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The article focuses on the characteristics of forcible entries into objects and the term "breaching", which is often used interchangeably with this activity. The article further addresses the issue of fragments scattering when using a charge to overcome chain-link fences. The introductory chapter describes the execution of training in this field using the exercise facilities that are built for this purpose in military training areas. When conducting explosive forcible entry training, the safe distance for intervening teams and non-participants is determined using given formulas. The purpose of the simulation, mathematical calculations and experiment was to assess the extent to which fragments scattering occurs during explosive overcoming of these fences and whether the procedures used to determine the safe distance for non-participants are sufficient.

The war game is a respected tool for commanders' decision-making. Its preparation, execution, and evaluation of results require precise organization and a considerable time commitment. However, the time aspect is a limiting factor in the current dynamic era to a rather objectified evaluation of the variants of operation execution. The article does not describe the process of wargame preparation, it focuses on the execution phase, where it presents the use of a particular simulation system in wargames and under which theoretical conditions the results of combat simulation can be considered valid. It also evaluates the time efficiency of its use in a wargame. It has been experimentally verified that the tested simulation system can be used for a wargame especially in the accelerated simulation mode. The configuration of the computing system was also verified, which allowed a substantial acceleration of the simulation run of the wargame scenario.

This article examines the history and culture of Argentinian tango as a translocal social dance and emphasizes its revivalist component along with other characteristic features: nostalgia, listening, and experimentation. It represents the partial and the preliminary result of the author's anthropological research that they are currently conducting as part of the doctoral programme at the Faculty of Humanities of Charles University in Prague. The author concludes that both nostalgic beliefs and the desire to create something new contribute to the process of tango revival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the centuries, various minerals were used in pottery production; for some societies, graphite played a unique role. Certain areas lack local sources of this mineral but simultaneously reveal a great occurrence of ‘graphite-coated’ pottery. Still, it is commonly believed that the surface of these vessels was coated with graphite. The aim of the article is to examine whether the surface visually characterised as ‘graphited’ (suggesting the use of graphite) could be achieved without the application of the mineral and what the technological process of manufacturing might have looked like. Macroscopical and archaeometry recognition features of ‘graphite-coated’ pottery and mineral graphite were indicated. A series of experiments were performed to achieve a lustrous, silver surface without applying mineral graphite. The firing process was conducted in two types of kilns reconstructed according to archaeological sources from the territory of Poland dated to the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages. The reproduced pottery shows surfaces very similar to their prehistorical counterparts. The significant occurrence of this type of pottery indicates its production could also be conducted in areas lacking mineral graphite.

This historically oriented study is dedicated to the German naturalist, mathematician and philosopher Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus (1651–1708) and aims to introduce his main philosophical-logical work, Medicina mentis. After a biographical overview, from which important connections emerge, the article sets out and comments upon his four empirical principles, which provide an overview of the philosophical theory of knowledge. The key theme of his main work is the art of invention (ars inveniendi) and the concept of science as applied algebra, which was an obvious influence on Tschirnhaus’s epistemology and logic. The thinking of this philosopher engages with the work of Descartes, Spinoza, Geulincx and Gassendi, with which – like Leibniz – he tries to harmonize. Although Tschirnhaus’s approach is in many regards dependent on other thinkers, he stands out for his appreciation of the controlled imagination in science and experimentation. The four empirical principles, then, emphasize inner experience and an a posteriori approach.

Rudolf Fabry’s first collection of poems, Uťaté ruky (Severed hands, 1935) was the first book published in the Aligátor series – one of the most distinct projects that accompanied the formation of the Nadrealist movement, the Slovak variant of Surrealism. Owing to the Aligátor series and other activities and products of the actors experimenting with Surrealist poetics, Nadrealism markedly shaped Slovak literature, visual arts, typography, and other forms of art. In result, it became an important movement in Slovak poetry, introducing new poetics which was not, however, met with understanding. The critical reception of Fabry’s debut testifies to that. The debate concerning the new and the old – experiment and tradition – showed that it is crucial to recognise the degree to which Slovak Nadrealism was inspired by foreign authors and literatures (G. Apollinaire, Czech and French Surrealism). This article attempts at conceptualising Nadrealism in its objective contexts without which it cannot be adequately grasped.

