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Minority education after 1918 took a copletely different direction than it had before the establishment of Czechoslovakia. The new social reality, the new laws and the different approach to minority issues led to an equalization of minority (state national) schools with other schools, the removal of most of the obstacles to their establishment and, above all, the nationalization of the whole process of establishing and maintaining these schools. This also led to the need to put these schools under the state supervision. In terms of their pedagogical activities and the organization of teaching, inspectorates for Czech, German and Polish minority schools were established. The paper deals with the implementation of inspectors' agendas, the performance of inspections, inspection districts and their transformations and the staffing of inspectorates in the interwar period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Acta Universitatis Carolinae Historia Universitatis Carolinae Pragensis is the property of Charles University Prague, Karolinum Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Thanks to inclusion of excursions (fields trips) during biology lessons students can directly participate in the process of science and improve their scientific reasoning skills. This paper presents parental care as an important life-history animal strategy. This phenomenon can be easily demonstrated in invertebrates, e.g. in bugs (Heteroptera). The procedures described here offer step-by-step instructions on how bugs are used to guide students within research field-trip project. Students can observe and investigate this interesting behaviour on selected bug species in natural conditions within field trips. These activities can increase student´s involvement and interest in learning biology. Although the activity mentioned above is aimed at high school students, it is easy to adapt it to other age groups. Presented proposals of school research can be used in various European regions with the vegetation formed by birches (Betula sp.).