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Compound-specific radiocarbon analysis has played important role in the methodology applied in radiocarbon dating since the development of modern analytical instru-mentation. Thank to this evolution it is nowadays possible to radiocarbon date samples which would be normally considered as undatable due to their heterogenous nature or secondary contamination. The aim of this review is to introduce molecular-specific radiocarbon dating approach and show some particular applications already successful-ly tested and used in radiocarbon dating. Molekulárně-specifická radiouhlíková analýza hraje důležitou roli v nových metodických postupech radiouhlíkového datování. Díky moderním analytickým možnostem lze molekulárně-specifickým přístupem určit stáří u vzorků, které by jinak byly, ať už kvůli své heterogenní povaze či vlivu sekundární kontaminace, nedatovatelné. Cílem tohoto příspěvku je přiblížit problematiku molekulárně-specifického přístupu v radiouhlíkovém datování a ukázat některé konkrétní aplikace, které již byly v rámci této metodiky vyzkoušeny a zavedeny. Engelsk titel i WoS: Compound-Specific Radiocarbon Analysis

In my bachelor thesis I am especially focused on the composition of oils. I also write about its importance in a human body and its production process. I describe the structure of fatty acids and the role of lipids in metabolism too. For experimental analysis I chose five different organic and natural oils, which I compare in aspects of fatty acids composition by gas chromatography. From the results of the total fatty acid content it can be stated that almond oil contained 0.97 g/g in organic and non-organic variant, grape seed oil in organic and non-organic variant 0.99 g/g, coconut oil in organic variant 0.33 g/g and nebio variant 0.64 g/g, evening primrose oil in organic variant 0.92 g/g and nebio variant 0.96 g/g and argan oil in organic variant 0.91 g/g and nebio variant 0.98 g/g.

Lipids are an essential components of cell membranes and their homeostasis plays an important role in the development of Alzheimer's disease. The aggregation and neurotoxic effects of amyloid β, mainly Aβ42, on the neural cell membrane are crucial for pathological changes in the brain tissue which leads to its degeneration and loss of cognitive functions. The complex relationship between amyloid β and lipids is also supported by fact that membrane lipids do not only support the amyloid binding to the membrane, but also they regulate the splicing of the amyloid precursor protein, therefore the biosynthesis of β amyloid. The most important binding partners of Aβ42 include gangliosides, especially the ganglioside GM1, but also sphingomyelin and cholesterol. In contrast, glycerophospholipids primarily affect the process of the protein production.

Dyslipidemia belongs to the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases with the prevention and treatment based on the necessary dietary restrictions and a change in the lifestyle. The main aim of this work is to assess the impact of dietary restrictions and a healthier lifestyle on the patient's lipid profile, a secondary aim is to evaluate the patient's eating habits. The thesis is divided into two parts, a theoretical background and an applied study. The theoretical background describes the importance and types of different lipids in humans and their characteristic transport pattern and digestion. This work also explains the concept of dyslipidemia, the classification, treatment and diagnostic approaches and the role in a metabolic syndrome clustering. An important part of the dyslipidemia treatment and prevention is the public education and this part of the thesis also outlines different forms with the correct principles. An integral part of the education is the adherence of a patient, what may be a key aspect of the dyslipidemia treatment. The applied study exploits: (i) a questionnaire that follows eating habits and consummation frequency of selected foods and drinks in patients from the Lipid Clinic of The Center for Cardiovascular Prevention, General University Hospital in Prague and 1st...

The diploma thesis deals with the topic of lipids and it is focused on the processing in the form of educational materials (educational text and educational animations) for chemistry and biology on secondary school. It is devided into two parts. The theoretical part defines the key concepts serving as theoretical background: interdisciplinarity, visualization, animation. There is also performed the analysis of RVP G and the representation of the topic of the diploma thesis in this curricular document. The final chapter of the theoretical part is dedicated to determing the criteria for the analysis of the educational materials and the characteristics of the animation program Adobe Animate CC. The analysis of available educational materials is performed according to predetermined criteria in the practical part, specifically animations available on the Internet. There are also introduced the educational materials so as the complex file of educational animations created in the program Adobe Animate CC and the educational text that serves as a guiding material to educational animation program. The materials include methodological guide for users. The created materials focus on the topic of the lipids and biological membranes, they emphasize interdisciplinarity of chemistry and biology and also connect...

