Search

Studie se zabývá problematikou historie pěstování vinné révy a vinohradnictví v česko-slovenském prostoru, zkoumá ekonomické a ekologické aspekty v jednotlivých historických obdobích – od prvních nálezů révy přes období raného středověku, kdy se víno stalo důležitým liturgickým symbolem spojeným s christianizací, až po vrcholně středověké a novověké období, kdy se vinařství stalo významným hospodářským odvětvím. Článek diskutuje metody identifikace archeobotanických nálezů révy, které byly problematické kvůli morfologickým změnám způsobeným diagenetickými procesy. Přesnost morfometrických metod se ukázala být nízká, ale ve spojení s vizuálním hodnocením nálezů mohou být efektivní způsobem, jak odlišit pěstované formy révy od divoké. Navzdory obtížím při klasifikaci nálezů jsou archeobotanické studie důležitým zdrojem informací o historii vinohradnictví a pěstování révy v regionu.

The subject of the article is two systems of acoustic vessels from the Church of St. Gall in Myšenec, which is associated with the production of the so-called Zvíkov and Písek architectural workshop, and All Saints Church in Kovářov in South Bohemia. These vessels, built into the vault, were placed with their rim facing the interior of the presbytery and their bottom in the space of the attic at the same time as the construction of the vault and were probably intended to improve the acoustics of the interior of the presbytery. In the foreign synthesising literature, examples are described of custom-made vessels as well as secondarily used household vessels, i.e. those primarily intended for food storage. The paper aims to precisely determine the primary role of the vessels found in the two studied churches by detecting the hypothetical presence of food residues in them. Samples were taken from the inner surfaces of the vessels and their analysis showed a weak signal of casein (milk) in one case and a strong signal of gliadin (grain) in the other. The multiple potential functions of the vessels embedded in the vaults are discussed in the context of Czech examples and foreign research on acoustic vessels.

The article aims to examine the relationship between the use of longhouses and adjacent fenced areas at the Linear Pottery culture (LBK) settlement in Hostivice-Sadová. The analysis focuses on house no. 1 and 15 and the rectangular fenced areas defined mainly by single posts that were excavated next to their eastern walls. The study includes representative pottery assemblages from settlement features and construction pits dated to the two subsequent phases in the middle stage of LBK. Formation processes and the proportion of decoration style were analysed in combination with radiocarbon dating. The article also addresses whether fenced areas were later used as refuse disposal spaces. The results show that the fills of the features in the fenced areas were deposited later than the house unit assemblages were formed. In both cases, there is no significant evidence of using fenced areas later for waste disposal. Additionally, the social and economic aspects of these houses are discussed as the construction, length, fenced areas, and concentration of finds indicate their important social and economic role within the settlement.

Mnoha etapový záchranný archeologický výzkum raně středověkého přemyslovského centra ve Staré Boleslavi (střední Čechy) přinesl mimo jiné zcela nové a zásadní poznatky o vývoji jádra lokality, kde byla mezi lety 1039–1046 založena první kolegiátní kapitula v Čechách. Se založením kapituly společně s bazilikou sv. Václava a posléze románským kostelem sv. Klimenta v její bezprostřední blízkosti souvisí i přesun intenzivního pohřbívání z extravilánu k těmto kostelům. V roce 2005 zachytila sonda umístěná při kostele sv. Klimenta v bezprostřední blízkosti jižní apsidy baziliky etapový vývoj tohoto pohřebiště. Sonda je jediným místem, kde lze jednoznačně oddělit pohřby mladší, než výstavba kostela sv. Klimenta (ca 1. pol. 12. století) od starší fáze pohřbívání. Až desetinásobná superpozice hrobů byla využita pro ověření interpretace vývoje lokality a její chronologie. Analýza kombinuje archeologické a historické prameny s pravděpodobnostním modelováním radiouhlíkových dat z kosterních pozůstatků. Výsledky potvrdily správnost dříve navrženého základního členění raně středověkého vývoje lokality a její chronologie, ale také upřesnily počátek i závěr pohřbívání, které radiouhlíkový model posouvá hlouběji do minulosti, než bylo původně předpokládáno. Radiouhlíková data také naznačují, že výstavba kostela sv. Klimenta spadá spíše do doby kolem pol. 12. století, než na jeho počátek.

Współpracownicy Rocznika

Lista recenzentów Roczników Historycznych

Recenzje

Odpowiedź na recenzję Tomasza Jurka

W artykule przeanalizowano treść i okoliczności powstania zeznań wydobytych od przesłuchiwanego w 1500 r. w Krapkowicach rozbójnika na temat rzekomego opłacenia przez wysokiego polskiego urzędnika pieniędzmi otrzymanymi od władcy Turków podpalaczy działających w miastach śląskich.

