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The work analyzes Walter Benjamin's philosophy oflanguage presenting it as an ontological and cognitive basis ofhis early thought (1916-1925). The investigation starts from a detailed study of an unpublished reflection On language as Such and on the Language of Man. The analysis of the text contrasts its metaphysical interpretation with its deconstructive reading opting for a hermeneutical approach. Benjamin's philosophy of language is presented as a theory in which all being is conceived as language. Benjamin not only constructs a metaphysical conception according to which all human beings express themselves to God by naming existing things, but simultaneously defines constitutive property of (all) language, namely its "immediacy", i.e. the fact that language is primarily not a medium of communication. However, the text On language describes also a (biblical) fall which causes a loss of immediacy and a rise of the multiplicity of languages. The area of (fallen) plurality of languages is investigated in the The Tas k of the Translator, which focuses on the relation and kinship of languages. This kinship is based on the fact that alllanguages want to say the same thing, namely the "pure language". The analysis of The Task of the Translator stresses the semantic and, in this sense, conceptual aspect of...

In my work I would like to focus on a relation of two notions very important in the works of Frantz Fanon. These two notions are identity and agecny. How does a colonised subject's idenity transform in the frames of anticolonial praxis. The two notions also stand in a relation to another notion - which is recognition. In colonial reality functions only a one-way recognition which so to say unwanted and forced. This kind of recognition does not reflect the reality colonised subject is in and it leaves him or her paralyzed. So is the anticolonial praxis a question of identity or of agency? What is a "lived experience of a black"? What is Fanon's opinion of Sartre's theory of recognition and how does he reforms Hegel's master and slave dialecitcs? I will also rely my work on contemporary postcolonial theory.

In my theses I am trying to explain, how a man does relate to God and secondary how God does relate to a man, in Kierkegaard's concept. The thesis focuses on bigger amount of topics, on which I am trying to provide a view from perspective of God-man relationship and Kierkegaard's concept of a man as a synthesis. I present Kierkegaard's concept of structure of human self, despair, existential motion, freedom, human sin, and love in the perspective of the God-man relation, paradox and faith. By this wide presentation I prepare myself basis for two connected interpretations of Kierkegaard's thinking. Firstly, I present an interpretation of the condition, which is trusted by God to a man. I am trying to present it as the structure of human self alone. Secondly, I present an interpretation of the leap of faith, in which I am trying to answer the question, what is happening while leap of faith with the human synthesis. In frame of that I put the accent on the infinite parts of human being.

(in English) In the Enlightenment liberation from the religious myth one can see a paradoxical shift that is characterized by the fact that the scientist in the new type of secularized culture takes over the role previously dedicated to the priest. She holds the position of a mediator between what is human and superhuman, subjective, imperfect and flawed and a distant truth to which human beings feel a specific kind of responsibility. As the "soft sciences" ceded territory to the exact sciences, it happened because we have not yet been able to give up the dream of a perfectly neutral God eye's view. The author wants to show that objectivity itself is not impartial, but that it is a name for different kinds of rationality, which are at different times considered to be epistemic virtues.

The thesis aims to interpret the philosophy of negative Platonism, which Jan Patočka developed during the 1950s. In the first part, negative Platonism, whose preliminary notion is derived from the interpretation of the eponymous programme essay, is studied in the context of contemporary philosophical discussion and Patočka's subjectivist humanistic conception he developed in the latter half of the 1940s as well as his lectures on classical philosophy. The second part contains author's own systematic interpretation of negative Platonism, including the reconstruction of the textual corpus of Patočka's programme. Finally, the third part, which considers first the inspirational sources of the observed project, reviews negative Platonism and outlines a concept, with which Patočka replaced negative Platonism in the late 1950s. The thesis aims to outline the philosophy of negative Platonism as an important stage in Patočka's philosophical development as well as a significant part of the modern history of European thinking.