Diploma thesis is devoted to the analysis of triacylglycerol estolides (TG-est) by HPLC/MS. These lipids contain four ester bonds. TG-est are part of some vegetable oils and in mammals function as a storage form of metabolically important fatty acid estolides. The aim of this thesis was to prove the existence of TG-est in vernix caseosa and explore the possibilities of analysis in this material. Standards of TG-est were studied with using high-resolution and tandem mass spectrometry. Was suggested and optimized HPLC method for TG-est in a reverse nonaqueous system with the use of column Kinetex C18 and gradient elution with acetonitrile and 2-propanol. This method was used for analysis vernix caseosa fraction, and it was shown that TG-est are present in the sample. Attempts to simplify the lipid sample before analysis HPLC/MS by TLC fractionation were not very successful.

Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá mikroskopickou zelenou řasou Chromochloris zofingiensis, jejím životním cyklem a morfologií. Chromochloris zofingiensis je zelená jednobuněčná řasa, která dokáže akumulovat velké množství karotenoidů a lipidů, proto se ukazuje jako zajímavá alternativa nynějších zdrojů těchto látek. Karotenoidy, především pak sekundární karotenoidy, jsou významné pro svoje silné antioxidační účinky a uplatňují se v akvakultuře, chovu drůbeže i farmacii. Akumulace lipidů, zejména neutrálních lipidů, značí potenciál pro výrobu biopaliv. Práce shrnuje využívanou metodiku pro stanovování karotenoidů a lipidů a různé způsoby kultivace pro maximalizaci jejich výtěžku. Zároveň se práce zabývá strukturou daných látek a jejich komerčním využitím. Ačkoliv se Chromochloris zofingiensis zatím komerčně nepěstuje, práce se snaží nastínit potenciální přednosti této řasy jako alternativního přírodního zdroje astaxanthinu, luteinu, canthaxanthinu a neutrálních lipidů.

This diploma thesis deals with hyphenation of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection based on microfluidic chip. Firstly, a miniaturized ion source for atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and atmospheric-pressure photoionization (APPI) was constructed. The main component of this source was a glass microfluidic chip. Geometry and the working conditions of the chip were optimized. Since both ion sources work under the same conditions, possible advantages resulting from APCI/APPI combination were investigated. Furthermore, the performance characteristics of the sources were evaluated, and compared to the conventional high flow-rate sources. The best performing source, APCI, was then hyphenated with HPLC using low flow-rate. A method for separation of fatty acids methyl esters using Supelco 37 standard was developed. The separation conditions were as follows: C18 reversed stationary phase, and acetonitrile containing 0.1 % formic acids was used as the mobile phase. A temperature gradient was used in order to enhance the speed of the separation. The limits of detection and quantitation of for selected analytes using the chip micro-APCI were calculated, and compared to the ones obtained using a commercially available micro-APCI source. The method was used for separation of...

Dyslipidemia (high levels of plasma triglycerides and total cholesterol/LDL-cholesterol and low HDL-cholesterol) is considered as one of the major factors in the development of atherosclerosis and subsequent myocardial infarction. The final value of lipid parameters results from joint action of genetic predispositions and lifestyle factors (primarily smoking status, physical activity and in lower extent also diet). It is estimated that genetic factors are responsible for 40-80 % of the variability of plasma lipid values. Currently are as predictors DL analyzed mainly single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A fundamental shift in knowledge of genetic determination DL bring genome-wide association studies (GWAs). These revealed several dozen major polymorphisms in a DNA sequence related to lipid levels. Rather surprisingly, these variants are usually not substitutions of the amino acids, or causing a premature stop codon, but substitutions outside the genes. GWAS also found a number of variants within the genes whose function in lipid metabolism was completely unknown (e.g. gene for sortilin). Polymorphisms in genes for APOE, SORT1, LDLR (affect levels of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol), CETP, APOA1, ABCA-1, GALNT-2 (influence HDL-cholesterol) and finally in genes for APOA5, LPL or TRIB1 (affect the levels of triglycerides) but explains max. 30 % of the variability of plasma lipids. It is supposed, that rare polymorphisms/mutations and genetic factors unrelated directly to alterations in the DNA sequence (DNA methylation, histone modifications, regulatory RNA molecules) are responsible for the remaining proportion of DL determination.Key words: gene - cholesterol - interaction - mutation - polymorphism - triglycerides.

