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This paper explores whether the succession of generations can be an impetus that changes prevailing patterns of interpretation within teaching staff. Following Karl Mannheim, I argue that social patterns of interpretation are shaped by generation-specific experiences. One then would expect changes in the patterns of interpretation within teaching staff to take place continuously, as older members are replaced by younger ones. But due to particular dynamics within the labour market, over the last two centuries, always one specific birth cohort was prevailing among teachers (in Germany). At the end of its career, it was replaced by a younger cohort within a short period. This might mean, typical patterns of interpretation changed within a short period as well. This idea is tested by two examples. They suggest it is correct for a homogeneous group of teachers. However, within other social groups of teachers in other geographical areas different patterns of interpretation can be found simultaneously. Considering the teaching profession as a whole it would thus be problematic to assume uniform, generation-specific patterns of interpretation that changed at uniform points in time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at the care of orphans and the new welfare institutions that emerged in the second half of the 18th century. It traces changes in social care provision and its gradual transfer to local municipal authorities, and the rationale behind institutional care and support for the poor. Specifically, it focuses on the St John the Baptist Orphanage in Prague, which had the patronage of Maria Theresa. In the 18th and 19th centuries orphanages were few and far between, chiefly because of the high costs involved. Mostly they were founded by larger municipalities, benevolent societies or individuals. The St John the Baptist Orphanage differed not only in its founders – the Freemasons – but in its teachers, who were initially members of the Masonic Lodge, and it provided a good education by the standards of the day. The paper considers how the orphanage selected its charges and how it looked after them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Social Work Forum / Fórum Sociální Práce is the property of Charles University Prague, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of ProInflow is the property of Casopis ProInflow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Karl Marx's thinking became the basis of dialectical-historical materialist philosophy and the so-called scientific socialism and communism, which were considered a higher stage of thought than the so-called utopian socialism. Marx's philosophical development was complex and before the dialectical-historical materialist and communist phase, Marx had gone through a phase of critical-idealism and had been one of the Young Hegelian philosophers who advocated a certain interpretation of the German philosopher Hegel, and this interpretation justified the demands for radical social change. Based on Marx's political and intellectual development, the paper examines the relationship between the younger, critical-idealistic, and older, dialectical-historical materialistic phases and the ideological consequences of Marx's and Engels's intervention in the development of the communist movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper maps and compares the main topics articulated by political parties in their manifestos published for the Slovak parliamentary elections in 2010 and 2012. First, the paper discusses the conceptual grounds of policy space dynamics. Next, it outlines the method used for the research, based upon quantitative content analysis of the parties' manifestos of the Comparative Manifestos Project Group. Relevance of individual issues is measured by their representation in manifestos. The paper also examines the change in parties' priorities for the 2012 election compared to the election of 2010. With the help of an additional methodology tool, the parties under review are then put along a left-right spectrum. Using this technique, the policy space during the period of both elections is examined. Simultaneously, party shifts along the left-right spectrum that emerged from the obtained data are presented. The final section of the article exposes the descriptive results to the theoretical assumptions about policy space dynamics presented in the beginning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The framework of the paper is made by the perception of culture as one of the driving forces behind social development in the transition from information society to design cultures. The paper's purpose is to give an overview of the influence transformation has on cultural institutions with an emphasis on programmes in museums, galleries and libraries. The conclusion is that transformations of some cultural institutions into contemporary and branded museum destinations become part of museology which thereby respects globalisation and ensures the sustainability of culture, its universal values, values of local communities, their knowledge and heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses Habermas's critique of the sociological theory of Talcott Parsons. It treats Habermas as exemplary for a form of critique that sought to utilise Marxian themes in order to overcome what have been widely seen as Parsons' problems in handling issues of conflict and social change. The paper argues that these problems derive from the characteristics of general theory conducted within an action frame of reference. The ambition for this type of theory is something that Habermas shares with Parsons and the paper demonstrates how the elaboration of his own theory comes to converge with that of Parsons and reproduces its problematic features. In conclusion, it is suggested that these problems can only be overcome by rejecting general theory as a mode of sociological theorising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the recent debate on global civil society. According to the prevailing understanding, global civil society is formed by numerous international non-governmental organizations, social movements and interpersonal networks that carry out their activities "beyond borders". According to some accounts, global civil society holds the potential to facilitate direct political participation on the global level. It is understood as a force able to democratize the current international political order. The main goal of the article is to critically assess the capacity of global civil society to meet these expectations. In order to fulfill this goal, the paper first defines the different positions in the field of international democratic theory. The positions are defined on the basis of three models of democracy: liberal, radical, and deliberative. Each of them describes differently the role that civil society plays in a democratic polity. Liberals underscore its role in securing the transparency of political decision-making. radicals see it as the carrier of democratic participation, and deliberativists put