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Though books are often considered “old media” in the digital age, their production in this period in fact has been continually reimagined and redefined through new technologies of printing, especially paper and ink manufacturing. This paper explores how three specific recent printed books demonstrate this point in both form and content: David Brower’s Let the Mountains Talk, Let the Rivers Run (1995), William McDonough and Michael Braungart’s Cradle to Cradle (2002), and the 2008 Harper-Collins Green Bible. Brower’s book was printed on paper made from kenaf, a sustainable alternative to wood-based paper. Cradle to Cradle was printed on a synthetic polymer that could be endlessly remade into other products. The Green Bible was printed on recycled paper and used soy-based ink, and all verses with environmental content were printed in green. In each case, in form these printed books were meant to model innovative industrial information production while also through their content to motivate enhanced environmental consciousness.

India is the second largest producer of groundnut in the world. More than 85 lakhs of hectares of the land isapproximately used in groundnut cultivation. In 2022 groundnut is produced in 9.86 million metric tons in which 50% of waste has been produced. Agricultural waste can be recycled into different forms of energy sources. Groundnut crop residues were collected from Lattur located at Chengalpattu district, Tamil Nadu, India. The collected residues were separated as groundnut shell and plant residues. The plant residues are subjected to both vermicompost and natural composting processes. Groundnut shell is used to prepare paper by using the Kraft process (Chemical pulping method). Both the compost is mixed with soil with the ratio of 1:10, 2:10 and Nutrients like N, P, K were analysed. The results slow vermicompost having enriched nutrients. Comparing Natural compost, and the Groundnut shell were prepared as paper with a size of 210mm*297mm. Compost helps to improve the health and quality of the soil that is added to improve and maintain the environment. For the paper production trees were cut and used. This causes deforestation. To resolve this problem the better solution is preparation of paper using the non-wooden material. The groundnut shell is one of the non-wooden materials used for the production of the paper. These papers will be eco-friendly as well as it controls deforestation.

Muslims in general, Moroccans and Andalusians in particular, took care of the Mus'haf. In terms of the material on which it was written, the people of the Islamic West began writing the Mus'haf on parchment, which was used in the Mus'haf until recently. Then they started writing on paper since (AH 5th / AD 11th) century. As for the type of calligraphy, the Kufic script was used to write the Mus'haf until the (AH 5th / AD 11th) century, Until it was replaced by the Moroccan script.As for the ink colors, it was used black in writing, red in tashkil (signs), and yellow in the titles of the Surahs. In terms of binding, it began simple by using wooden panels that were covered in leather or fabric, and then studded with gemstones, gold and silver flakes, Then the wood panels were replaced with paper covers that were covered in leather and decorated with ornaments and gilding. The Mus'haf under study is a model of the Moroccan Mus'haf, in which the features of the manuscripts and Mus'hafs in the Islamic West are clear, Through the study of this Mus'haf, the Moroccan manuscript industry will be shed light on since its inception, following the stages of its development and monitoring its most important features.The Mus'haf under study is kept at the Abi Mohamed El Marjani Mosque in Tunis. This mosque was established during the reign of Sultan Abi Hafs Omar (683--694 AH / 1284-1294 AD) by Sheikh Abi Muhammad al-Marjani. Today, the Mus'haf is in an acceptable state of memorization - except that some of its papers were partially damaged - as it keeps all of its original pages and books, and it belongs to the pattern of the Mus'haf. The pages of the Mus'haf were written in extended Moroccan calligraphy, as well as the conclusion page, which contains the name of the calligrapher and the commander of writing the Mus'haf, and the history of the void of his writing in the Maghribic script (Fassi script). The pages of the Mus'haf were written in black ink, except for the titles of the fence and their data, and they were written in golden ink. The conclusion page also wrote a dark red supply.

This essay deals with The Obscure Cities, a well-known series elaborated by Benoît Peeters and François Schuiten between 1982 and 2019, a period that witnessed the emergence and further institutionalization of digital media. It aims at examining the way in which the author have addressed both the possibilities and challenges of digitization, while also focusing on the indirect effects of the digital revolution on a series that demontrates a strong attachment to the materiality of the book.