Triglycerides belong to a large group of lipids. They are biologically very important substances for the human body. Chemically they are glycerols which are bound by ester bonds to fatty acids. Triglycerides are feeding, and that our organism has spend triglycerides must be broken down into glycerol and fatty acids, and then they are absorbed and transported to tissues. Determination of triglycerides in serum, respectively plasma, is particularly important for the prevention of atherosclerosis which is the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases, but also to diagnose and prevent such diseases as obesity or diabetes mellitus. To introduce method for the determination of the second-generation triglycerides via the biochemical analyzers Advia 1800 to be used in the ward of clinical biochemistry of Central Laboratories of Hospital Strakonice, a. s. there was need to carry out a verification of the method. This verification is subject ot the requiremets of ČSN EN ISO 15189 Medical laboratories Special requirements for quality and eligibility, according to which the Central Laboratory of Strakonice Hospital, a s. is accredited. It is further governed by the procedures for the validation/verfication methods, SOPO-C-06, drawn up by our laboratory. The results of the verification/validation are used for the evaluation of measurement uncertainties and to establish continuity and comparability of measurement results. On the basis of document mentioned above, the measurement of triglycerides in serum was conducted in two biochemical analyzers Advia 1800. These measurement led to the evaluation of the precision under repeatability conditions, precisions under conditions of reproductibility and accuracy. Precision under repetability condition was measured at twenty patients' samples in two concentration ranges. For evaluation of precisions under reproducibility conditions we used control materials validated in the EHK processes, exactly Liquid Assayed Multiqual 1 Lot 45651, the second check was with the help of Liquid Assayed Multiqual 2 Lot 45662 from the manufacturer BIO-RAD. These reference materials were measured every day in a singlet for twenty days. From the measured values the basic statistical parameters and analytical coefficient of variation were calculated. To evaluate the truthfulness they were also measured with the help of control materials from the manufacturer SEKK, s. r. o. Based on these measurements the basic characteristics were again calculated together with bias and total laboratory analytical error. Comparison of this error with a maximum mistake reccommended by the company SEKK, s. r. o. led to the evaluation of the method for the present purposes.

A meeting of European experts in cardiovascular (CV) disease and lipids was convened in Paris, November 2014, where an important problem of preventive cardiology--residual vascular risk done by atherogenic dyslipidemia (AD)--was discussed. On the basis of discussion have the experts summarised a consensus concerning AD, its CV risk and up to date evidence of combined therapy with statin and fenofibrate on CV risk. Atherogenic dyslipidemia should be the secondary aim of dyslipidemia treatment, because it is a reason of residual vascular risk. Non-HDL-cholesterol should be the secondary target of AD treatment, which is a most unexpensive and easiest marker of residual vascular risk. Combined therapy with statin and fenofibrate is safe, well tolerated and reduces plasma atherogenity and CV events in patients with AD and high CV risk, type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome.

The modern method of extraction on the fluidized bed was optimized for the determination of lipids in barley caryopses and malt. Representation of fatty acids in barley caryopsis and malt was determined from extracted lipids. The represented fatty acids were determined as methyl esters prepared with transesterification reaction. The esters formed were separated using the method of gas chromatography with flame ionization detection on the capillary column SLB-IL 100.The modern method of extraction on the fluidized bed was optimized for the determination of lipids in barley caryopses and malt. Representation of fatty acids in barley caryopsis and malt was determined from extracted lipids. The represented fatty acids were determined as methyl esters prepared with transesterification reaction. The esters formed were separated using the method of gas chromatography with flame ionization detection on the capillary column SLB-IL 100.

