. It focuses on fairy tale movies and their socializing role in the transfer of values. Fairy tales often contain values and learn children to distinguish different ways of behavior and relating to the world. Film as a medium is very popular and fairy tale movies are therefore highly watched; their importance for the children development and the adoption of basic values should therefore be explored. The empirical research consists of a content analysis of six selected Czech (and Czechoslovak) fairy tales and the coding of situations that are worthwhile in terms of values. Based on these data, it is possible to identify trends in the concept of values across different fairy tales. For example, older fairy tales are more distinctive in values and therefore more educational for children while the newer ones tend to focus on entertainment and fusion of genres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and Central Planning: Between the Imperative of Power and Economic Rationality. The article deals with the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia's role in the country's centrally planned economy during the late 1980s. It looks into the mechanisms of implementation of the party's constitutional "leading role" in steering the economy. Furthermore, it examines how the party's role was perceived among members of the nomenclature in the party's Central Committee as well as its regional organizations and by the management of economic enterprises. For these purposes, the text analyzes archival documents of the Politburo and other Central Committee institutions. In addition, semi-structured interviews with former party members on the regional level and with former economic players on the level of enterprises were conducted. One of the findings is that the party's role in steering the economy was divisive towards both the society and the party itself. The paper also demonstrates that the Central Committee was divided into ideological hardliners and members dealing with the real economy. The article concludes by identifying four real roles the party played in steering the economy, and points to the considerable level of voluntarism in the individual players' actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper follows public activities of Metoděj Habáň, a Czech Dominican priest and philosopher in 1960s. After a short introduction into Habáň’s life the paper focuses on two most distinctive contributions to the life of the Catholic Church in Czechoslovakia in that period of time: Habáň’s articles in the magazine Duchovní pastýř (A pastor) and his involvement in the ecumenical seminar in Jircháře, first systematic interconfessional meetings in Czechoslovakia. In both activities Habáň represented rather conservative wing in the Church and it marks the first signs of polarity in the Czechoslovakian Church in the time of Second Vatican Council. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

English gets still more relevance as a foreign language as well as an international communication language and thus, the efficiency of its education has also gained more attention. The paper presents partial results of a research study which surveyed an impact of psycho-social factors on the efficiency of educational interactions in English lessons conducted by communication method. The first part of the paper summarizes main principles of the communication approach in English lessons, participants of such interactions, and a role of social skills as a part of professional competences of English teachers. The second part introduces results of English teachers' educational styles and an analysis of particular interactions in their lessons. The outcomes show how teachers' social skills affect educational interactions in English lessons conducted by communication method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper introduces psychotherapeutic experience with alcohol addicted homeless clients. The focus of the article is motivation of a client from time perspective, i.e. a development of early, continuous, and final motivation of a client to change one's life style after an intervention of the centre in Havírov. The author describes pitfalls of such motivation and refers to case studies of various clients. Readers can observe specifics of work with addicted clients without homes via symptoms of individual addiction development. The paper shows influences on clients' motivation as well as specific features of the cooperation between a therapist and a client. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leadership style has an impact on efficiency and achievements of an organisation. In the 1970's Victor H. Vroom and Philip W. Yetton introduced a normative model of leadership, which was supposed to assist a successful leadership selection. Their model was modified in 1988 and 2000. The paper reviews the changes done in the last adaptation - e.g. a new style named "Delegate". The authors emphasize the change of perspective on decision making quality, which is not more perceived as a situation factor but the most crucial demand on efficiency. The others are: realisation of the decision, time as an expense, and developmental benefits. The differences between the original and current version of the normative model lay in a number of styles (7 instead of original 8) and a range of observed situation factors. The paper version of the assessment method has a form of two matrices. The first one evaluates situation from a perspective of time expenses minimisation. The second one evaluates developmental benefits of employees. The article points to advantages of an electronic version of Vroom's model assessment. It introduces a newly