The main focus of this thesis is the phenomenon commonly described as an identification with a film character. The approach of this thesis is a phenomenological one. I use texts of such authors as Edith Stein, Edmund Husserl, Vivian Sobchack and Christiane Voss. In the introduction to my thesis, I present the problematic nature of the concept and its critique from the perspective of the contemporary film studies. In the following part, I analyse the phenomenon using the concept of empathy from the husserlian phenomenology. I am applying the concept to the cinematographic experience, more precisely I describe the experience of empathy in the aesthetic experience of a film. In order to do so, I use the works of the contemporary authors Vivian Sobchack and Christiane Voss, who describe the film experience using concepts of the cinesthetic subject and the surrogate body and challenge the idealistic notion of a film viewer as the subject of the film experience. Key Words Identification, film, film character, film experience, empathy, cinesthetic subject, surrogate body.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to elucidate the ambiguous relation between the concepts of absolute alterity (tout Autre), there is (il y a) and the element (L'élément) in the work of Emmanuel Levinas. The investigation starts with a presupposition, that the above-mentioned concepts can all be considered a form of alterity. First part of the thesis thematises il y a against the backdrop of two seminal texts - From Existence to Existents and Time and the Other - and also in relation to Martin Heidegger's philosophy. Second part is structured around the analysis of the element, as it is presented in Totality and infinity. Part three deals with the concept of absolute alterity, which is contrasted to the conception of the totalizing subject. In the last part of the thesis, these three distinct kinds of alterity are brought into relation and qualitatively differentiated from one another. Key words: Levinas, Heidegger, alterity, radical alterity, totality, il y a, there is, element, From Existence to Existents, Totality and Infinity, Time and the Other

Title: "To Seize the Masses". Philosophy, ideology and propaganda by Karl Marx Author: Robin Pech Department: Ústav filosofie a religionistiky Supervisor: Mgr. Petr Kouba, Ph.D. Abstract: The aim of the diploma thesis is to thematize and clarify the interdependence of philosophy, ideology and propaganda by Karl Marx. The realization of philosophy, according to Marx, is a critique of modern society. The aim of this critique, however, is not only the understanding and interpretation of social relations but, above all, their change. For these purposes, Marx has developed his philosophy of history. On this basis is explained the nature of modern society and formulated the political programme of its transformation. That is further publicly promoted to ensure adequate - mass - support for the revolution. Thus, arises remarkable combination of philosophy, political ideology and propaganda, which seems to be an integral part of Marx's thought and his literary work and therefore, also a serious problem of his interpretation. Keywords: Marx, Philosophy, Ideology, Prapaganda

The basic aim of the present thesis is to introduce the idea of eternal recurrence and its immense relevance as an integral component of Friedrich Nietzsche's thinking, in which it is deeply anchored, touching on all the other of its most important matters. It is highly important to reflect on deeply ambiguous character of this idea and not to ignore its own tensions from which it draws its specific power to intensify and thus expose the underlying difficulties concealed in the heart of traditional metaphysical approaches and their consequences. The transformation that is the real goal of the idea of eternal recurrence strives to overcome these approaches and break open a wide perspective of possibilities for the human life as a creative and positing power, not torn out of this world but in deep engagement with it. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

In my thesis I focus on Benjamin's notion of aura which can be found in The Work of Art in the Age of its Technological Reproducibility and A short History of Photography. I read the notion of aura as uniqueness of (not only) work of art, its spatiotemporal continuity. In the second chapter Adorno's critique of Benjamin's position from The Work of Art in the Age of its Technological Reproducibility is introduced. Adorno states that Benjamin connects aura with autonomy and autonomy with contra-revolutionarity. Adrono's main project consists in the apology of autonomy of the artwork through showing its dialectic - artwork becomes social by its extirpation from society. In the last chapter I return to The Work of Art in the Age of its Technological Reproducibility and, with support in other works of Benjamin, show, why his proclamation of the politicization of art cannot be read as an appeal to the heteronomy of art and the condemnation of its autonomy. In the light of this is shown why Adorno's critique misses its target. My conclusion is, that if there is something what Benjamin sees as contra-revolutionary, it is not the autonomy, but the aura itself. However, it has to be taken with a grain of salt, because Benjamin does not refuse traditional media. He rather criticize the way how the society...

