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Background Proton beam therapy (PBT) is one of the most discussed topics in contemporary oncology. PBT is characterized by certain physical properties that make it theoretically better as a treatment than standard photon therapy. On the other hand, there are some uncertainties regarding the localization of the dose peak (Bragg peak) in real clinical situations and the value of radiobiological effectiveness at the end of proton beam. Unfortunately, the high expectations of PBT have not been fulfilled in published clinical studies. Aim In the present article, the results of PBT are compared with those of standard photon therapy for the treatment of low-and high-grade gliomas, pituitary adenomas, vestibular schwannomas, chordomas and chondrosarcomas, and pediatric central nervous system tumors. PBT was not better in tumor control or in reducing toxicity than photon therapy. The higher risk of post-radiation brain tissue necrosis after PBT is alarming. PBT is mostly considered for pediatric tumors, because the radiobiological models predict lower damage to neurocognitive functions and a reduction in secondary malignancies. However, this hypothesis has its opponents and sufficient clinical data to justify the models are still lacking. The cost of PBT is several times higher than that of photon therapy. Results PBT is a revolutionary technology in modern radiotherapy, but so far, clinical data have not proved it to be superior to that of standard photon therapy. PBT should be considered on an individual basis in cases where modern photon therapy cannot meet the dose limits of healthy tissues.Key words: proton therapy - neoplasms - central nervous systemSubmitted: 24. 10. 2017Accepted: 23. 11. 2017 The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE recommendation for biomedical papers.

The paper is the result of five years paediatric, neurological and neurosurgical care of 102 infants with inborn and acquired damage of the central nervous system. Early diagnosis, a suitably indicated neurosurgical operation, comprehensive paediatric and neurosurgical care ensure along with rehabilitation and psychic stimulation, optimum therapeutic results. So far only few reports on results of long-term studies of thus treated child patients were published. The paper is an example of interdisciplinary cooperation.

Intestinal microflora consists of large bacterial community that resides in the intestines, especially the colon, and lives in symbiosis with the host. It consists mainly representatives of the four bacterial strains (Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria). It has already been shown that the proportional representation of the bacterial strains in time does not change much, but the research of the last decade have shown irrefutable effect between the change of diet and composition of the intestinal microflora. In addition, there is evidence of changes in the representation of bacterial strains in the course of development of certain intestinal pathologies such as inflammatory bowel disease. More and more are starting to emerge papers describing the influence of altered intestinal microflora respectively its representatives, on the activity and function of the CNS. This interaction of the digestive system and CNS seems to be bidirectional and mediated by several different pathways. Finally, it shows that dysbiosis of the intestinal microflora promotes anxiety and depression that can lead to the urge to prematurely terminate life. The aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive view of this relatively young, but also very interesting...

Title: Case report of therapeutic care patient after brain tumor surgery in the temporal lobe Object of paper: The primary aim of this work is to describe the subject of CNS - tumors lokalized in the brain, specifically in the temporal lobe and subsequently a case study of a patient with this diagnosis, which was established during a hospital university-internship. Abstract: The general part deals with the theoretical information about the nervous system and brain tumors. Where as the specific part shows a case report of pateint after a brain tumor surgery in the temporal lobe. The materialis and the fundation of this bachelor dissertation were gathered at the neurological in-patient ward in regional hospital Kladno. Key words: Tumor, physiotherapy (physical therapy), central nervous system, temopral lobe (lobus temporalis)

Noradrenaline exerts many effects and mediates a number of functions in living organisms. Recently, the essential role of noradrenaline in the central nervous system (CNS) has emerged. Noradrenaline affects behaviors of individuals including a modulation of vigilance, arousal, attention, motivation, reward, and also learning and memory. Almost all brain noradrenergic fibers arise in brainstem nuclei designated A1-A7 (approximately half of neurons belongs to the brainstem nucleus, locus coeruleus). The effects of noradrenaline are mediated by two distinct super-families of receptors, named alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors. They are further divided into subgroups exhibiting specific roles in modulating behavior and cognition of animals. Adrenoceptors are located on the periphery as well as in the CNS and selective alpha- and beta-agonists and antagonists are used to assess their function. The purpose of this review is to summarize the findings about anatomy and physiology of the noradrenergic system in the CNS and discuss the pharmacological effects on specific adrenoceptor types. This paper also shows the importance of noradrenaline to maintain the cognitive processes such as attention, perception, and particularly the memory consolidation and retrieval. Disruption of these processes may result in symptoms of neuropsychiatric diseases and neurodegeneration.

Hipotherapy is a complex therapy, broaden and recently very sought after rehabilitation method, which is being more and more recognized by experts for its broaden scene. It is a complex therapy thanks to involving medicine, psychology, pedagogy and also a social sphere. That's why is this method indicated at many different levels of disablement. It's being used with pacients with children's cerebral palsy, diverse level of cerebral dysfunction and multiple sclerosis. And it's the therapy's effect on multiple sclerosis that this thesis paper discusses. It also applies to brain and spinal traumas, scoliosis, back pain, orthopedic defects, cardiovascular disease, degenerative muscle disease, obesity, as well as it provides help at emotional and mental aspect, e.g. children with behavioral disorders and many others. At hipotherapy is being used a three dimensional (multidimensional) horse motion. Horse's spine moves up - down, forward - backward, right - left. Imitating a mechanisms of human walking, which leads to relaxation of spasticity. Impulses are transmitted onto back which brings interaction of impeller and back muscles, stand up pose, and posture interference. All this brings a walking improvements, movements coordination, balance and consolidation of a flabby muscles. Each horse has a different nature...

In the present paper the author describes the influence of the psychopharmaceutical preparation Chlorprotixen on the response of the CNS to stagnation anoxia (positive radial acceleration 10 g) and aerogenic hypoxia (15 000 m) in the course of ontogeny of the rat. Chlorprotixen increases the resistance to high altitude hypoxia, while it reduces the resistance to anoxia. The greatest differences were observed in the youngest animals.