The aim of this paper was to assess the functionality of an experiment that was developed for the DRILL project. The experiment used a computer program and a distracting task to measure a driver’s ability to take control of an autonomous vehicle (fallback performance). Switching theory and tachistoscopic traffic tests served as the foundation for this experiment. The experiment measured the subject's reaction time and the correctness of the reaction. The final sample consisted of N = 48 participants, who were self-selected. The results of the statistical analyses suggest that the experiment does successfully induce and register the switching effect. It confirmed the linear relationship between the results of the experiment and the results of the ATAVT test. Further, it analyzed the reaction time on the item level (e. g. reaction times for an item level depending on its order, the effect of the correctness of the item´s response on the reaction time). However, the small size of the task-switching effect and the unresolved method of evaluation has not yet allowed us to draw a clear conclusion about the functionality of the experiment. Possibilities for improvements to the experiment design are also presented.

Úkolem probíhajícího výzkumu je určení vlivu počátečních imperfekcí na ztrátu stability příčně zatěžované válcové skořepiny. Článek popisuje probíhající druhou fázi experimentálního ověření, která aktuálně sestává z ověření nově vyrobených experimentálních vzorků. Z tohoto důvodu se tento článek zaměřuje pouze na variantu modelu bez úmyslně vytvořené počáteční imperfekce. Porovnávány jsou výsledky geometricky a materiálově nelineární numerické analýzy (GMNA) s výstupy zatěžování dvou experimentálních modelů v univerzálním zkušebním stroji. Měřítkem shody je pak hodnota mezního zatížení, při kterém dochází ke ztrátě stability posuzované příčně zatěžované válcové skořepiny. Dále je posuzován i průběh a shoda jednotlivých zatěžovacích křivek. Pokud bude potvrzena dostatečně blízká shoda výsledků numerických analýz s výstupy nových experimentálních vzorků, pak bude umožněn následující krok druhé fáze experimentálního ověření, který bude spočívat v realizaci experimentů vzorků s úmyslně vytvořenou geometrickou počáteční imperfekcí.

The article is devoted to the development of the Higher Art and Technical Studios (VKHUTEMAS) during the 1920s-1930s, and it illustrates the methods of training employed there. At that time, the theory and practice of Russian design developed in the field of furniture and interior equipment. The article considers the background and the factors that influenced the development of furniture design forms in the style of Russian constructivism, as well as the avant-garde art trajectory during this period.

Copyright of Archeologia Technica is the property of Technical Museum in Brno and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

After his arrival in Slovakia in 1922, Martin Kukučín received a lukewarm welcome. He was completing his work titled Mať volá/Mother is calling and was spending his time in the archives preparing to write mid-19th century historical novels. The reserved attitude towards him and his whole work was fully revealed after his death in 1928. The most radical criticism of Kukučín´s prose was expressed by leftist writers but he was not spared by older critics either. Kukučín´s attempt at changing his poetics, which occurred in 1923, when he published a feature Spoločenské pôžitky/Social Pleasures in the magazine Slovenské pohľady, was labelled as formalistic and verbalistic. Nobody accepted the fact that his poetics had developed into a new stage of aesthetic maturity showing a clear ambition to overcome the realist means of expression. The prose Spoločenské pôžitky/Social Pleasures represents an exceptional experiment within Kukučín´s work. At the same time it is a playful intermedium lying between the ideological and philosophical novels mentioned above. Against a background of reflecting on the subject of an offence and a revenge, the author formulates his opinions about fragile interpersonal relationships as well as timelessness of the moral imperative saying that no deed is left without consequences and everything has to be paid for. This aesthetic purpose is achieved by using sophisticated figures of speech, among which the use of synesthesia as an anthropological phenomenon is particularly inventive, linking separated sensory domains in order to communicate with the world by means of cognitive and sensual abilities.

Copyright of Praehistorica is the property of Charles University Prague, Karolinum Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archeologia Technica is the property of Technical Museum in Brno and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article deals with the experimentation in the military domain. It is anchored by the experiment explanation in the NATO context paying special attention to the capability development. Basic principles and terminology of design, execution and analysis is discussed in the following part employing 5W approach. The main focus is aimed at the experiments’ examples from the NATO and Nations environment. The article is closed by the explanation of the role of the experiment in the decision making process under the uncertainty in the complex environment.