(in English): Main focus of the thesis is Kierkegaard's description of man's existential possibilities which is framed by his theory of three existential stages - aesthetic, ethical and religious. The thesis aims at showing how each of these stages is constituted, what existential stance does man take in each stage towards the outside world and towards himself and how is it possible to achieve a movement between the stages. This goal should be arrived at by giving an interpretation of the texts of Kierkegaard's first authorship, that is his writings published between 1843-1846, starting from Kierkegaard's two-volume debut Either/Or and ending with his Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments. The Thesis is primarily concerned with these writings because they take the theory of existential stages as their starting point. The exposition takes into consideration the possibilities of different existential positions inside each stage, which are thus shown not only in their constitutive conditions, but also in their inner variability, which makes possible existential movement even in the stages themselves. The thesis should thus present Kierkegaard's view of the entirety of existential possibilities, starting from the lowest level of the aesthetic existential sphere and ending with...

The main purpose of the doctoral thesis is to show "platonic motive" in Patočka's philosophy as unitary movement of thought, which exists in Patočka's thought since the thiertes to the sixties of the twentieth century. The aim is motivated by general question of relationship between modern thinking and European philosophical tradition. The thesis pursues to display, that Patočka's thinking makes possible to see and overcome an alienation contemporary European man from European philosophicaly tradition. The doctoral thesis has five chapters. First four chapters interpret socratic and platonic motives in Patočka's philosophy in chronological order (Patočka's philosophy in the thierties; philosophy of the Eternity and historicity; negative platonism; care of the soul and Europe). Chapter five contains intepretation of main question of doctoral thesis, it is question of unity of "platonic motive" in Patočka's philosophy. This question proceeds in three interpretative steps. In the first interpretative step are Patočka's all socratic and platonic motives reduced to three leading thoughts, that represent "platonic motive" as such: thoughts chōrismos, transendence and care of the soul. In second interpretative step the opposition "givenness- freedom" is established as a common core of the three thoughts. The...

(in English) The aim of the thesis is to introduce selected approaches to genealogy and changes of the concept of "objectivity". While historical epistemology puts this concept into a context of a particular historical period in which it was born and established itself, and therefore perceives "objectivity" as a novelty, pragmatism sees it as a relic of the discourse of Enlightenment and proposes to replace it with solidarity. Both approaches analyse difficulties of uncritical applications of this term in the history of philosophy and "avant la lettre" science and the assumption that objectivity is just a modification and another name of this concept which is a necessary condition of any knowledge. The thesis is based on texts of Lorraine Daston, Peter Galison, Richard Rorty, Thomas S. Kuhn and Perez Zagorin.

The meaning of this work is an explanation of Heideggers notion of the truth from the early fundamental ontology, demonstration of its limits and the interpretation of its intensification in the concept of the truth from the texts Vom Wessen der Wahrheit and Platons lehre von der Wahrheit. The explanation of the truth of being from the fundamental ontology is primarely lead by the regard on the distinction between handy being and the being that just occurs and their respective modifications of understanding: handling and gazing. The explanation of Heideggers notion of the truth from the early thirties should refer to deeper level of research, where the basic distinction of being and understanding not yet appears. On this deeper degree finds Heidegger the notion of the truth as the exposure to the being in the openness of relating. This conception of the truth should be introduced as an avoidance of the problematic dualism in the fundamental ontology and as a deeper point of view, in which the truth is not derived from the understanding of existence, but from the ek-sistential exposure to the being, which let itself to be led by it.

Hegelian dialectics is normally described using the traditional scheme thesis, antithesis and synthesis. Thesis put in the first step of the scheme in negated in the second one. In the third step the negation is negated itself. However, that doesn't conclude in a return to the thesis but in its being mediated in a determinate negation. The problem how to understand the "productivity of negation" is adressed by Jean Hippolyte in his book Genesis and Structure of Hegel's Phenomenology of the Spirit. I think that he touches a genuin problem of the simple triadic interpretation of the dialectics. For that reason I present in my work a supplement to to the standard interpretation. It is constructed based on Lacan's formulae of sexuation taken in the way they are explained by Slavoj Žižek in Less than Nothing. Then it is elaborated further alongside with a reading of the two first chapters of Phenomenology of the Spirit (Sense Certainty and Perception) and applied on their dialectics. That is why I consacrate the main part of the work to the question of how the dialectical turn, by which the consciousness shifts from e.g. from sense certainty to perception, happens. The analysis of this phenomenon uses the interpretation of the formulae of sexuation elaborated in the first part. In doing this it hinges on the...