the stress on communication. The article goes on to summarize the available data on international non-governmental organizations, social movements and networks of so-called "new" activists. Subsequently, it presents two different interpretations of the capacity of civil society actors to bring about democratization of decision-making on the supranational level (Habermas, Kymlicka). While both interpretations agree that there is no room for global democratization via the direct participation of civil society organizations — and thus no room for a global democratic citizenship — they disagree on the possibility to realize European democracy and European democratic citizenship. The article discusses both views and differentiates between the concepts of citizenship and activism. It argues that while the former cannot be realized on the global level, the latter is already being realized'. The article further debates the problems of current global activism. In the last section the paper shows that global civil society organizations have the capacity to influence political communication and to increase the transparency of international organizations; however, they fail to provide channels for direct participation on the global level and even on the European level. In addition, the paper argues that the very existence of global civil society depends on the national political and economic conditions in particular states. Accordingly. civil society activities should not be focused on pursuing any project of global democratic citizenship but should rather aim at strengthening the conditions for democratic citizenship at the national level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"This paper discusses the latest trends in marriage and family behaviour in the Czech Republic. These trends show profound changes as compared with the situation before 1989.... It is claimed here that the decrease of the marriage rate and the fertility rate, and gradual increase of the age at first marriage and increase of illegitimacy rate are normal and even necessary characteristics of modern democratic societies." (SUMMARY IN ENG), (excerpt)

In the submitted paper the author deals in detail with patients hospitalized in two large Moravian sanatoria on account of psychotic disorders in the development of which events of November 1989 played some part. The author sought in these patients common anamnestic data, analyzed the psychopathological picture of the disease and finally subjected all the patients to a three-year catamnestic follow-up. The results were compared with several publications dealing with the same subject. The author had, however, the advantage of a longer follow-up and more extensive sources of information, whereby she made also use of contact in writing with former patients. The achieved results were processed by statistical methods, compared also in parts of the group classified by age and sex. In the presented paper only the most interesting data are given. The most positive conclusion is the fact that 31.43% of the group had no longer any psychic complaints, 81.63% of the group work (and another 6.06% returned to work after invalidization). With one exception all patients or their doctors evaluate the present situation at least as satisfactory.

The paper brings the overview of latest knowledge published in studies on burnout syndrome and related constructs. It deals with links between burnout syndrome and socio-economic context. The study focuses especially on related knowledge from the field of work, work stress, and organizational psychology. It discusses the latest research results concerning engagement and key issues that should be - according to the leading world experts - studied in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with research on the prolonging of children's cohabitation with parents. The transformation in patterns of child-parent cohabitation is seen as an indicator of the prolonging of the transition to adulthood. The prolonging of cohabitation with parents is being rethought in the context of broader social changes. On the basis of research on children's leaving of the parental home and transition to adulthood, the article discusses the absence of universal patterns in the leaving of the parental home and its timing, regional differences, and its social and cultural conditionality. These regional specifics shape particular patterns of transition to adulthood and related patterns of leaving the parental home. In general, there are two distinct patterns of leaving the parental home (namely, the early Northern pattern and late Southern pattern) which can help us understand and explain the observed prolonging transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a globalised and mutually interconnected world, after the post-modern turn in social sciences, does anthropology offer any way to understand complexity of human life and society? Transnational studies offer a powerful set of explanatory tools for knowledge production and analysis. While this approach has produced a number of valuable contributions and insights, it is hampered by certain assumptions that may distort knowledge production. In this paper I argue that transnational anthropology may represent a moderate way of knowledge production on transnationalism, combining both interest on micropolitics of human life as well as their transnational interconnectedness. Using ethnographic data on transnational networks from Pakistan, Morocco, Bangladesh and Daghestan, I re-construct the omitted view in the transnational studies: a view from the other shore where the attention is paid to actors who have been left behind, as a consequence of transnational migration, on the other shores. Through careful examination of particular life cycle rituals, I explore changes effected by recent shifts in capital (as conventionally understood) and symbolic capital (as outlined by Bourdieu) mediated by transnational networks. Therefore, I argue that any postmodern reflexivity and intellectual fashion should not replace ethnographic sensitivity from transnational studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pravnik is the property of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of State & Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The last decade of the 18th century in French history did not only mean changes in political and social order, but also in scientific progress. Although intellectual property had deep roots in France, it did not have a firm order. The interest in the codification and amendment of the patent law reflected the need to motivate the French inventive spirit and the desire to face British trade dominance on the continent in the form of trade competition. The culmination was to showcase the best products France could offer, with its latent motive to stimulate the business environment and make the country an industrially competitive area in continental Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Carolinae: Philosophica et Historica is the property of Charles University Prague, Karolinum Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)