Copyright of Listy Cukrovarnicke a Reparske is the property of VUC Praha a.s. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archeologia Technica is the property of Technical Museum in Brno and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Phenols constitute a major group of organic compounds with important physical and physiological characteristics that limit the experimental work in teaching. The presence of hydroxyl groups on an aromatic nucleus affects its reactivity and allows a number of reactions previously used in analytical chemistry and in teaching. The focus of the experimental work is in the reaction of phenols with ferric chloride. These reactions have their patterns and significance [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is dedicated to horse chesnut as a suitable model organism for teaching botany at all levels of our schools. Horse chestnut is literally predisposed to didacticisation in botany teaching due to its general distribution, large and conspicuous organs; we are basically sure that pupils really know it. The paper focuses mainly on the morphological and anatomical characters that can be demonstrated during teaching biology; topics that are conspicuously or typically developed-firstly its origin (geographic and etymological), later it is devoted to vegetative and finally reproductive organs. The parasite horse-chestnut leaf miner is also discussed. It provides a description of all aspects and broader contexts that can be beneficial in school teaching; this paper does not attempt to present this information in the form of a project proposal or comprehensive activities, rather it should inspire and encourage laboratory and field work in biology classes in common ways-we believe that teachers will choose activities that are appropriate for their teaching. In addition to botanical content, the paper also links to the teaching of microbiology or chemistry to facilitate the use of interdisciplinary topics both in biology and in the natural sciences. The paper is divided in two following up parts; this is the second part that focuses on reproductive organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is dedicated to horse chesnut as a suitable model organism for teaching botany at all levels of our schools. Horse chestnut is literally predisposed to didacticisation in botany teaching due to its general distribution, large and conspicuous organs; we are basically sure that pupils really know it. The paper focuses mainly on the morphological and anatomical characters that can be demonstrated during teaching biology; topics that are conspicuously or typically developed - firstly its origin (geographic and etymological), later it is devoted to vegetative and finally reproductive organs. The parasite horse-chestnut leaf miner is also discussed. It provides a description of all aspects and broader contexts that can be beneficial in school teaching; this paper does not attempt to present this information in the form of a project proposal or comprehensive activities, rather it should inspire and encourage laboratory and field work in biology classes in common ways - we believe that teachers will choose activities that are appropriate for their teaching. In addition to botanical content, the paper also links to the teaching of microbiology or chemistry to facilitate the use of interdisciplinary topics both in biology and in the natural sciences. The paper is divided in two following up parts; this part focuses on common characteristics and vegetative organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hrnčířský kruh loukoťového typu tvoří v domácím badatelském archeologickém a etnografickém prostředí dosud přehlíženou složku. Jeho užití lze prokázat již od 13. století, přičemž se v některých, převážně asijských zemích používá v různých modifikacích doposud. Pro potřeby experimentálního ověření výroby keramiky byla vyrobena volná replika kruhu, poukazující na možnosti tvorby nádob s tímto specializovaným mechanismem. Experiment poukázal mj. na problematiku konstrukčně-technického řešení kruhu, a proto předložená práce v hrubých rysech popisuje i navazující řemeslná odvětví, jako jsou kolářství či kolomaznictví.

The article reports the results of a test of the Spiral of Silence Theory that was introduced by Elizabeth Noelle-Neumann. The real process of the spiral of silence assumes that people (in the putative position of a minority) do not express their opinion or join the opinion of the majority because they have a fear of isolation. Tamás Bodor has argued that the theory does not function in all tests when (1) the process is timelimited, meaning that we can observe a public debate of an actual problem only for a short time and with the condition that the public forms two opposing opinion camps and (2) the key dependent variable is measured in an inappropriate way (e.g. researchers interview participants using a questionnaire on the hypothetical willingness to speak out). The solutions used with our test were: (1) we used four controversial themes, resulting in a greater probability of finding the functional process of the increased silence of the minority, and (2) we measured the key dependent variable as speaking behaviour during the laboratory experiment. Two laboratory experiments were part of this research; the first contained 42 and the second contained 43 students from the University of West Bohemia in Pilsen. The experiments had the same design: (1) measuring of attitudes through a questionnaire (phase 1); (2) discussion on an internet blog (an anonymous online environment); and (3) discussion in a focus group (an offline environment). The first half of the respondents discussed anonymously online (phase 2) and thereafter offline (phase 4), and the other half participated in the experiment in the reverse order of environments. We measured attitudes again in phase 3 and at the end of the experiment (phase 5). The article investigates whether participants with minority attitudes are more frequently silent and how this relationship is moderated by fear of isolation and by the communication environment. Our results prove that the probability a participant will speak her opinion rises in an anonymous online environment. The results support the Spiral of Silence Theory – participants expressing minority attitudes are more frequently silent, but only when they express higher fear of isolation. Participants expressing lower fear of isolation are not influenced by minority or majority attitudes regarding the speaking of their opinion. Finally, the main contribution of our paper is the experimental replication of results obtained through hypothetical measures.