The thesis addresses the topic of lifeworld in the work of Edmund Husserl and Maurice Merleau-Ponty. The first part describes the context surrounding the genesis of the notion of lifeworld in Husserl. The notion came about as a reaction to the crisis of sciences as perceived by Husserl, characterized by the loss of meaning, as science can no longer answer the substantial questions of human existence. A return to the natural world is then enabled by the transcendental epoché. The second part is devoted to Merleau-Ponty for whom lifeworld does not denote the realm of original self-evidences, as in Husserl, but a space of lively communication to which we are led by modern art, especially painting. According to Merleau-Ponty, modern art evinces ambiguity that rests in its inconclusiveness and multisidedness of its potential interpretation. The aim of the thesis is to show that this ambiguity corresponds to the ambiguity in lifeworld, the latter being constituted by the opposition of the seen and the seer that are subject to unending reversibility. The structure of lifeworld corresponds to the structure of modern art as understood by Merleau-Ponty.

The Vitalism of Canguilhem Vojtěch Čejka Abstract: Our bachelor project entitled The vitalism of Canguilhem concerns itself with the vitalist approach to life, as it was described by Georges Canguilhem in years 1946-7. The first part of our text introduces several vitalist physicians often mentioned in Canguilhem's texts, and their reply to the mechanistic explication of life inspired by Descartes. The second part focuses on Canguilhem's opinions concerning the older vitalists. We also point out what it is that Canguilhem finds still relevant with these authors and their attitude towards life. The manifestations of Canguilhem's vitalism, which we label "critical", are illustrated by an analysis of two of his texts in the third part. His method of reversal (renversement) which is present in both of these texts and elsewhere seems crucial to us. In the closing section we apply this method to Francis Crick's Of molecules of men. Keywords: vitalism, mechanicism, life, machine, milieu, René Descartes, Paul-Joseph Barthez, Xavier Bichat.

This paper deals, building on a ground defined by Heidegger's What is Metaphysics?, with a single question: in what sense do being and the no-thing belong together? This question is being addressed at two parallel levels. Based on a detailed interpretation of key text passages that have often been examined insufficiently due to their lack of accessibility, it aims to gain a complex insight into the issue and interpret it in its many nuances of meaning. At the same time, its aim is to articulate a general philosophical significance of the intrinsic connection between being and the no-thing; to what extent it affects the innermost intention of Heidegger's fundamental ontology as such, i.e. raising the question of the meaning of being. The paper builds on a phenomenological description of the original experience of the no-thing and captures a transformation of a human being into a pure Da-sein, which he goes through during this experience. Since the experience of the no-thing according to Heidegger is identical to the basic mood of dread, this piece of work depicts it in relation to seemingly similar, but in their meaning actually opposite moods: fear and, most importantly, abysmal boredom. Subsequently, it puts forward an interpretation of the no-thing's own ontological significance and thus...

The aim of this dissertation, Myth in Jan Patočka ́s thinking, is to explore the issue of the myth in Jan Patočka ́s philosophy. This thinker dealt with myth during all his life, although not systematically, and he discussed it in various contexts and perspectives. The dissertation wants to introduce development of Patočka ́s thinking from this particular point of view in its continuity and discontinuity as well, it tries to reconstruct this meditation and also inquires its function in whole Patočka ́s thinking and its coherence. We presuppose unifying centre of Patočka ́s philosophy, finite being ́s movement of transcendence, and we interpret the issue of the myth in its relation to this centre. We endeavour to depict Patočka ́s unfoldment of this issue, but we also inquire questionable aspects of his thinking. In our opinion there is certain fluctuation or ambiguity in basic foundations of Patočka ́s philosophy. His conception is weakened by questionable presuppositions. That leads to statements difficult to keep. Our conclusion outlines an alternative conception of relation between myth and finite being ́s transcendence and instead of impossible overcoming of myth we propose conscious adoption and responsible modification of indispensable narrative background of all experience. Powered by TCPDF...