Między metodologią a metodo-ideo-logią historii. Nad podręcznikowym Wprowadzeniem do metodologii historii

Artykuł dotyczy księgi zmarłych członków bractwa modlitewnego cieśli, młynarzy i przedstawicieli innych rzemiosł, które w drugiej połowie XV i początku XVI w. działało pod patronatem dominikanów z wrocławskiego klasztoru św. Wojciecha. Analiza zawartości tej księgi została uzupełniona jej edycją w Aneksie. Prezentowana praca ma znaczenie dla odtworzenia praktyk duszpasterskich wrocławskich dominikanów i społecznego zaplecza ich konwentu, a także prozopografii mieszkańców Wrocławia u schyłku średniowiecza.

Przeworski konwent zakonu bożogrobców w ciągu XV w. znacznie powiększył stan swego posiadania zarówno o nieruchomości ziemskie, jak i kościoły parafialne położone w ziemi przemyskiej. Bliższa analiza okoliczności wejścia w posiadanie owych nabytków pokazuje, że były one wynikiem sfałszowania dokumentów donacyjnych. Rutynowo preparowano je po śmierci rzekomych donatorów, a niejednokrotnie także ich synów, tak aby niemożliwa była konfrontacja z wystawcą lub osobami świadomymi ich rzeczywistej woli. Taki scenariusz został zrealizowany w Rudołowicach, Tuligłowach oraz Urzejowicach.

Wielki mistrz Michał Küchmeister był jednym z nielicznych zwierzchników Zakonu Krzyżackiego w Prusach w XIV i XV w., który, jak wszystko na to wskazuje, ze względów zdrowotnych zdecydował się na dobrowolną rezygnację z pełnionej godności. Zachowane źródła pozwalają dokładniej prześledzić, w jaki sposób odbywała się sukcesja władzy w państwie zakonnym w tak nadzwyczajnych okolicznościach. Umożliwiają również przyjrzenie się dalszym losom byłego już wielkiego mistrza – jego aktywności, zarówno w sprawach prywatnych, jak i państwowych (aż do śmierci 15 XII 1423 r.), a co za tym idzie, dają niepowtarzalną okazję do szukania odpowiedzi na pytania o zakres kompetencji, rolę i znaczenie byłych zwierzchników Zakonu w państwie krzyżackim w Prusach.

Prezentowane opracowanie zawiera omówienie i wydanie nieznanego traktatu O schizmie robertyńskiej (De schismate Robertino) z 1404 r., pióra wybitnego koncyliarysty Ludolfa, opata klasztoru kanoników regularnych św. Augustyna w Żaganiu. Tytuł traktatu nawiązuje do imienia Roberta z Genewy, którego wybór na papieża (Klemensa VII) w 1378 r. stał się początkiem Wielkiej Schizmy w Kościele. Ludolf poszukuje w traktacie sposobu na przezwyciężenie Schizmy. Z odwołaniem do argumentacji opartej na Biblii i przepisach prawa wykazuje w pełnym retorycznego zaangażowania wywodzie błędy zwolenników papieży awiniońskich i usiłuje ich przekonywać do przejścia na stronę rzymską.

Artykuł jest próbą odpowiedzi na pytanie, kiedy i w jaki sposób doszło do zredagowania tzw. Złotej Bulli z Rimini, przywileju datowanego na marzec 1226 r., w którym cesarz Fryderyk II Hohenstauf potwierdził Zakonowi Krzyżackiemu przyszłe darowizny ze strony księcia Konrada I mazowieckiego oraz nadał mu prawo posiadania wszystkich ziem, jakie zdobędzie w Prusach wraz z szerokimi uprawnieniami władzy zwierzchniej. Autor podejmuje dyskusję z koncepcjami genezy Złotej Bulli sformułowanymi przez Sylvaina Gouguenheima oraz Tomasza Jasińskiego i przedstawia własny pogląd na czas oraz mechanizm zredagowania Złotej Bulli w znanej nam obecnie wersji.

Artykuł poświęcony jest początkom organizacji diecezjalnej na Kujawach w XII w. Początki te są od dawna dyskutowane w literaturze. Wciąż powraca kontrowersja, czy ok. 1124 r. istniały jedno czy dwa odrębne biskupstwa (Włocławek, Kruszwica). Autor dowodzi, że w grę wchodzi tylko jedno biskupstwo, ale analizuje specjalną rolę, jaką odgrywała kapituła w Kruszwicy. Problem przedstawiony został na szerokiej podstawie komparatystycznej.