In his paper The Birth of Intermedia in the Art of Robert Rauschenberg author deals with the contribution of Robert Rauschenberg to the history of modern intermedia arts. For a long time the Rauschenberg's installations and stage works were overshadowed by the works of his older fellows and collaborators John Cage and Merce Cunningham in spite of important fact that it was Rauschenberg who inspired some of their radical works and brought new impulses into their collaboration. Analysing the significant combine paintings, installations, and multimedia performances, the author explains the historical background as well as the driving impulses behind the crucial crossovers and inventions that mark Rauschenberg's shift from static media (drawing, painting, print) to the temporal an processual ways of representation (performance, stage design, installation). He considers Rauschenberg for one of the most inventive and versatile intermedia artist of the 1960s with remarkable sense for experimenting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archaeologia Historica is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The prepared exhibition of the experimentarium museum ExperiMus is of an unconventional format, which had gradually evolved from the exhibition project The Story of Planet Earth. The development aimed towards greater interactivity and adaptability of the given space. Experi - Mus is designed to provide lectured and non-lectured educative activities based on simple and compelling experiments. Its format is similar to the science centre but it is aimed at animate and inanimate nature. The goal of the exposition is to link the relationships between various disciplines and to explore analogies. Close cooperation with educational institutions and the media is envisaged in both running and marketing of the exhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports the results of a test of the Spiral of Silence Theory that was introduced by Elizabeth Noelle-Neumann. The real process of the spiral of silence assumes that people (in the putative position of a minority) do not express their opinion or join the opinion of the majority because they have a fear of isolation. Tamás Bodor has argued that the theory does not function in all tests when (1) the process is timelimited, meaning that we can observe a public debate of an actual problem only for a short time and with the condition that the public forms two opposing opinion camps and (2) the key dependent variable is measured in an inappropriate way (e.g. researchers interview participants using a questionnaire on the hypothetical willingness to speak out). The solutions used with our test were: (1) we used four controversial themes, resulting in a greater probability of finding the functional process of the increased silence of the minority, and (2) we measured the key dependent variable as speaking behaviour during the laboratory experiment. Two laboratory experiments were part of this research; the first contained 42 and the second contained 43 students from the University of West Bohemia in Pilsen. The experiments had the same design: (1) measuring of attitudes through a questionnaire (phase 1); (2) discussion on an internet blog (an anonymous online environment); and (3) discussion in a focus group (an offline environment). The first half of the respondents discussed anonymously online (phase 2) and thereafter offline (phase 4), and the other half participated in the experiment in the reverse order of environments. We measured attitudes again in phase 3 and at the end of the experiment (phase 5). The article investigates whether participants with minority attitudes are more frequently silent and how this relationship is moderated by fear of isolation and by the communication environment. Our results prove that the probability a participant will speak her opinion rises in an anonymous online environment. The results support the Spiral of Silence Theory - participants expressing minority attitudes are more frequently silent, but only when they express higher fear of isolation. Participants expressing lower fear of isolation are not influenced by minority or majority attitudes regarding the speaking of their opinion. Finally, the main contribution of our paper is the experimental replication of results obtained through hypothetical measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The driveline of heavy duty vehicle is an important source of NVH. Prediction of NVH parameters of driveline in construction phase is a significant topic nowadays because it can save time and development costs, but requires more complex mathematical models. This paper describes the use of MBS simulation tool for prediction of driveshaft vibration where shaft is modeled as a flexible body. MBS approach can take into account various input parameters, i.e. unbalanced mass of shaft, geometry deviation from ideal shape, mounting points of eccentricity or contact between the shaft and other parts of the driveline. MBS model of driveshaft was verified by measurement on a real vehicle.

The article deals with the discussions about the epistemological and methodological role of simulation in contemporary science. It focuses firstly on the current status of these discussions in the methodology of science, and then to its continuity with a certain thinking traditions of the 1980s, when discussions about modeling raised numerous questions challenging the traditional conceptual distinctions, especially between experiment and theory. The article adheres to the view that simulation is a new and specific tool of science that will also require new and specific methodology and epistemological assessment. To support this point of view, some recent analyses of specific examples of simulations, and their specific status in modern science, are discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Článek vychází z experimentů řešících otázky technologie výroby vrcholně středověké keramiky, které proběhly v letních měsících roku 2013 v centru FF MU pod záštitou Ústavu archeologie a muzeologie FF MU, od vyhledávání a testování jílů, míchání hrnčířských hlín přes formování nádob, včetně formování nádob s keramickou značkou na dně, po výpal v replice středověké pece.