The dissertation focuses on the theme of practical judgment (i.e. judgment related to human action) in Hannah Arendt and Hans-Georg Gadamer. Despite substantial differences in philosophical approaches, perspectives and motivation, I show that there are important areas of overlapping. I approach the problem of judgment in a systematic way, being fully aware that especially Hannah Arendt does not treat judgment systematically; what is more, a book she meant to dedicate to the problem of judging remained unwritten. The dissertation is divided into three parts. I start with the relation between judgment and rules. The second theme is judgments' validity, especially the specific kind of validity of political and moral judgments, while the third part concentrates on how judgment is related to other people and the world. I also try to evaluate the way Arendt interprets Kant's theory of aesthetic judgment as well as Gadamer's criticism of Kant. In the third part I investigate not so well known areas of Gadamer's and Arendt's philosophy such as their notion of solidarity and the way how they grasp the relation between judgment and responsibility (or responsibility of judgment, both towards one's own self and towards the world).

This thesis focuses on the problem of transcendence as it appears in Patočka's most relevant papers covering all periods of his work. The problem, conceived as an act of an individual, is examined in its three structural moments - its How, Whence, and Whereto. As for the How, the thesis discerns two kinds of transcendence: a constant and unconscious one that is mostly a matter of sensual perception, and a deliberate one that consists in reflection and, in Patočka's papers from the 60s on, in practical action as well. The Whence is usually the sphere of calculability and utilitarity, or a state when man is distracted in manipulating things and identifies himself with roles that are connected with this manipulation. In all this, human mortality is in control. The Whereto, in Patočka, is symbolized as World, Universal Life, Idea, Being, Appearing and suchlike. In the experience of transcendence, the thesis discovers an active and a passive aspect that may be stressed more or less in particular descriptions. The same applies to the aspects of affirmation and negation between the act of transcendence itself and its empirical manifestations. The thesis, at last, shows three possible failures of transcendence, as indicated by Patočka. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

The thesis deals with the concept of time by Merleau-Ponty. For a complete and comprehensive interpretation of Merleau-Ponty's thought, the analysis of interpretation of Husserl phenomenology internal time consciousness precedes, because Merleau-Ponty it explicitly follows. The thesis also marginally deals with the interpretation of Bergson (in the context of the philosophy of Merleau-Ponty) due to a clearer insight into Merleau-Ponty's criticism of Bergson's concept of time. The core of the thesis is on one hand the comparison of the time analysis of Edmund Husserl and Merleau-Ponty, on the other hand, setting out the basic ideas on which Merleau-Ponty's concept of time is based and identifying the major problems with which Merleau-Ponty faces. The author of the thesis focuses on the analysis of philosophers understanding of explicit presence and its borders in a "field of presence". Conclusion contains the assessment of Merleau-Ponty's time analysis on the basis of the previous reflections and the own opinion of the thesis on the topic.

The thesis deals with concepts of temporality and eternity in Jan Patočka's text "Time, eternity and temporality in Mácha's work." It examines in detail interpretation of Macha's model of the world, which is linked with Patočka's conception of life movements. In Macha's studies, the temporality is shown as opposite to an idea of eternity. Therefore, the thesis also aims at a clarification of such a concept of eternity and try to find out in which relation it can be to the temporality. The text is grounded in the above mentioned Patočka's study, other Patočka's studies related to the conception of life movements, in poetry of K. H. Mácha and in texts dealing with interpretations of both authors. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

The following text attempts to rethink the challenge of Edmund Husserl in his text On the Origin of Geometry. Interpretation of fundamental ontology developed by Martin Heidegger in Being and Time provides field on which it is possible to try to answer the question of the origin of geometry. It is conceived as a completely unique ontological possibility that nature is able to vouch for an explanation of the geometry.