included "Problem set" to assess managers' leadership styles. It also offers some hints how to develop manager skills to choose an appropriate leadership style by using the electronic version of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goal of this paper is to make acquaintance with Marian motives in work of master Jan Rokycana. First of all author introduces life story of the hussite archbishop and try to evaluate his personality. In: the second part he analyzes some texts from Rokycana's Postilla. Conclusion of this paper reflects the topic of mariological thoughts of Jan Rokycana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the issue of Christian conversions (forced or voluntary) to Islam during the Armenian genocide. The essay examines the ideology of turkification that was behind these efforts, including Ottoman government- sponsored orphanages as a direct means of assimilating Armenian children. It pays particular attention to the process of 'rebuilding' the Armenian nation in the immediate aftermath of World War I sometimes called 'national reconstruction'. In the final part the paper deals with the phenomenon of the 'Hidden Armenians' in contemporary Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Principal’s vision along with the style of school leadership are important factors influencing school culture and thus also relationships among the teaching staff. The aim of the present paper is to present a part of the results from a series of 12 case studies of elementary schools focusing on principals’ visions, the resulting leadership styles and their reflection in ways of fostering relationships among the staff. Each case study consisted of a combination of data collection methods: questionnaire survey among teachers, interview with school management, interviews with selected teachers, analysis of school documents, and observation of school life, while the main source of data for the current contribution were 58 interviews with directors, deputy directors and teachers from 12 case schools. Relationships among teaching staff have emerged as a key value in principal’s vision. Consequently, school management uses various practices to promote professional and/or personal relationships among teachers. Based on the case studies, we identified three basic types of principals’ visions, which differ in the roles that leadership assigns to relationships among teachers. The types of visions were labeled “hearters,” “managers,” and “survivors.” The length of the time in management function and the specificity of the school compared to the others shoved both as significant factors influencing principal’s vision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is a part of research focused on Catholic theologians and biologists who, in the years 1871-1910, in agreement with the so-called Mivart's theory, accepted the evolutionary origin of the human body, or did not reject it. It presents the life and work of Franz von Hummelauer, S.J., a Catholic biblical scholar. Three of his writings, dedicated to the problematics of the exegesis of the biblical account of the Creation, are identified. Hummelauer shows a constant respect for the merits of the natural sciences, and there is no trace of fundamentalism in his work. From 1877, he did not cease to accept the contributions of astronomy, and he shows a great openness to the possibility of the evolutional origin of species both in fauna and flora. Although he strictly rejected the hypothesis of the evolutional origin of the human body in 1877, in 1895, he shows much more prudence regarding Mivart's thesis. If it were possible to exclude the dualism of the instant animation of the body of the first man that came by means of the evolution, the evolutionary origin of the human body would not contradict the biblical account. In his last work on this topic from 1898, Hummelauer constantly shows that the biblical account of the creation has an unequivocal religious informative value and it would be a mistake to search there for statements that would be relevant to the natural sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents Hugo Rahner, one of the great theologians of the 20th century, from the perspective of ecclesiology, his important area of research. H. Rahner's ecclesiology is shaped by a close relationship with Christ and it passes on varied imagery of the birth of the Church from the side of Christ, of the Church as a continuing reality of Christ, of her dramatic journey through the history in her weakness, of her scandalising visibility and her already victorious joy. This emphasis was eventually expanded in the Patristic symbols of the Church. Rahner's theology is characterised by its strong kerygmatic focus, and it is intertwined with the theology of the Church Fathers that bring topical inspiration for the today's Western Church. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper brings research findings concerning the "concentration of attention" as one of the basic preconditions for successful work with "Advanced automated command and control systems" (PASVŘ) in the environment of the Armed Forces of the Czech Republic. The main aim of the research was to determine the level of attention and concentration differences among the future users PASVŘ in the context of selected mental states before and after stress. The research sample consisted of 170 respondents - students of military branches of University of Defense. The research came to interesting results. In the situation immediately after the stress occurred an increase in the number of solved problems and also in their accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on the question of the importance of the theological justification of human rights. Firstly, it reflects in which way the philosophical and theological rationale of human rights is present in the current discourse on human rights and in the most important documents on human rights. Secondly, the author reflects on theological rationalisation of human rights as present in Church documents, starting with the encyclical Pacem in Terris, and the models of theological justification of human rights in contemporary German theology (Huber/Tödt, Saberschinsky, Sander) is presented. Thirdly, the basic theological-anthropological rationale of human rights is formulated. In the conclusion, the paper notices a tension among theological rationalisation on human rights and the reality of cultural and religion plurality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this introductory contribution, the authors explain the central questions and themes which are raised in the papers contained in this special issue. The papers were presented at a conference of the German-Czech and German-Slovak Commission of Historians. Their starting point is the observation that modern mass media, while trans-national in effect, always remain linked to a national context due to language and traditions. With this as a backdrop, individual case histories exemplify the development of the mass media since the beginning of the nineteenth century. The focus is on the political potential of the media on one hand, with their importance for the fundamental politicization of European societies during the nineteenth century being assessed as well as their being exploited by the dictatorships of the twentieth century. On the other hand, aspects characterizing the development of intersocietal relations are examined, such as how the media shaped perceptions which Czechs, Germans, and Slovaks harbored of each other. Finally, the authors highlight the deficit of the research situation with a special view to the particularities applying to East Central Europe where, during the last two decades, not only a rapid development of the mass media themselves has taken place, but media sciences have been recreated to a considerable degree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper introduces one of current trends in the field of coping strategies -- the Dual model of coping -- represented by Response to Stress Questionnaire (RSQ).The first part of the paper briefly describes current knowledge and principles of the Dual model of coping. The second part of the paper talks about adaptation and standardization of RSQ in The Slovak Republic. The research sample consisted of 258 university students. Results of confirmation and exploration factor analysis showed four factors of RSQ questionnaire: primary socially controlled coping, secondary controlled coping, ruminations, and loss of control. Some of the items were excluded due to their low inner reliability. Despite new factor analysis outcomes the dual characteristics of RSQ, including control and automatic stress reactions, stayed preserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to describe design and validation of one scale of a newly developed research instrument SIPP (Suchdol Inventory of Work Attitudes), the satisfaction scale. In the introduction part of the paper several basic concepts (value, attitude, validity, reliability, and scale facet) are introduced and shortly explained. The paper further describes the essential data of the scale design and its confirmation. The overall number of the subjects was 1061. Roughly half of the subjects were female, the other half male. The subjects were mostly in their productive age. The subjects with elementary level of education prevailed to some extent. The final part of the paper discusses possible use of the scale in its current version, its reliability, and its possible further development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on currently highly observed issue of intercultural cooperation. Following the change of social situation the topic has become both a practical issue and a subject of research study. The paper compares and analyzes crosscultural and intercultural approach; and criticizes both approaches for supporting social stereotypes, especially their negative aspects. It further emphasizes social psychological aspects of the issue, particularly social perception, social groups, hierarchical structure and organization of joint activities as system-producing and meaningful source of mutual relationships. It perceives such perspective as very efficient since it is based on practical experience and it also aims at practical problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an overview of the basic principles of motivation of human behaviour from a multidisciplinary perspective. It particularly highlights the overlapping fields of psychology and physiology. The authors try to systematize insights into the prevailing theory of motivation in psychological disciplines and provide some possible explanation of recent complicated situation in this area. The paper further attempts to facilitate orientation in this complex issue. However, due to the complexity of the issue of motivation theory, it primarily focuses on finding a unified approach but does not aspire to offer a complete review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study summarizes current theoretical knowledge about a rather new field of adventure therapy, which started in Anglo-Saxon countries approx. twenty years ago. The paper introduces fundamental historical sources and moments that were crucial when potential therapeutic and educational resources of adventure were analyzed. The aim of the paper is to show the impact of adventure therapy within the framework of current psychotherapy and/or kinesiotherapy, which is accepted by psychiatrists and its effectiveness is currently scientifically evaluated. The final part of the paper describes current development and perspectives of adventure therapy, and mentions congresses which have been held on the topic. The Czech Republic plays an active role in this development as it has been chosen to organize the 6th International Adventure Therapy Conference in 2012. This event (along with European Health Psychology Conference) is one of the most important professional events in the field of psychology and psychotherapy held in the Czech Republic in 2012. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anchoring effect describes the influence of irrelevant information or value on the subsequent judgment. Such information or value serves as an anchor which biases the judgment. The text first summarizes possible explanations of the anchoring effect. The process by which the anchor affects a particular judgement influences the possibility of debiasing. The paper then discusses manifestations of the anchoring effect in the context of the judiciary. Proposal of prosecutors and/or defense lawyers or the maximum limits of punishment can serve as an anchor in this area. Even professional lawyers can be affected by the anchoring effect. Finally, the paper suggests changes which may lead to a decrease of the anchoring effect in the judiciary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a previous study (Slaměník, Hurychová, 2010), we currently broaden the concept of close interpersonal relationships by an overview of several methods which have been constructed to measure the closeness of a relationship. The paper analyses the impact of such methods when particular features of close relationships prior to each method are considered. We also present results of a rather simplified version of prototypical approach. The aim was to compare whether the features of close interpersonal relationships described in foreign professional papers match with perceptions of close relationships observed in Czech population. The comparison shows a high level of agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper deals with Italian modernist movement within the Catholic Church as it was reported in the Rinnovamento magazine. The aim is also to examine how the magazine influenced this movement. After an introductory part the reasons of the magazine’s origin is explained and is completed with the presentation of its program declaration. Then the attention is focused on the modernist movement. Firstly the word “modernism” is explained through its different interpretations. After that the main thematic areas are presented. These areas were considered to be the basis of so called “modernist teaching” fought by the Authorities of the Catholic Church. The conflict with religious authority is described in the next part. Rinnovamento’s influence on the modernist movement is evaluated in the final part. The magazine is an important source of information for studying this critical moment of the history of the Catholic Church. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We live and think in an era in which theology increasingly lacks a generally valid philosophical rationality that could be applicable to the theological argument universally comprehensible in the context of today’s world. The paper points out the main theologically relevant features of the philosophy of Emmanuel Lévinas, in which Revelation and philosophical reflection find their common way of universal rational communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with Aquinas's conception of a real relation. It is divided into four main parts. First, I explain some important characteristics of Aquinas's theory of relation, namely the legacy of Aristotle as the main source on which Aquinas draws. Second, I explain the formal cause of relation. Third, I deal with the issue of two metaphysical components of a relation. Finally, I argue that a relation and its foundation are really distinct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a crucial change in the German financial system and listed corporations: The influence of the financial markets has grown in both fields. Subsequently, shareholders can enforce their interests more efficiently than other stakeholders (e.g. affiliates, NGOs, political communities, and employees). In the paper, diverse explanations for this development are presented and evaluated: disintermediation, financial market capitalism and 'financialization'. Afterward, the topic is discussed in the perspective of theological ethics. Catholic Social Teaching features no financial ethics, but it includes some thoughts that offer an orientation for economic policy, the concept of an economy in service of the common good, the idea of a cooperation between state, market and civil society and socially anchored entrepreneurship as well as the conception of a serving financial economy. In conclusion, action perspectives are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catholic social teaching, beginning in the 19th century, aimed at nurturing and improving Christian morality in the emerging industrialized societies. However, several significant studies demonstrate that changing social structures were also responsible for the 'social question' of the time. Consequently bishops, such as Ketteler, fought for social reforms and a new social order. Nevertheless, the idea that free market economy could play a significant role in coordinating economic agents seemed foreign to Catholic social teaching. In this paper, I argue that today