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Infectious diseases and armed conflicts represent two separate global security threats that endanger entire world population. The problem is that they are most often observed and analysed completely separately, without determining their interconnectedness and the way in which one threat influences the other. Hence, the subject of this paper is the analysis of their correlation, particularly one aspect of that relation that being the determination of the way in which armed conflicts influence the spread of infectious diseases. The paper is based on the assumption that the influence of armed conflicts on the spread of infectious diseases has decreased over the time. The question is whether armed conflicts used to be or still are the main catalyst for the spread of infectious diseases. Examination of literature yielded a conclusion that over the time, concurrently with ever greater interdependence of different parts of the world, the influence of armed conflicts on the spread of infectious diseases decreased. Unlike previous periods, when armed conflicts used to be major catalysts for the spread of these diseases, in 21st century, their influence has not disappeared, but it has been marginalised to a great degree. Thus the gradual process of globalisation has contributed to ever more frequent and intensive movement of people worldwide, which is favourable for fast and easy spreading of infectious diseases, drastically reducing the influence of armed conflicts on their spreading.

Electronic word-of-mouth recommendation system (eWOM) has been present since the emergence of the Internet, and it was preceded by the long-term use of the traditional recommendation system (WOM). Interaction between consumers can result in a positive and/or negative impact on their further behaviour on the market. Tourism industry attaches particular importance to the analysis of decision-making, given that the intangible nature of services makes the entire process difficult for tourists. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to examine the impact of online recommendations on the behaviour of tourist consumers in the decision-making process during the period of the COVID-19 virus pandemic. The subject of the paper is the electronic word-of-mouth recommendation system, with a special focus on tourism. During the pandemic, the consumers' lifestyle was altered enormously, while tourism was affected by restrictions and difficult business operations. Empirical research, conducted on the territory of the Republic of Serbia, included a sample of 268 respondents with different socio-demographic characteristics. The analysis of the obtained data was performed using the statistical software platform IBM SPSS Statistics and the Pearson's Correlation test, after which hypotheses 1, 2, 3 and 4 were accepted.

In this paper, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the savings of Slovenian households in banks is explored. For this purpose, an econometric model is developed and the macroeconomic variables exerting a statistically significant impact on household deposits in banks are identified. Among all the macroeconomic variables considered in the paper, the research study has shown that there are only two macroeconomic variables with a statistically significant impact. These two macroeconomic variables are the Euro Overnight Index Average (EONIA) reference interest rate used as a proxy variable for the rate of return, and the price of one Bitcoin as a yield on an alternative investment opportunity. The results of this research study are important for both the Central Government in Slovenia and for Slovenia’s banks as household deposits are a source of funding for banks in the time of a crisis as well, and because of the fact that the volume of the loans granted accelerates the GDP growth, which shows the successful implementation of the economic policy.

One of the basic tasks of HR managers is to provide the organization with people who can do the job efficiently and effectively. Since during the COVID-19pandemic, the most important thing was to preserve the health of the population, the key role in bringing the pandemic under control was played by healthcare workers, which is why it was very important to find techniques to motivate them. This paper aims to assess the degree of satisfaction of healthcare workers with financial compensation during the COVID-19 pandemic, compared to compensation under normal working conditions. The results indicate that financial compensation is the dominant factor in motivating work during the pandemic, that they believe that they are not paid enough for their work, and that the minimum wage increase they deserve should be in the amount of the COVID supplement payment. As even more than half of the respondents would not accept working in a COVID hospital without financial incentive, this paper gains special importance as a warning for all decision makers.