Fenugreek seeds are known for their characteristic smell of soup seasoning and as an ingredient of Indian curry. Traditionally the seeds are used as macerate for the treatment of diabetes, cough, and flatulence, to increase breast milk secretion, and for anti-inflammatory and aphrodisiac effects. The use is limited by its unpleasant smell and bitter taste which can be modified by adding mint leaves to the macerate. Antidiabetic properties are attributed mainly to galactomannan, 4-hydroxyisoleucin (4-OH-Ile), diosgenin and trigonelline. These substances demonstrate direct antidiabetic properties in clinical studies by increasing insulin secretion (4-OH-Ile), decreasing insulin resistance and glucose resorption from the GIT (galactomannan) and improvement in B-cells regeneration (trigonelline). Besides this main effect, the herb improves blood lipid spectre (4-OH-Ile, diosgenin), and has reno-protective (4-OH-Ile, trigonelline), neuroprotective (trigonelline) and antioxidant (diosgenin, trigonelline) effects. Antidiabetic efficacy of trigonelline is comparable to glibenclamide treatment and more effective than sitagliptine therapy. Given the large body of evidence and promising results in comparison with standard pharmacotherapy, fenugreek active substances have a potential to become a source of new antidiabetic medication.Key words: fenugreek Trigonella foenum-graecum diabetes mellitus type 2 biological activity.

This bachelor's thesis is focused on animal fat consumption of patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes mellitus (DM). Content of thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part. The main objective of theoretical part is to provide a general description of lipids in terms of distribution, structure, characteristics and their role in human organism. In the following chapters metabolism and transport of lipids is described with more attention to details. The last part of theoretical part deals with animal fats in nutrition, mostly risk factors as a consequence of their increased consumption, and dietary measures as a prevention and therapy of CVD and DM. The practical part of bachelor's thesis is based on assessment survey. The object of this survey was the evaluation of eating habits, mainly the measure of animal fats consumption of patients with CVD and DM. Next object of interest was the evaluation of awareness, knowledge and education these patients have about dietary measures in relation to their disease. Question about the way how are these measures followed by patients was also examined. The survey was conducted in the diabetological center and also in the centre of preventive cardiology of General Teaching Hospital in Prague on patients with CVD and DM. Key words: lipids,...

Algae are becoming a strategic source of fuels, food, feedstocks, and biologically active compounds. Algal lipids are among the most promising potential products. The yellow-green alga Trachydiscus minutus (class Eustigmatophyceae) is unicellular freshwater alga accumulating lipids as its storage reserves. The influence of various growth média, temperature and light intensity on the growth and accumulation of storage lipids of alga Trachydiscus minutus was studied. The optimal growth conditions were determined. Storage lipids were quantitatively determined fluorometrically. Accumulation of lipids was monitored by fluorescence microscopy.

The aim of the thesis was evaluation of the adipokinetic hormone (AKH) effect on the fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster with AKH production deficiency, and adenosine receptor dysfunction. A nutrition level was measured in those flies to evaluate involvement of AKH and adenosine into the metabolic pathways. Results revealed that application of external Drome-AKH significantly increased the free glycide level in the fly bodies. On the other hand only limited effect of hormonal treatment on other nutrients (lipids, proteins) was recorded. The role of adenosine was unclear, but its involvement cannot be excluded.

Main thought of this work is research of digestive apparatus of senior people in relation to (healthy) lifestyle. In introduction I explain basic terms connected with nutrition, health, illness and prevention. In the next chapter I put attention to identify health condition and signals that human body gives when it not getting all that it needs. The content part of this work is focused on determinants that influence our health. I put attention to complex point of view. Reader will get information what is the optimal drinking regime, what macronutrition and micronutrition body needs, what it the categorization of those and what food we can get those from. I go to detail in needs of movement, rest, sleep and mental hygiene. This material generalizes actual needs of healthy lifestyle that can be used as help, to build and to strengthen in long term right habits for health and vitality.

