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The aim of the present paper is to find a way of the theological method after Ludwig Wittgenstein's remarks, especially in his Philosophical Investigations. As he maintains, language and human behaviour is connected, and so we cannot judge religious discourse without observing other nonverbal phenomena. We focused on works and authors who influenced Wittgenstein's thoughts such as William James and James G. Frazer; and we briefly introduced to Wittgenstein's argumentation against scientism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces and reflects upon methodological merits of the author's long-standing work on a book dedicated to the topic of Czech Catholic theology's reaction from 1850 to 1950 to the challenges posed by natural science in the world-wide and interdisciplinary context. It is demonstrated that there is no tension on the axis theology vs. natural science, but on the axis theistic vs. atheistic world-view. The author rejects ideologisation of theology and natural science. In theology, this topic is in the competence of fundamental theology, where a new discipline of "theology of natural science" should be established. Therefore, it should be integrated into dogmatic theology as well, esp. to the treatise on God the Creator and on the qualities of the Triune Creature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented paper focuses on the topic of alcohol abuse and alcohol addiction in terms of work and organisational psychology. Specifically, it introduces the issues of alcohol abuse with people in managerial positions, and their impact on work-related functions and leadership. We emphasise the mutual connection of addictions as a biopsychosocial issue in terms of clinical psychology with applications on abuse in managerial positions and on the workplace. We also analyse the issues of stress, personality traits of managers and their psychological vulnerability to alcohol addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The period of late Stalinism witnessed a sharp rise of anti-Jewish discrimination on the part of the Soviet regime, often labeled "official" or "state anti-Semitism," accompanied by an increase in public anti-Jewish animosity. This paper gives an overview of the existing primary and secondary sources on the topic and, building upon them, it outlines the political background and the consequences of this shift in the relations between the Soviet government and the Jewish minority. It concentrates on three main milestones: the trial of the Jewish Antifascist Committee, the campaign against cosmopolitism, and the so-called "Doctors ' Plot." It reveals to which extent these anti-Jewish tensions reflected larger shifts in both the internal situation and the international environment. It concludes that compared to other forms of Anti-Jewish animosity, the anti-Semitism of the period of late Stalinism had a clear political character, and therefore it also had a strong propagandistic significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People differ from animals in using meta-representations of objects and aspects from their physical, as well as psychological environments. A meta-representation is a representation which connects beliefs and knowledge concerning an object and/or aspect of the ambiance to its mental representation. This idea was employed by others to explain the nature of cross-cultural differences in cognition. The present paper uses the same idea to analyse two concepts related to phenomena relevant to the theory of work motivation. The two concepts mentioned were used to explain factorial structure of a survey data. The data analysis led in both the cases to identification of subjects' sub-groups which seem to use different meta-representation of the two concepts. As the survey was carried out in one national environment only, the results should be interpreted as demonstrating sub-cultural, rather then cross-cultural differences. Even so, the approach employed seems to be useful as it enables to construe to some depth otherwise opaque character of the work motivation contingency on (sub)cultural differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic of bereavement in people with intellectual disabilities is still rather underestimated in Czech Republic. This paper first describes the myths passed on in this area. Subsequently it characterizes specifics of experiencing grief in people with intellectual disabilities (their possibilities of understanding the reality of death, the influence of the social context) and possible expressions of their grief, that could be sometimes misunderstood for variability of its unusual forms. The core information is the overview of possible support that could be provided to grieving people with intelectual disabilities such us foreknowledge and education about the death, chosen specifics of professional counseling and specific therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurial self-efficacy can be defined as an individual's belief in own capabilities to successfully perform entrepreneurial tasks. Previous research identified self-efficacy as a personal trait closely related to entrepreneurship. This paper is based on interviewing large representative samples in Czech Republic, where entrepreneurial self-efficacy has not been yet a research focus. In first presented study, it enlarges our understanding by analysing the strength of influence of different, mainly social and demographical factors on entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Multiple regression analysis shows the key influence of gender, education and personal knowledge of somebody, who successfully launched a new business. It also points at positive relation of entrepreneurial self-efficacy with entrepreneurial activity in different phases. In the frame of second presented study, new scale consisting of two factors -- market action and resource acquisition -- was created in order to better understand specific areas of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. When entrepreneurially active individuals in the different phases of entrepreneurial process are compared, nascent and new entrepreneurs have higher entrepreneurial self-efficacy than established entrepreneurs in market action subscale. There is no difference in resource acquisition. Both subscales can be used for quick assessment of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. For education of potential entrepreneurs, it can be recommended to focus on increasing entrepreneurial self-efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper first introduces concepts of intimacy and close relationships separately. It defines specific features of intimacy in partner, family and friend relationships. The empirical research, carried out via the prototypic method, focused on understanding of intimacy among Czech population and its relevance to outcomes of similar foreign researches. Our empirical findings confirmed current state of knowledge. We consider them as a specific contribution to a definition of intimacy and its more accurate role in close interpersonal relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general character of the memory of the contemporary witnesses and the fact that nearly no Christian samizdat of the 1960s has been preserved do not allow to offer a closer look to the topics discussed by the priests released from prison with their friends. We can only offer it through the witness of one of them, Antonín Mandl (1917-1972). His work from 1965 to 1967 is only a voice of an individual, but we can suppose that it echoes a broader debate, in which the experience of the earlier years has been confronted both with the contemporary form of the Czechoslovak society ruled by the Communist totalitarian regime and with the results of the Vatican Council II. The paper focuses on Mandl's answer to the following three questions: In the relation to the Communism, is it proper to choose opposition, or collaboration? How should the priesthood in the contemporary society look like? What are the major axioms of Christian life, pastoral work and evangelisation? