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Among new technologies that enable representation of the submarine cultural landscapes, marine geophysical surveys provide fast and cost-effective tools now widely applied to the reconnaissance and management of underwater cultural and natural resources. In addition, passive and active sensors such as LiDAR and optical one mounted on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) represent very effective tools for coastal remote sensing applications that require high spatial resolutions. In this work we use ultra-high resolution acoustic and LiDAR-derived data to characterize and map the marine and coastal area in the Baia archeological site (Naples, Italy). This area belongs to the Campi Flegrei volcanic field, which is affected by vertical ground movement called “Bradyseism” that strongly influenced the morphology of the coast over the last 2 Ka. As a consequence, Roman artifacts and structures dating from 1st Century BC to 4st Century AC, including Villas, luxury buildings and landing ports are now below the sea water surface, and partly buried within the marine sediments. Marine geophysical investigations included ultra-high resolution swath-bathymetry and parametric sub-bottom profiler surveys that allowed to characterize and map cultural and natural resources at seabed and in the shallow subseafloor. At same time optical (both visible and multispectral) images and LiDAR-derived elevation provided detailed information of the archaeological features and their natural setting along the adjacent coast. The main aim of this approach was to implement non-destructive geophysical methods for investigating and reconstruct the interrelationships between cultural and natural heritage at sea-land interface in the Baia archeological site. Such approach is now crucial for the evaluation of future trends induced by climate change and for a number of policy and management issues.ReferencesMasini N., Soldovieri F. (Eds) (2017). Sensing the Past. From artifact to historical site. Series: Geotechnologies and the Environment, Vol. 16. Springer International Publishing, ISBN: 978-3-319-50516-9, doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-50518-3, pp. 575Violante C., Gallocchio E., Pagano F. (2022) Marine archaeological investigation in the submerged Roman site of Baiae using parametric sub-bottom profiler system. Phlegrean Fields Archaeological Park (Naples, Italy). Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Conference on Metrology for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage. Journal of Physics Conference Series, in press.Violante C. (2020) Acoustic remote sensing for seabed archaeology. Proceedings of the International Conference on Metrology for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage. Trento, Italy, October 22-24, 2020, 21-26. ISBN: 978-92-990084-9-2.Violante C., (2018) A geophysical approach to the fruition and protection of underwater cultural landscapes. Examples from the Bay of Napoli, southern Italy. In: Aveta, A., Marino, B.G., Amore R. (eds.), La Baia di Napoli. Strategie per la conservazione e la fruizione del paesaggio culturale. V. 1, 66-70. Artstudiopaparo, ISBN: 978-88-99130.

The nature and composition of the Fe minerals in the rusty ferruginous material frequently located in the zone of contact between the thallus of Stereocaulon vesuvianum and the leucite bearing rock of Mt. Vesuvius have been studied by microscopic and submicroscopic investigations (SEM, TEM with EDXRA) complemented by X-ray diffraction and chemical analysis. Ferrihydrite is likely to be the main component of the short-range order iron oxyhydroxide pool, although the possibility that significant feroxyhite may be present cannot be completely excluded. Hematite and goethite are the crystalline iron oxides. The organic acids produced by lichens play a key role in the enrichment of poorly-ordered phases at the rock-lichen interface. It is suggested that the peculiar morphology of the Stereocaulon vesuvianum thallus and the irregularity of the volcanic rock surface lead to different microsites in the rock-lichen interfaces which have their own conditions of pH, humidity and redox potential, favourable for the neoformation of crystalline phases.