En primer término, se aborda la relación asimétrica de humanidades y ciencias en las instituciones contemporáneas de conocimiento sugiriendo la inconveniencia de acentuar la diferencia entre unas y otras, en la medida en que ambos órdenes epistémicos están sometidos hoy a los mismos condicionamientos estructurales. El efecto que estos tienen sobre las humanidades es analizado a través de dos aspectos críticos. En segundo término, se discute la significación epistémica de la ocurrencia como principio común de ciencias y humanidades apelando a la obra de Georg Christoph Lichtenberg a manera de caso ejemplar. En esta, experimentalismo y ensayo, singularidades, ficción y variación dan cuenta de un mismo brote epistémico en humanidades (y literatura) y ciencias.

We normally hardly notice the mass-produced paper products that pass through our hands on a daily basis, which we then recycle. In fact it has recently been predicted that books printed on paper will be replaced by digital formats. However, paper endures and specialist craft papers are now being produced in increasing quantities, especially valued by artists and conservators, but also by tourists visiting paper-producing areas around the world. Paper is therefore flourishing even in our computer and mobile-phone focused world. One of the areas benefiting from this revival is the Himalayas. As well as serving the tourist trade these products are now exported world-wide, as they were when paper first arrived in Europe in the eleventh century. There are even organisations that run Tibetan-style paper making workshops in Amer­ica. This paper focuses on the papermaking revival in Tibet (China), Nepal, Bhutan and Sikkim (India). Using information gained from visits to producers, middle men, as well as retail and export operations, it seeks to compare the economic and social factors influencing the revival, including conservation issues. The conclusion highlights the fact that, even in the twenty first century, hand-crafted items still play an important rôle in our lives.

The printing industry has become more development than before, as well as the challenges that related to quality and consistency of colors results, especially with the repetition of printing operations in the packaging field. The using of measurement devices is very important due to the many changes that occur on printing materials in general and on paper and inks in particular. And their were many sources of cellulose plants and other sources of paper manufacturing, as well as the entry of recycling operations in this industry , and also many producing companies are manufacturing paper with different technology in the world.Also there are a several companies producing inks and the development of the manufacture of chemical›s Pigment compounds and sources of oils, resins and other additives.All of that factors made it necessary and to use measurement devices, especially in the production of repeated printing to ensure the stability of results and quality control in each process.In this research we will highlight on the most important types of paper in general and especially the paper that used in this research .And we will print models of the fourteen basic colors of the Pan tone and will make measurements using the spectrophotometer to register and monitor the differences resulting from the different surface finishing of the paper coated - glossy/matt and uncoated.As well as registered the results and values of the difference between the print samples and Pantone.In this research, we will highlight on the colors deviations with the different surface finishing of the paper and fixed the other factors to identify the reasons that lead to the deviation of the results with the use of the same materials and equipment and using of different types of finishing surface of paper.

This article addresses the conservation treatment of a 19th century framed miniatured portrait painted on ivory. The object was in poor condition, with all the pieces necessary to hold the object separated and with the attempt of securing these parts with brown and clear adhesive tape. This article addresses the condition of the object and consequently, the treatments undertaken for its conservation: tape removal procedure with heat and solvents; paper mending and repairs; cleaning process of the back of the painting and remounting process of the frame with appropriate conservation materials to strengthen it and provide stability.

In the mid-18th century, at the royal court of Gondar, the scriptorium of King Iyo’ās (1755-1769) imported sheets of paper to make a lectionary (senkesar) in three volumes. Today, one volume remains in Addis Ababa at the Ethiopian National Archives and Library Agency, Department of Manuscripts, under the serial number 197. It is the only known Ethiopian Christian manuscript on paper. In Ethiopia, Christians copied their manuscripts exclusively on parchment. This innovative and ambitious project met the most sophisticated Ethiopian standards while adapting the codicological norms to the requirements of this new medium. Craftsmen who knew how to work on paper, foreigners or Ethiopians trained by foreigners, made this volume. The status of this manuscript was high enough to be part of the imperial library at the turn of the twentieth century and then included in the national heritage collection.