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the development of the Roman Missal from the Council of Trent to the Second Vatican Council. Although the Apostolic constitution Quo Primum forbade any changes to the Pope Pius V's text of the Missal, new general revisions of the Missal and other changes were made during the 17th century and later. The description and the analysis of these changes are the key subject of this paper. Major attention is also given to the Synod of Pistoia, which was the leading liturgical event of the 18th century. Many liturgical reforms (such as the active participation of the people in the liturgy and the translating the Latin text into the vernacular) rejected and condemned at that time have been implemented since Vatican II . Similar efforts to restore the liturgy have appeared in the 19th and 20th centuries within the Liturgical movement. Nevertheless, not even the last publication of the Missal just before the opening of Vatican II could reflect this development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author of this paper presents a critical study of an extensive book of Vojtěch Novotný, dedicated to the life and work of Bonaventura Bouše (1918-2002). This Franciscan priest played an important part in the life of the Catholic Church in Czechoslovakia especially in the tough years of the Communist persecution. His intellectual heritage is so provoking that the author, apart from presenting and assessing the studied book, searches for the ways to cope with this intellectual legacy of B. Bouše [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting with the mid-1990s, the present contribution deals with the discussion in the German press of the eastward expansion of the European Union. The author deliberately chose to focus on two new members, the Czech Republic and Romania, in order to demonstrate that the recurring leitmotifs and narratives of the debate can be traced back to the semantics of specific possibilities of how to describe social space and its dynamics. Three paradigmatic notions of social space are evaluated and their consequences for describing and assessing "old" and "new" regions of the EU analyzed. In the media debate, however, these notions have always remained implicit, never have they been named, never has any reflection been voiced about them. Also striking is the fact that they have been used in the same sense by papers of differing political orientation and that there has been very little change over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective mutism is a disorder in which a child fluently speaks in well-known situations but is mute in less known situations. Despite overall etiology research, causes of mutism are still unrevealed. The paper summarizes various research studies which focused on links between selective mutism and anxiety disorders, particularly social phobia. In spite of some empirical evidence, it is still impossible to state that the selective mutism is an anxiety disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective adaptation to the stress connected with a loss of employment requires expenditure of larger or smaller amounts of energy. This paper focuses on problems faced by unemployed men and women and their selection of various coping strategies. The research was carried out via questionnaire methods in a sample of 92 men and 84 women who had been unemployed for minimum of three months. The life satisfaction of the respondents was generally evaluated as a neutral value (neither satisfied nor dissatisfied). The most frequently selected coping strategies (regardless of gender) were self-distraction, active coping, planning and acceptance. Relatively infrequent strategies were religion, substance use and behavioural disengagement. Some differences were found between men and women in their evaluation of the seriousness of unemployment-related problems and their preferences of coping strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides an overview of cases of childhood obesity which were apparently caused by parental neglect of these children. In certain foreign countries particularly morbid obesity is considered a signal that the child's lifestyle is not acceptable. Social workers in these countries cooperate with other professionals (such as paediatricians etc.) in an attempt to construct more differentiated measures to search for these cases of childhood obesity more effective and possibly with less restrictive means of assistance. In comparison with these international experiences, the experiences of our social workers with this kind of childhood obesity as a warning signal seem apparently rather rare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text provides information on students with dyslexia and other learning disabilities at universities. It maps the situation in the field of assessment and support of university students in the course of their studies. The paper summarizes findings from the Center for students with special educational needs at Faculty of Hussite Theology (Charles University) in Prague and also experiences from abroad. Finally it presents results of a survey on adult dyslexia carried out among employers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging adulthood is considered to be a transitional developmental period between adolescence and adulthood. The paper focuses on key features of this period which are exploration of identity, experimentation, instability, self-focus and focus on others. The scope of their subjective experience and relations of these features to coping strategies with stressful situations were studied in an empirical research. The research sample involved 486 university students of Masaryk University in Brno (237 males, 249 females) with mean age 21.8. The features of emerging adulthood were measured by The IDEA Scale; coping strategies were measured by The Brief COPE. The results especially emphasized the importance of experimentation, self-focus and exploration of identity. The significant connections between features of emerging adulthood and coping strategies were gained. Experimentation and self-focus strongly correlated with orientation to problem solving, identity exploration particularly correlated with support seeking. Substantial differences between males and females were not observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]