Catholic social teaching acknowledges and appreciates market economies, if and insofar as they are regulated and understood in the sense of a 'social and ecological market economy'. These principles also need to be implemented on the global scale. This approach corroborates the vision of Pope Francis, despite his radical criticism of worldwide capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on attractiveness as a social psychology phenomenon, which has a significant influence within social contact. The aim was to observe connections and differences in the assessment of attractiveness and own body image among men and women. As a research method we used our own scale entitled Basic Olomouc Body Rating (BOBR). A research sample included 5616 people. We hypothesized existence of a significant difference between the real and the ideal figure for men, respectively women; and the existence of a significant difference between the ideal figure and the figure marked as "the attractive man", respectively "the attractive woman". We used descriptive statistics and paired t-test. The results showed significant differences in the perception of real and ideal figures in both men and women. Men differ in their view on an ideal figure compared to an attractive ideal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper surveys a number of prison inmates with dyslexia. Various foreign studies have proven a link between dyslexia and criminality. They show a higher incidence of dyslexia among prisoners. A similar research was conducted between 2012 and 2013 in Horní Slavkov prison. A sample involved 113 respondents aged 22-65. Data were collected via Raven Standard Progressive Matrices, personal history questionnaires, interviews, and a complex assessment battery on specific learning difficulties. The results in the Czech prison also demonstrated a significantly higher rate of individuals with dyslexia among the imprisoned than in standard population. The sample included 34% of individuals with dyslexia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Athletes' stays in moderate altitude (1800-2200 m ASL) have become more common due to their participation in competitions and/or due to their training plans. The article provides a summary of monitoring emotional states in hypoxic environment as possible indicator of athletes' fatigue. The objective of the article is to review published research focused on both the issues of sport trainings in hypoxia environment and observed mood changes by POMS questionnaire (Profile of Mood States). The introduction of the paper focuses on characteristics of the questionnaire, and studies which solve the same problem in normoxia. Systematic review of the research shows that monitoring mood states can be used as one of the indicators of fatigue also in hypoxic environment. However, a limited number of relevant researches were published. Thus, more research on the topic is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper pays attention to stereotypes in the field of employment, particularly stereotypes connected with IT professionals. We observed differences in university students' perception of IT professionals' personality. The sample included 159 respondents of two different nationalities: Slovak students (no - 83, average age - 23.28) and Lithuanian students (no - 76, average age - 22.05). The data were collected via an original questionnaire. We did not find any difference between the target groups. We presume that the results can be explained by a strong similarity of both nations and cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents liturgical topics in the magazine Vyšehrad (1945-1948). After the Second World War, a new Catholic periodical (weekly, afterwards fortnightly) was founded with the subtitle The Paper for Christian Culture. The magazine included a wide range of topics: reports and comments aimed at the contemporary situation, reflections of cultural events and topics associated with the Church in Czechoslovakia and in the world. Liturgics was a natural - not compulsory, additional or artificial - constituent of almost unvarying sections, since liturgy and closely connected topics (e.g. sacral art) comprised a natural part of the life of contemporary society. The article divides the theme of liturgics in Vyšehrad into four areas: (1) liturgical articles, (2) reviews and reports, (3) information and questions concerning liturgy, (4) art, architecture, liturgical music. The development and intensification of the topics, some of which were tied to pre-war Catholic journalism, was not possible due to the short existence of the magazine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a brief presentation of basic forms of spiritual direction and after stressing the importance of personal spiritual experience, the article describes Ignatian concept of human being in relation with God and God's adversary and gives an overview of Ignatian spiritual exercises as a general dynamic of human spiritual journey. On this basis, the paper presents fundamental elements of spiritual direction from the perspective of Ignatian spirituality: attitude of openness, awareness of external events and interior movements, sharing of interior life, contemplative prayer, discernment of interior movements, recognition of one's own weakness and of God's acceptance, finding one's way in the following of Christ. The article regards the particularity of the Ignatian approach to spiritual direction in the interconnection of these seven elements, in their dynamics and in the importance of the examen and discernment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consistent systematic-theological approach of the paper