The fighting between Czechoslovak legionaries and Red Army soldiers in Penza in May 1918 generated and continues to generate various historical narratives, especially about alleged war crimes. How did legionary and communist sources interpret the outcome of the fighting and what losses were attributed to the defenders of the city in general and the 1st Czecho-slovak Revolutionary Regiment in particular? This paper analyses the number of deaths, cites various historical sources, and critically examines the myth of prisoner executions, arguing that the numbers and the account of the events in contemporary literature are likely distorted.

By the end of the 19th century, the central government in Cisleithania was experiencing significant challenges in maintaining control over mass movements and riots. This was primarily due to the insufficient number of police and gendarmerie forces and the politicization of local governments. The army was repeatedly called up, yet encountered similar challenges as the civil authorities. Moreover, it still operated in the spirit of absolutism, which rendered it incapable of responding effectively to the demands of modern times. The military thus often faced criticism. This became fully apparent during the 1897 riots.

The Austro-Prussian War of 1866 was not seen as having contributed to the building of the state, not even during the existence of the Habsburg monarchy. This was probably due to its unfavourable outcome for Austria. However, it had major significance for subsequent pan-European developments. Moreover, the image of this war has been purposefully misinterpreted within the anti-Aus trian myth. This paper aims to unpack the contemporary image of this war based on the testimonies of participants involved, as captured in their memoirs, and to compare it with the image of the war promoted during the First Czechoslovak Republic.

The paper discusses the regimental music bands of the Czechoslovak Legion in Russia. It focuses mainly on their tasks, functions and importance. Attention is also paid to the fact that the legionary bands combined elements of Russian and Austro-Hungarian military music. The text addresses the question of which cultural influence ultimately prevailed.

The aim of the paper is to provide details on the Czechoslovak Scouting organisation in exile during the Second World War, especially in relation to what is known as the Czechoslovak Foreign Action. The purpose of the text is to point out the role that Junák (the organization of Scouts and Guides in the Czech Republic) was supposed to play from the point of view of the government in exile and which was also constructed by its leading figures. In doing so, it also reveals some elements of the survival strategy pursued by the official Czechoslovak Scouting Organisation during the war years as well as certain features of post-war Scouting in Czechoslovakia.

This paper provides a Czech translation of the introductory chapter of Lost Illusions. Russian Policies towards Bulgaria in 1877–1887 (1988) by the Czech historian Karel Durman, who lived in exile in Uppsala, Sweden, since 1980. The translation is preceded by a commentary written by the translator, which introduces the reader to the most important moments in Durman’s life and work and the historical background of the text and its contemporary reception.

The study deals with the cult of St. Denis, bishop of Paris and the French “national” patron saint, in medieval Bohemia and Moravia. It attempts to provide answers to the questions about the meaning, character and spread of the veneration of St. Denis in Czech society.

The paper focuses on the issue of air pollution in the industrially important Most region in the 1960s. It analyses how society and government responded to increasing environmental degradation in the region within the evolving political and economic context by examining the media and changes in legislation. Inspired by Donald Worster’s environmental history framework, the paper aims to illustrate the dynamic interplay between the expansion of industry, environmental concerns and policymaking during this crucial period. By investigating the nuances of media discourse and legislative reforms, it explores how air pollution was perceived and what actions were taken to tackle it in the region, contributing to a deeper understanding of the interconnections between society, state, and ecology in environmental contexts.

This paper examines official negotiation methods behind the renovation and simultaneous use of the Staré Hrady castle between 1949 and 1993, as an example of the rescue of a cultural monument in communist Czechoslovakia. It is concerned with the mechanisms of actor-institutional communication at regional level at work within the broader circumstances prevailing in then Czechoslovakia, arguing that this negotiation was in fact the driving force behind the successful reconstruction of this castle after many years of expert-led volunteer work.

The text explores the views of the Czech immigrant community in the US on the 1929 New York Stock Exchange crash through Czech newspapers from Chicago, Nebraska, and Texas, using a comparative approach to analyse the publications.

This article presents a hoard of 27 metal artefacts and fragments of one ceramic vessel from the South Bohemian site of Krtely, dated to the earlier phase of the Late Bronze Age (Br D – Ha A1). Two exceptional phenomena are associated with the hoard. The first is its placement in a burial mound, and the second is the presence of two fragments of a broken miner's pick, analogous to those found in the salt mines of Hallstatt. In addition to typological-chronological analyses, the article also includes elemental composition and use-wear analyses of the pick. Unique to this find is the reutilization of the pick as a chisel. The hoard also contained a fragment of a cast sword hilt with embedded fragments of other artefacts, examined by X-ray and tomographic analyses. The hoard from Krtely significantly contributes to the ongoing discussion on the role of Bronze Age metal hoards and their potential connections to ritualized behaviour and the spiritual world of that era.