The thesis deals with the struggle for the Eternal and the Infinite in the works of Kierkegaard and Patočka. It starts with their respective concepts of existence. Based on them, positive and negative aspects of the relation of existence and transcendence are described. The main guiding principle of the description is the movement of the infinite resignation and the movement of the faith in Fear and Trembling, which is compared with the de-objectifying and all-founding force of the Idea in Negative platonism. It turns out that in the relation between existence and transcendence, one can discern the two basic meanings of the transcendent reality. These meanings, together with the positive and negative aspects of the relation of existence to transcendence, form the dialectic of positive and negative, in which the struggle for the Eternal nad the Infinite is set, as well as the struggle for an authentic human existence.

The exposition begins with a vulgar notion of guilt and the author tries to disclose what such a notion typically involves. This then becomes the starting point for an attempt at clarification of various meanings of "to be guilty". The concept of guilt is analyzed and treated in connection with human notions of the sacred and of the conditions of power that the man confronts. Several ways of interpreting or reducing guilt emerge in the course of the discussion; yet while they are noticed, the principal strain of the study is a pursuit for more interpretations that transcend the ones already established. Each interpretation thus discerned refers to a certain self-interpretation of man. Putting to one side psychological explanations, the common ground of all the interpretations seems to be a reference to an existing order that is related to the human actions. Moreover, various interpretations assume some sort of freedom of man, that is to say, either the freedom to resist the established structures of power, or else to usurp the power for oneself and to enforce one's own ideas as to how thing are to go, or else the freedom to meet certain values and demands inflicted upon the human actions. All the instances of guilt also seem to share an association with the notion of disrespect towards something that...

Topic of this thesis is problem of self­fullfiment or a question what does it mean to live meaningful life. The problem will be dealed with texts of Jan Patočka which are summed up in a conception called Negative Platonism. Patočka tries to solve this question by discussion with existencialists and by searching main sense of metaphysics. His own ideas are formulated especially by describing Socrates and Plato's terms Idea and chorismos. After analyzing Patočka's text I will deal with the question of specifics of Patočka's philosophy and his own help to understand the problem of self­ fullfilment. This topic will be expanded on self­fullfilment as a task of our whole life concentrated on relation to transcendence.

The Bachelor Degree Thesis "The Term 'Discourse' in Foucault's work" focuses on elaboration of basic questions connected with Foucault's theory of discourses. It questions, whether the project is self-refuting or not and what are the main goals of the project. An analysis of R.Rorty's text "Foucault and epistemology" introduces the question what is the relation between classical epistemological tradition and Foucault's archaeology. For elaboration of this question the thesis analyses Foucault's text called "The Order of Discourse" and mainly "The Archaeology of knowledge". It concludes that Foucault's theory at it's roots enables to use the term "discourse" in such a wide significance, that Foucault can use the term as the base for a narrow interconnection of epistemology and political philosophy.

This present looks into the philosophy of language and meaning in Bachtin's writings. Our research into the constitution of meaning is founded in utterance, which is in the life access grasped as a dialog. There are three central points by which we approach this topic. First of all I would like to clarify Bachtin's proposition about relation between utterance and non-language reality by polemic with Saussure. Meaning of language is constituted in forms of speech, which are founded in interest groups - this is non-language reality, and always bears some evaluation. Moreover, I demonstrate that particular speaker and listener are not essential for understanding of the utterance but interest groups are the basis of explanation the utterance like dialog. Each utterance is realized on the border of other's utterances and this is the reason why meaning cannot be conceived as identical with itself, but is determined by dialog with other evaluations. Therefore, meaning always bears some evaluation, there are not one universal language, but heteroglossia. Keywords utterance meaning evaluation speech form dialog

5 Abstract This essay presents an attempt to interpret the key moments of Heidegger's conception of spaciousness. Considering the fact, that Heidegger didn't publish his understanding of spaciousness in any systematic form, it is necessary to work with a great amount of primary texts often available only in a fragmentary shape. Another difficulty is given by the author's use of language, which requires very demanding translations; we always translate the source texts in this paper. Within his conception termed as the topology of being Heidegger attempts to think about the space not as a measurable quantity, but in correlation with the Greek concept of τόπος, i.e. the qualitatively determined place. This essay concentrates on Heidegger's early work as well as on his late period, during which the topological thinking plays a central role; it also tries to identify the connection between them. The understanding of thinking as a way is essential, as well as the connection of thinking and poetry and the relation between space and time, which are considered of equal value in Heidegger's late work. Merely outlined remain other directions, which may be taken by further research within Heidegger's concept of spaciousness: the critique of the contemporary way of the uncovering of the world, the deepened relation with...