Changes in lipid metabolism in acute diseases. Introduction. Abnormalities in lipid metabolism have been described in critically ill patients repeatedly. While triglycerides behave unpredictably, decrease of cholesterol levels is a typical finding. Further, low levels of cholesterol in critically ill patients have been found to be associated not only with poor prognosis but also increased mortality. Cholesterol is derived in two ways: via de novo synthesis and via dietary absorption. Both the modalities can be monitored by the determination of CH synthesis markers (lathosterol, squalene in blood plasma), and cholesterol absorption markers (sitosterol and campesterol in blood plasma) Material and method: In the first project sixty patients with acute internal disease were involved and their lipid profile was evaluated. Second and third projects have solved the same problem in the group of patients with active Cohn's disease (n=24) and acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (n=24). Serum concentrations of total, LDL and HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were measured in an enzymatic automated system. Non-cholesterol sterols (lathosterol, squalene, sitosterol, campesterol) were analysed using gas chromatography - mass spektrometry. The data were statistically analysed by the statistical software Sigma Stat 3,1....

Vernix caseosa is a natural biofilm which covers the skin of a human fetus from the third trimester of pregnancy. It has hydrating, regenerating and anti-microbial effects. The components responsible for these properties of vernix caseosa could be used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. For this reason, the total composition is analyzed. The lipid components of vernix caseosa consist of squalene, wax esters, sterol esters, 1,2-diol diesters, triacylglycerides, free fatty acids, fatty alcohols, cholesterol, diacylglycerides, monoacylglyceridesů and phospholipids . This study is focused on structure analysis of the 1,2-diol diesters of vernix caseosa. Conditions were optimized for the HPLC separation. Nova -Pak C18 column was used and a gradient of acetonitrile:ethyl acetate was chosen as a mobile phase. Before entering the APCI source ammonium formate was added; ammonium adducts [M +18]+ were formed. Eight scan events was set in MS method. One for the full scan spectrum, second for MS2 spectrum of the precursor ions and six MS3 data-dependent spectra. The position of the double bonds of unsaturated 1,2-diol diesters was determined by fragmentation of their [M+C3H5N]+ adducts. There were identified over 2200 of 1,2-diol diesters differing in lengths of alcohol and fatty acid chains, and...

After several years of diabetes, the first line anti-diabetic therapy of metformin usually starts failing. The KOMETA study was a prospective, multicentric, non-interventional epidemiological study in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with metformin therapy. The study was conducted between 2010 and 2011. The study demonstrated a significant improvement in diabetes control, reduction of waist circumference, reduction in blood pressure and adjustment of dyslipidemia compared to baseline. Based on this study, our doctors select anti-diabetic drugs responsibly and they often use medicines without the hypoglycaemia risk. Nevertheless, more than two thirds of patients achieve the HbA1c control of under 6% according to IFCC. The main conclusion of this study is that under standard conditions it is possible to achieve full metabolic control of type

Type 2 diabetes mellitus leads to the typical known form of dyslipidaemia among the patients. This dyslipiademia type re-presents prognostically important type of atherogenic dyslipiadaemia, that significantly increases the risk of atherothrombosis. Estimation of the size of lipoprotein particles with Lipoprint method among newly diagnosed, untreated patients with these patients have not been evaluated yet. Dyslipidaemia among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus has its course and changes after the treatment. At the beginning i tis characterized by the significant increase of VLDL, large and middle size IDL lipoprotein particles, as well as by lowering of HDL particles. This lipoprotein profile has its own atherogenic potential. The course of the disease later leads to the change of dyslipidaemia, characterized by the increase of LDL levels (small dense particles), triglyceride levels and the persistence of the lower levels of HDLcholesterol. Hypolipidemic treatment leads to the significant lowering of cardiovascular risk, however despite treatment with statin or fibrate residual cardiovascular risk remains still very high.

We investigated the degree of pregnancy - induced hyperlipidaemia in normal and complicated pregnancies. Under the "stress of pregnancy" supraphysiologic increase in lipid and lipoprotein levels may delevop (similar to changes in carbohydrate metabolism).Clinical study.Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Regional Hospital Pardubice, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Pardubice.Fasting plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels were studied in 26 healthy pregnant women, in 30 women with high risk pregnancy and in 30 nonpregnant healthy controls. The results were compared to reference values given in percentiles to find those exceeding the 95th percentile of the reference values for the third trimester.Two subjects (3.6%) with supraphysiologic increase in plasma lipids in late pregnancy were identified among the 56 women studied. The details are reviewed in the study as well as the rare forms of extreme hyperlipoproteinaemia during pregnancy in women with pre-existing disorder of lipid metabolism.The measurement of lipid and lipoprotein levels cannot be recommended in all pregnant women in late pregnancy. Hovewer, in subjects with family history of dyslipidaemia or premature atherosclerosis in the first - degree relatives and without hyperlipidaemia outside pregnancy, supraphysiologic increase in lipid and lipoprotein levels developed under the "stress of pregnancy" might indentify women at risk of dyslipidaemia in future life.

