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The majority of human cancers arise due to cells inabitily to maintain genomic stability. Cytogenetic changes (especially chromosomal aberrations) in peripheral blood lymphocytes which reflect not only the individual exposure to genotoxic factors, but also individual sensitivity to genotoxic effect and the tumor is late consequence to genotoxic effect. Summary epidemiological prospective studies over the last ten years have shown that increased level of chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes is predictive of cancer risk. This thesis is focused on the detection of particular types of chromosomal damage in patients with choosed types of newly diagnosed cancers compared to healthy control persons. We cytogenetically analyzed 100 patients with colorectal cancer and 298 controls and 123 patients with breast cancer and 123 controls - healthy women. We compared the percentage of aberrant cells, the percentage of total aberrations, the percentages of chromatid and chromosome aberrations found in patients with both types of tumors and in controls and we verified the predictive value of chromosomal aberrations as a biomarker of cancer risk. In patients with colorectal cancer was statistically significantly increased only the level of chromatid aberrations (CHTA) (1,45±1,28) compared to...

Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer death. It is a heterogeneous and multifactorial disease, the development of which takes up to 15 years. In addition to genetic risk factors, external, influenceable factors also contribute to the development of the disease. Patients are often diagnosed in the late stages of the disease, which significantly reduces the chances of their successful treatment. It is therefore necessary to identify appropriate screening, diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers of the disease. Mitochondria are organelles found in almost all eukaryotic cells and their dysfunction is often involved in the development of cancer. Because mitochondria have their own DNA its changes could serve as a potential biomarker for a closer understanding of the pathogenesis and progression of colorectal cancer. The main goal of this bachelor thesis was to summarize previous studies focused on mitochondrial DNA changes in patients with colorectal cancer and their possible use in clinical practise. Keywords: Colorectal cancer; biomarkers; mitochondria; mtDNA