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The aim of this paper was to assess the influence of the silvicultural system (clear-cut and shelterwood), species composition of forest stands, in relation to the fluctuation of raw wood prices, on the economic results of forest management. Model analyses were performed on the example of the conditions of the CZU Forests, specifically for the third forest vegetation zone, SLT 3K. The input to the model evaluation was: data on the growth and production of the investigated tree species in the given site conditions from growth tables, the costs of forestry measures were derived from standards, the assortment was carried out on the basis of assortment tables, the prices of assortments of raw wood were taken from the data of the Czech Statistical Office for 2015 and 2019. The synthetic result of the model evaluations was the gross profit of forest production per hectare and year. The results of the analysis prove the economic advantage and greater stability of the shelterwood silvicultural system, especially with regard to lower silvicultural costs, higher volume of timber production and mutual compensation of the decrease and increase in the prices of raw wood of the evaluated tree species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Placing the nest in a larger cavity allows rearing of a larger brood, while wintertime roosting in a smaller cavity allegedly helps to reduce heat losses. Therefore, an opposite direction of preference of cavity size used for nesting and wintertime roosting is assumed. During two breeding and winter seasons of 2013-2015, small passerines in a lowland deciduous forest were provided with nest-boxes of two sizes (floor area 76.5 and 138 cm2). The small boxes were constructed by narrowing the interior of a half of already present large boxes by a wooden insert. In the breeding season, only tit nests (> 90% dominance of the Great Tit, Parus major) were included in the analysis. Tits preferred large boxes for nesting, using them nearly five times more often than small boxes in the first nesting season. However, all nests of the Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) were situated in small boxes. Wintertime occupancy was revealed based on the presence of droppings without determination of the roosting bird species. Nevertheless, the results can be attributed mainly to the Great Tit, given that a previous study revealed its 94% dominance within the recorded roosting events. In winter, roosting birds used small and large boxes with a similar frequency, but the larger amount of droppings in large boxes in the first winter indicated their higher occupancy by roosting birds. The present study supports the preference of larger cavities for nesting reported in various cavity nesting birds, while older findings of the preference for smaller cavities during winter nights have not been confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]