The objective of this work is to get acquainted with methods for determination of fatty acids profile, especially with gas chromatography using the flame ionization detector and the mass spectrometer. The first part of the work deals with lipids classification, summary of fatty acids and their properties. It contains also a draft of edible fats division and their production. Other section deals with ways of determination of fatty acids in fats and puts the main emphasis on gas chromatography. The second part deals with the determination of fatty acids in selected shortening fats (Hera, Stela, Zlatá Haná, Sluna, Perla máslová, Flora, Rama máslová, Alfa máslová) in practice. Three measurements were taken at three months intervals. There were taken three samples from each fat during each sampling, it means 72 samples were taken in total. Samples had to be adjusted to increase their volatility. In this case specifically the esterification was made where fatty acids were transformed into fatty acids methyl esters. The measurement was made by the flame chromatograph using the flame ionization detector and the mass spectometer. For final samples evaluation softwares MS Worsktations 6.9, Microsoft Excel ? Statistical programs and software Statistica by Stat Soft ČR, s.r.o. were used. The prevailing fatty acid in all fats is oleic acid. Another acid widely presented in all fats is palmitoleic acid. The only exception is fat Flora where linoleic acid has the biggest percentage. Fatty acids typical for milk fat (butyric and caproic acids, TFA and acids with odd number of carbon atoms (C15 a C17)) are chiefly presented in fat Zlatá Haná. In other fats these fatty acids are found just in small quantities. By comparing single samplings it becomes clear that they are more or less different. The reason of these differences lies probably in fats mixing. That is why during production some small differences in their composition may occur. The principal komponent analysis shows that Zlatá Haná is the most different fat. The reason is that this fat contains the most fatty acids typical for milk fat. Another separate group is represented by fat Flora where the biggest quantity of polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid) can be found. Fats Stela and Sluna have very similar fatty acids compositions, the prevailing fatty acids are oleic acid and palmitoleic acid. That is also the case of Perla máslová and Rama máslová where even linoleic acid was found in quite a big quantity.

Raised concentrations of low density lipoproteins in blood plasma are characteristic for increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. At present, distribution of LDL particle size is the topic of interest; small dense LDL represent the highest risk. The aim of our study was the dependence of refractometric index on particle concentration; this dependence is necessary for size determination by the method of size exclusion chromatography with laser light scattering detection. Lipoproteins LDL were separated by ultracentrifugation and concentration dependences were determined refractometrically. Linear and exponential dependences were the most convenient of all functions tested. Dependence dn/dc is characteristic for each biological sample and should be determined individually.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of feed on the nutritional components of common carp meat. The experiment was made with nine groups of fish. Eight groups were fed in raw and heated state. The ninth group was not fed and was left to the influence of natural diet. As the feed was used to experiment to wheat, barley, rye, triticale. Grains was fed in raw and heated state. The bachelor theses compares which of applied feed has the biggest influence on growth, food conversion ratio, growth indicators and fat content. The biggest influence on the meat quality has the fat content of applied feed. The rest nutrient components fish meat haven?t such effect.

I have engaged in the influence of increased aplication of the file polyunsaturated fatty acids on alteration of level cholesterol of individuum in my bachelory work. At first I had studied theoretical knowledge focused the theme of polyunsatureted fatty acid and cholesterol. I had devoted to this knowledge in theoretical part of my bachelory work. After I had contacted some people. I had known that they have increased cholesterol level. This people I had acquainted with themes of my bachelory work and development of research. The acquainted people have accepted part of research. Initial measuring taked place after. The measuring determined the level of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triacylglycerol. The three month interventionist program taked place after, from march 2011 to december 2012. The Participant of research had consumed of food supplement, which contented fish oil. Fish oil is rich in content of polyunsaturated fatty acid omega 3 (EPA and DHA). Output measuring taked place after three month. On the basis of measuring got results. I worked with results in the practical part of my bachelory work. I have compared results of initial and output measuring.