Jindřich Bálek Constants and metamorphoses of Patočka's point of view of T. G. Masaryk SUMMARY This work describe all texts (articles, studies, lectures) by Jan Patočka, which comment and thing out works and personality of T. G. Massatyk. The first intention is description rich in detail and the second is reflexion and comentary of historical and philosophical kontext Patočka's life and works.

The Diploma thesis Historical time and political society in Patočka is focused on the relationship between politics and history in Patočka's Herretical Essays in the Philosophy of History. Interpretation of this relationship takes in account Patočka's inspiration in Martin Heidegger, Hannah Arendt and Aristotle. Aim of this work is to illuminate Patočka's heretical notions of politics and history and reveal its stimulating as well as its problematic heritage.

This paper interprets the basic motives from the chapter "On Immaculate Knowledge" (or "On Immaculate Perception") of the second part of Nietzsche's Thus Spoke Zarathustra. This interpretation is used for the explanation of Nietzsche's account of knowledge in its relation to will and for his critical reflexion of the same question in Schopenhauer. It concerns with Schopenhauer's and Nietzsche's conception of body, will and knowledge. It focuses on the question of pure knowledge, perspectivism, active and reactive valuation, the idea of the sublime and of the strong will in Nietzsche. Finally it it offers an interpretation of Nietzsche's conception of beauty as a creative will and of the process of transformation of the will into the creative will.

This doctoral thesis aims at analyzing the decisive stage of Kierkegaard's authorship (between the years 1841 and 1846). The intention was to deliver a coherent interpretation of his "prophetical demand" of "becoming a Christian". Thus a new point of view was established on the grounds of a reconstruction of (his) "concrete reader", whom Kierkegaard presupposes, determines and, first of all, by the means of his "indirect communication", guides along the path towards Christianity.

In our thesis we take a account of Slavoj Žižek's critique of the ideology. We start from Marx's conception of the ideology as false consciousness. We link it with Žižek's interdiction of the notion of jouissance and in the light of it Žižek's critique of Marx's conception a elaboration of original theory of ideology. Our thesis takes a look on the notion of totalitarism developed by Arendt and analysis of Nazism a Stalinism.

The purpose of this article is to show the most significant landmarks of history of new hermeneutics and to concentrate on the most important concept of new hermeneutics, namely on the concept of understanding. I tried to avoid, so that this text would be just some dead encyclopedia of authors of new hermeneutics. This work should not be some recapitulation of singular facts, but I have been trying to look into the history of the concept of understanding and to look at it as to one of the most important intellectual movement of continental philosophy. My attempt was to spot behind the aggregate of authors and topics something, which these details exceeds. My purpose was to show the concept of understanding in the context and relations, further to underline mutual overlapping and benefication between individual authors of new hermeneutics, and also not to look at singular problems of hermeneutics just in the context of the work and time period of singular author, but in the connections of new hermeneutics in whole. Behind the singular "facts" to catch a glimpse of something, what even convinced anti-dialectician calls spirit and to attempt to show this intellectual movement.

"Thistorted existence" is devoted to ontological issue of frenzy. Based on fundamental ontology it aims to contemplate existential situation of a lunatic, who himself is understood as an existence. Nevertheless, a bit of different existence than Dasein analyzed by Martin Heidegger in the Being and Time. The text strives to gain access to such different existence by an original insight at ontology in general. That gives necessary instruments and ontological notions for understanding the frenzy in its ontological essence. Thus frenzy shows itself as recovery to being and reestablishment of thistorted existence in front of the deal to be.