can be enriching for the scholars of various fields interested in the topic. The work is not aimed to retell the past; it's goal is to present the past in the most just way as possible on the level of catholic dogmatics. Firstly, the author describes contemporary concept of transsubstantial model of describing Eucharistic Mystery and refers to the connections between this doctrine and christology on the one hand and ecclesiology on the other. On this basis, he arrives at a new appraisal of Hus's teachings and also of consubstantiation, which catholic theology need not necessarily perceive as heterodox. Apart from that, it shows that Hus's essentially orthodox teaching could shed light upon his controversial ecclesiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to global opinion, Austria is one of the countries with lowest unemployment rates. With a respect to the high development level and efficiency of austrian economy the regularly published statistics seem to be close to reality. However a closer view reveals, that even in Austria for long time there are tendencies in decrease of a number of full-blown work contracts on a way to so-called precarisation of the work and creating a large gap between profitability of the factor of work and capital. Presented study follows a development of so-called general index of unemployment in Austria, methodologically based on recommendation of Eurostat and development of level of unemployment registered in Austria based on Statistik Austria information and further it compares basis and methods of research for the purpose of calculation of both indexes. Settling the general index of unemployment into the work-law and social-law framing of Austria and after another correction based on statistic data about so-called hidden reserves on austrian work market this paper shows, that the number of unemployed people, who want to work and are able to accept a job offer immediately is, according to latest relevant statistic measurements in Austria, approximately two times higher than is the actual level of the general unemployment index. These findings imply, that actions applied to optimize the local situation on austrian work market, as well as system solutions of unemployment in Austria are efficient in a sense, that real level of unemployment in Austria does not have negative impact on real productivity of austrian economy. Contrarily, thanks to them the so-called consumption is maintained on one side and on the other side the qualification of unemployed people is developped, which is necessary for efficient performance in their future job position and also for creation of inovative and sustainable solutions of our current problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to draw attention to stress related growth, to list its determinants and circumstances under which it occurs as well as positive impact it may have after one has gone through a demanding life situation. Closer attention is paid to a growth connected with certain religious variables (such as personal god concept, externalized and internalized religiosity, religious coping). The reason is that religions, opposed to other non-religious variables, are viewed as important sources of an individual growth as they offer coping resources and meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personal financial matters are often considered a taboo in the western society, which leads to rather negative consequences. The aim of the paper is to support communication about money from a psychological perspective. The text provides information on a recently established field of psychology of money and financial psychology. We present several researches which survey experimental and social psychology of money, behavioural finances, financial psychotherapy focused on cognition, motivation, emotions, relationships, well-being and financial satisfaction. The objective is to enhance individual lives, as well as groups, society, and make both micro- and macroeconomics more human. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paramedical work surely belongs to the most risky professions. Its integral part is the ability to control one's own thoughts, emotions and impulses, because paramedics are expected to give flawless everyday performance. This is tightly connected with a need to care for one's own mental and physical health. The paper does not only show the context of rescue work, and thus its fundamental sources of stress and description of selfcare, but the issue is also viewed from the perspective of Baumeister's ego strength model of self-control. This provides new opportunities for possible explanations of the occurrence of stress related negative consequences in paramedics' work. Alternatives of subsequent empirical research and practical utilization are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper introduces principles of dynamic assessment. The author emphasizes differences between the dynamic and static assessment, i.e. the assessment using traditional standardized tools. He further describes some of the dynamic assessment procedures. Attention is particularly drawn to the mediated learning experience theory. The second part of the text summarizes a wide range of researches which used the dynamic assessment approach. Results show that the dynamic assessment offers more complex information on an educational process; it reveals children's and adolescents' learning potential in details, and it suggests particular forms of efficient intervention. The author also describes his own dynamic assessment tools, which have been repeatedly used in the course of various researches and proved their effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how