The aim of study was to find the development trend of blood lipid concentration in a group of HIV positive patients treated by combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). We followed changes during the therapy and evaluated their aterogennic nature.The group included 118 patients stepwise allocated to the AIDS Centre of the Faculty Hospital Brno, with the monitoring period being up to 1 month as the minimum and up to 17 years as the maximum. The patients were divided into cART treated patients and not treated patients. The following parameters were analysed: total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, the total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol index and non-HDL-cholesterol.Our group experienced a statistically significant increase of total cholesterol concentration already in the first months after cART initiation and this value continuously increased in the following years. The recommended target value for total cholesterol (5 mmol/l) was exceeded in the group of patients after 3-4 years of cART initiation. The triglyceride concentration showed a sudden increase already a few months after cART initiation, when the recommended optimum value of triglycerides (1.7 mmol/I) was exceeded. These changes had a further no statistic significance. The average triglyceride value was all around (slightly above) 1.7 mmol/l. Our group experienced a statistically significant increase of HDL-cholesterol concentration in the first two years after cART initiation. A statistically significant change of HDL-cholesterol concentration was not found in the following years. The average HDL-cholesterol value was above optimal value HDL-Ch1.0 mmol/l for men (except initial category). A statistically significant change of apolipoprotein B concentration was found after 3-4 years of cART treatment. However, the average apolipoprotein B value did not exceed the target value in any of the followed categories. No statistically significant changes of the total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol index were found. The resulting value was under 5 in all the followed categories. Statistically significant changes of non-HDL-cholesterol were found in patients with cART already a few months after treatment initiation and its concentration continually increased. However, the recommended target value of non-HDL-cholesterol (3.8 mmol/l) was exceeded only in the category of patients treated 4 - 5 years. The development trend of CD4+ lymphocyte count and HIV-1 RNA copies means high active of cART from standpoind of immunoregeneration (CD4+ lymphocyte count) and viral suppression (HIV-1 RNA copies) even in the group of treated patient with the longest monitoring period.Monitoring of our group of HIV-positive patients treated by combination antiretroviral therapy revealed a statistically significant increase of blood lipid concentrations (inclusive of HDL-cholesterol) during the treatment. However, these changes do not have an unequivocally aterogennic nature even in the group of treated patient with the longest monitoring period.

We shall open our overview of issues related to obesity and hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) or dyslipidemia with a notoriously known truth (that some are still reluctant to accept): HLP/DLP is not obesity. It is certainly not possible to put an equal sign between subcutaneous fat and the level of plasma lipids and lipoproteins. On the other hand, it is obvious that there is a number of connecting links between HLP/DLP and obesity. These associations on one side and differences on the other are the focus of this review paper. (1) HLP/DLP as well as obesity represent a group of high incidence metabolic diseases (gradually evolving from epidemic to pandemic) that affect several tens of percent of inhabitants. (2) Both HLP/DLP and obesity often occur concurrently, often as a result of unhealthy lifestyle. However, genetic factors are also been studies and it is possible that mutual predispositions for the development of both diseases will be identified. At present, it is only possible to conclude that obesity worsens lipid metabolism in genetically-determined HLP. (3) Both these metabolic diseases represent a risk factor for other pathologies, cardiovascular diseases are the most important common complication of both conditions (central type of obesity only). Concurrent presence of HDL/DLP and obesity is often linked to other diagnoses, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2T), hypertension, pro-coagulation or pro-inflammatory states; all as part of so called metabolic syndrome. (4) Patients with metabolic syndrome and, mainly, central obesity usually have typical dyslipidemia with reduced HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and sometimes hypertriglyceridaemia. Current treatment of HDL/DLP aims to first impact on the primary aim, i.e. LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), and than influence HDL-C. (5) It seems that the therapeutic efforts in HLP/DLP and obesity will go in the same direction. I will skip the trivial (and difficult to accept by patients) dietary changes. Pharmacotherapy, however, (very scarce with respect to obesity) may bring positive effects on lipids and BMI. Metformin used to be considered as a drug that could improve lipid profile and lead to body weight reduction. Even though larger studies did not provide an unambiguous evidence for this, metformin keeps its position as a first line oral antidiabetic (not only) in patients with T2DM, HLP and obesity. Positive effect on lipids, mainly HDL-C is reported with pioglitazone. This drug, unlike other glitazones, does not bring body weight reduction but at least does not have a negative effect. Other antidiabetics with a positive effect on lipids and body weight include incretins, liraglutid in particular. Liraglutid importantly decreases triglyceride levels and has anorectic effect. Furthermore, metabolic effects of bariatric surgery should not be overlooked. Bariatric surgery brings weight reduction as well as it improves lipid profile and compensation of diabetes mellitus (DM). It should be mentioned here that bariatric surgery has been used for the treatment of HLP as early as 1980s. The results of the 25-year follow up within the POSCH study (ideal bypass indicated for HLP), presented in 2010, confirm a decrease in overall as well as cardiovascular mortality in an operated group, even though patients who did not undergo surgery were significantly more frequently treated with statins.