During rescue excavations carried out in 2008 in Jordanowo, Świebodzin commune, Lubuskie voivodeship, on site 7 (on the route of the planned S3 expressway), a treasure was discovered of early medieval coins loosely scattered on an area of approx. 2 m². It lay directly under the humus layer, about 40 cm deep, between the graves of an early medieval cemetery, which probably was in operation since the 2nd half of the 11th century for at least 100 years. The article presents a detailed description of the coins, including, but not limited to metrological data, production marks, traces of use, a breakdown by type and variety and references to similar finds. The discovered collection included both entire coins and pieces thereof. Prominent among them were 2 denarii of Ethelred II, 2 German denarii from the mints in Bardowicko (preserved fragment) and Soest, and an imitation of a Magdeburg denarius, as well as cross denarii (84 whole + 15 fragments) of various types according to M. Gumowski’s Corpus Nummorum Poloniae (1939). Thus, 104 coins, including 88 whole coins and 16 fragments, were recorded in the hoard weighing 88.3 g. An analysis of the coin set has made it possible to determine the deposition to the ground at the late 11th and the early 12th century.

In the paper, a question is posed about the legal status of knighthood women in Wielkopolska during the country’s fragmentation from the 12th century to the early 14th century. The conclusions have been drawn on the basis of documents written in Wielkopolska and in the lands governed by the dukes nof the Wielkopolska line of the Piast dynasty, documents issued by the rulers of Wielkopolska or diplomas concerning people connected with Wielkopolska through offices or estates. Sixty-nine documents have been analysed. Most often, women are referred to in the body of the document (in the disposition), nrarely in the intitulation (in two cases they appeared as co-authors of documents), and in the testation only as an exception. There are several types of documents in which women are referred. From the documents we learn that women disposed of their property. Estates could be a part of a woman’s marriage settlement; widows also made donations to pass on their daughters’ dowries. Knights also secured the fortunes of their wives, daughters, and mothers by document, especially through endowments to monasteries. Women were given a certain amount of property for life but were also placed under the protection of the Church. Quite a number of documents mention the salvation of the soul of the donor and his wife. The analysed documents from the 12th to the beginning of the 14th century include diplomas regulating family situations, i.e. not issued for ecclesiastical institutions, although the latter are nevertheless predominant. In the light of the documents analysed, various issues concerning the fate of women are also apparent, e.g. the situation of women following their husbands in the 13th century, or their status after the execution of their husbands. Compared to the neighbouring districts of Mazovia and Krakow and Sandomierz Principalities, Wielkopolska boasts a larger number of documents with mentions of women. An analysis of the documents indicates that women’s rights to property and the possibility of disposing of it were recognised in Wielkopolska, although the confirmations of dukes (issued frequently) may suggest that the dispositions made by women were questioned.

The Archives of the University of Wroclaw have preserved folders with documents related to the studies, the defense of the doctorate and the employment at the University of Wroclaw of S. Parnicki-Pudełko. They show the unconventional character and unusual career path of the young scientist. By the way, through these documents we get to know him as a committed patriot and social activist. Already at that time, his significant intellectual potential was noted, his enthusiasm for work and his excellent development was rightly predicted. Living in extremely difficult times, he knew how to maintain decency. In the later years of his life and career, he was associated with the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw and then the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan where he spread his wings as a professor and head of the Novae archaeological expedition.

During research at an early medieval site located 11 km away from Poznań’s Ostrów Tumski (Cathedral Island), a set of tools for weighing bullion was found, consisting of balance scales, 10 standardised weights, and a decorative copper alloy necklace clasp. Due to the state of preservation, mechanical features and the place of uncovering, these artefacts prompted a multi-faceted analysis of the possible reasons why such valuable objects were left in one of the sites of the extensive settlement, located by the Kopel and Michałówka valley. As a result, new evidence has been obtained on the links between the main strongholds of the Polish state and the subordinate settlements, as well as on the existence of possibilities of communication between them (hitherto unconsidered) and on local variations in social stratification. At the same time, the need to carry out methodical research on archaeological sites and to exercise conservation protection over them was stressed, in the face of a threat of losing ample interpretative opportunities when the sites become victims of illegal forms of exploration