The walls of Dickens’s city are covered in posters, bills, signs and inscriptions, resulting in the disappearance of those very walls behind the accumulation of messages. Simultaneously, these words go beyond the space allotted to them, erecting walls of words in the public space, constantly modifying the cityscape. This new urban landscape became possible with the lifting of paper taxes and the technological evolutions of the nineteenth century. This change initiates a new urban experience: walls now directly address the city dweller who is perpetually asked to decipher disparate messages. The reader follows David Copperfield, Pip and Oliver Twist as they read the writing on the wall, sometimes their only guide in the city. This writing transforms London into a gigantic map on which the characters move. This textual world is reproduced in the pages of the novels and influences the reader’s act of reading, in that he is now asked to adopt a non-linear, non-sequential—and urban—mode of reading. Over this Dickensian paperscape looms the threat of illegibility. This overabundance of words and paper has developed into its own demise: if walls are covered in words, words can in turn acquire the solidity and opacity of walls. Paper appears less the medium for words than the shroud of meaning.Following the lead of Asa Briggs and his book Victorian Things which analyses the commodity culture of Victorian England, this article aims at showing the ambivalence of the Dickensian text towards the material presence of the written sign: while paper in its multiple forms is invested with a negative—even evil—power, it also proves to be the very organising principle of the narrative and the cityscape. Our corpus will consist of a selection of novels—Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Bleak House, Little Dorrit and Our Mutual Friend—and five essays with “Bill-Sticking,” “Our Watering Place,” “Out of Town,” “Travelling Abroad” and “Some Recollections of Mortality,” in an effort to show the author’s concern for the materiality of the written sign from the very beginning of his career until the very end.

O texto tem por objeto os trabalhos em geral utilizados nas disciplinas de cursos e programas integrantes da educação superior. Seus principais objetivos são apresentar e explicar o fichamento, o paper, a resenha e o artigo, indicando suas principais espécies e também sua estrutura formal, bem como sistematizar as mais importantes normas da ABNT aplicáveis aos trabalhos acadêmicos.

Bleaching of paper artefacts has recently become a highly contentious issue with scientific research indicating risks to both media and support. However, there remain occasions where bleaching enhances legibility or improves aesthetic appreciation. A thorough review of the literature is presented to offer practical advice and a better understanding of the chemistry behind the processes, thus minimising risks.

This short paper presents the relationship between the pulp and paper industry and chemistry. The history of this industry is presented including current paper production and consumption statistics. The production of paper pulp is realized by chemically or mechanically separating cellulose fibres from wood and removing the unwanted lignin. This article concludes with an ecological aspect.

Storage systems for oversized works of art on paper are examined regarding object protection, user satisfaction and sustainability by way of a life cycle assessment of furniture materials/construction features and a survey of about 100 institutions worldwide on their experience with oversize storage. General recommendations are derived and a simple checklist is developed to facilitate oversize purchase by museum professionals.

Paper, the carrier of our written heritage, decays within a relatively short period of time mainly due to its acid content and the influence of air pollution. More than 50% of the records of our libraries and archives are already at risk. Mass deacidification allows this problem to be counteracted by significantly slowing down the deterioration of paper and thereby prolonging its life span. An overview of all relevant mass deacidification methods is given. As it was found that the 'papersave' method was the most suitable to meet Swiss requirements, a plant using an optimised version of this method was built and put into service in March 2000. Thanks to this optimisation, not only books and loose sheets but also documents in archival boxes could be mass-deacidified for the first time. Due to the necessity to analyse not only test papers but also original documents, new non-destructive testing methods had to be developed. Findings of basic investigations regarding treatment effects as well as results of routine quality control turned out to be very satisfactory.