The title of the work is "Quality of lipids in food". The work is divided into two parts. The first is theoretical, the other is experimental. The theoretical part is divided into two chapters. The first section describes general chemical composition and properties of lipids. This point is further divided into four sections, which are specifically focused on different groups of lipids. The second theoretical point of attention is focused on the importance of fat in the diet, the synthesis of fatty acids, lipid digestion and issues related to absorbancy and lipid transport. This section also contains a passage which refers to further dietary recommendations, among which highlights the question of the proper quantity and quality of fat contained in food. There are not omitted principles of proper use and storage of fat. The last section of this section deals with dietary supplements and functional foods from which the positive effect on human health is expected. The experimental part is based on chemical analysis of twenty samples of dietary supplements containing n-3 fatty acids. These fatty acids play a vital role in the prevention and treatment of many diseases, especially myocardial infarction or ischemic heart disease. In the screening of these products, attention was focused on the content of...

This thesis deals with the eating habits of students in primary schools. Characterized by the older school age. It describes the basic components of food and the recommended dose in adolescence. It examines the real income of the basic components of food and energy intakes for pubescents. The results are processed and presented in the practical part of thesis.

Knowledge of the chemical composition of lipoproteins has a broad meaning. In determining lipoprotein particle size fractions is necessary to preliminary separation by ultracentrifugation in density solutions. Usually the determination is performed by electrophoretic or gel filtration with a suitable detection, which distorts the results. A better solution offers a new detector, called Light Scattering Detector, which detects the bend of laser beam on molecules or particles in solution. To calculate the required particle size dependence on the concentration of the refractive index dn / dc. Concentration is determined gravimetrically and refractive indices by refractometric method. Dependence suits polynomial function. If it correlates with the chemical composition of VLDL lipoprotein can be determined by studying a larger number of samples.

Fat tissue plays a main role in the development of the metabolic syndrome. Many components of the metabolic syndrome may be improved by dietary arrangements, including an increased intake of n-3 PUFA. In addition to the positive effect of n-3 PUFA, a possible effect of a higher calcium intake on influencing weight loss and energy metabolism has also been discussed for a long time. In addition to nutritional factors, genetic factors significantly contribute to influencing weight and lipid and glucose metabolism. In study A, 40 obese women were observed during three weeks of weight reduction management. Women were randomly divided into two groups. The first group received yogurt enriched with n-3 PUFA, and the second group consumed yoghurt without the supplementation. The results show that low-dose supplementation with n-3 PUFA in yogurt in combination with a reduced energy intake increases n-3 PUFA content in serum lipids and prevents adverse changes in the composition of FA in serum after a short-term low-calorie diet. In study B, we monitored the influence of n-3 PUFA supplementation on short-term weight management with VLCD in 20 women with severe obesity, who were randomly divided into two groups. The first group received VLCD enriched with n-3 PUFA, the second group VLCD with a placebo. The addition of...