the Kameradenkreis der Gebirgstruppe (Mountain Troops Association), one of the last significant German associations of World War II veterans, has dealt with the war crimes perpetrated by the Nazi Wehrmacht. It focuses on the reaction of the Kameradenkreis to a protest campaign organized by antifascist groups and various civic initiatives in Mittenwald, Bavaria, from 2002 to 2009. One of the main aims of the protesters was to disrupt traditional meetings of the former as well as active soldiers to commemorate fallen "comrades" at the Mountain Troops' Memorial near Mittenwald. The meetings were seen as a symbol of the surviving "tradition of perpetrators." The study analyzes how the leaders of the Kameradenkreis have changed their attitudes towards the Wehrmacht war crimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The period of the 1960s and 1970s saw profound changes in the Federal Republic of Germany's Ostpolitik and the cultural diplomacy. Using the methods of political history, this paper analyzes the interconnections between these two significant policy reforms. It answers the following research questions: How did the rivalry between the FRG and the GDR influence the reforms in West German cultural diplomacy? How did this reform change the basis of cultural relations of the FRG towards the GDR? Finally, how did the GDR react to these changes? This study aims to conceptualize the intra-German cultural relations in the period of the Cold War as a dynamic process. It offers not only a historical comparison, but also an analysis of the multiple interrelations and mutual influence linking West and East Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with one of current topics in sport field, which is achievement motivation. Theoretical background perceived from a personality psychology perspective understands achievement motivation as a participation of personality in one's own performance. The aim of this study is to explore a degree of overall achievement motivation, a degree of achievement motivation subscales and selected dimensions of personality and compare results among junior volleyball players and between two junior volleyball teams. Achievement Motivation Inventory (LMI; H. Schuler, M. Prochaska) and Freiburg Personality Inventory (FPI; J. Fahrenberg, H.Selg, R.Hampel) were used. The research group consisted of 23 girls aged 13 to 19 years (mean age 15.52, SD = 2.83) of KP Brno and SG Brno teams. The results indicate that almost all the selected factors are represented by both teams without major differences; most of the factors are equal or below the average. Competitiveness is the only factor represented to the maximum possible extent for both teams. In the education of the trainers it would be desirable to support the procedures, that enhance the development of the motivational climate focused on mastery, support the goal orientation of the players rather than ego-oriented tendency and to focus on achieving success rather than to avoid failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents basic findings on the prevalence of intimate partner violence experienced by Czech men. A representative sample of Czech men (N = 1001, quota sampling) has been subjected a standardized interviews (CASI) at the turn of 2012 and 2013. The lifetime prevalence of physical violence in a relationship is 10% and 5% during last five years, much of the physical attacks come from strange men outside the family. The events are perceived as relatively serious, the other issue is the relatively high prevalence of other forms of psychological violence or abuse, of which men do not differ from women too. The effect of the typical risk factors on the partner side (alcohol, drugs, aggression, partly social status) was confirmed as well as the influence of patterns transmitted by the family. Protective effect of the self-control on the part of partners was also approved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explains the approach applied for the edition of Biblia Hebraica Quinta (BHQ) in the context of previous critical editions of the Hebrew Bible. A concise historical survey presents the progress of the Biblical scholarship especially in the Hebrew language. It devotes more attention to the comparison of critical editions of the Hebrew Bible, in particular of Kittel's work in the Biblia Hebraica and in the succeeding Biblia Stuttgartensia (BHS). The author justifies the adoption of the text of the CodexLeningradensis and clarifies the wider usage of sources in the critical apparatus, which differs in this way from the previous critical editions of the Hebrew Bible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an overview of the situation of the biblical scholarship after the beginning of the 21th century. After a brief historical introduction the factors are specified that have influenced a present-day positive acceptance of the methodological pluralism. Nevertheless the keystone of the biblical interpretation remains Historical Criticism that combines a diachronic and synchronic approach to ancient texts and that in comparison with its beginning achieved certain innovations. A great expansion enjoy in our times the interpretative approaches, which are not a method in proper sense, but rather specific aspects of interest that bring a reader to understanding and to the actualization of a text. Majority of the approaches have as common denominator an intense orientation on the role of a reader in the process of interpretation. From the hermeneutical point of view is desirable to see a text as an open reality that offers ever new interpretations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]