Due to the extraordinary circumstances caused by the covid-19 virus, numerous states adopted different measures in order to mitigate the consequences of the epidemic, and many of them represented a restriction of human rights and freedoms. This paper is devoted to the analysis of (legal) consequences caused by epidemic measures in the Republika Srpska adopted during the state of emergency. In particular, the legal and sub-legal provisions regulating the actions of authorities in extraordinary circumstances are analyzed, as well as the practice of the Constitutional Court of the Republika Srpska. The aim of the paper is to show that the by-laws, enacted during the state of emergency, were largely in conflict with constitutional and statutory provisions, and it is particularly striking that numerous measures were enacted by non-competent authorities. Although it is an unquestionable obligation of the state to react in a state of emergency, that reaction must be in accordance with the principles of constitutionality and legality, since extraordinary circumstances cannot be an excuse for violating the fundamental values of the legal order. From that point of view, the decisions of the authorities of the Republika Srpska during the state of emergency caused by the covid-19 virus are paradigmatic, but as an anti-model.

This paper represents an autoethnographic account of dog walking in a residential area of downtown Belgrade during the COVID-19 lockdown of early 2020. It is also an attempt at, or rather, the result, of the largely experimental practice of canine-assisted ethnography, as my dogs Dita and Ripley were instrumental during fieldwork. The lockdown, with its ill-thought-out and constantly changing rules about dog walking underlined three basic issues: 1) in a city with a huge dog owning population, public policy with regard to this issue is virtually non-existent; 2) the city lacks public green spaces, and 3) the movement patterns of dog walkers tend to converge due to the fact that the needs of the canines (both biological and social) are embedded into the architecture and planning of local neighborhoods. In this sense, the city emerges as a multispecies space, and the social patterns and walking routes of its residents who keep dogs are influenced, if not completely determined by the human-animal bond at play. This became especially visible during lockdown at times when dog walkers were the only people allowed outside. Thus, this paper analyzes how interspecies (in this case human-dog) relationships shape the functions of urban space in Belgrade.

The subject of the paper is domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper presents the results of research on the state of reported domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic in the territory of the Kragujevac Police Department, aiming to gain a deeper insight into the mechanisms of victimization by domestic violence during the pandemic. The results of the research indicate new patterns of victimization, new violence and new categories of perpetrators, as well as an increase in the volume of recurring violence in the family, which is why the question can be raised whether the downward trend of reported violence in the critical period reflects the real state of this type of violence during the pandemic. It can be reasonably assumed that during the pandemic, due to social isolation and the constant presence of abusers, as well as due to the domestic underdevelopment of special mechanisms for reporting violence by calling for help, violence in the family in domestic conditions at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic to a greater extent remained ‘locked’ within families.

The paper considers a problem at the intersection of sociology, anthropology, law and multidisciplinary public health research - health care accessibility during a sudden social crisis. The authors test the theoretical assumptions on the example of the covid-19 pandemic in Serbia, trying to understand the specific position of non-covid patients suffering from chronic non-communicable diseases and their perceptions regarding health care accessibility during the period of the pandemic. The empirical data on which the analysis was performed was collected with the help of focus group interviews. The sample consisted of interviewees - representatives of the association of patients suffering from chronic non-communicable diseases that burden the population of Serbia the most, who live on the territory of the Republic of Serbia without Kosovo and Metohija. The analysis shows that access to health care during the pandemic was limited and that the protocols that the state and the health care system were setting up in the process did not take into account the specific needs of this socially vulnerable group of patients. This, due to the impossibility for them to go through certain diagnostic procedures in time, receive adequate therapy and/or rehabilitation, in a large number of cases resulted in the deterioration of the clinical picture of the chronic disease from which they suffer. The paper presents theoretical and practical conclusions, which aim to show how important it is to incorporate theoretical and empirical insights from the social sciences and humanities in the conceptualization and future implementation of public health protocols for future social crises in order to reduce their potential syndemic effect.

This paper is a critical reflection on Covid-19 management strategies adopted in Odisha, a state on India’s east coast. The unprecedented scale and magnitude with which the pandemic affected the entire world was the cause of great uncertainty and collective anxiety. Managing it at the level of the entire nation state with great diversity of race, language, ethnicity, class, caste and culture has posed a great challenge for policy makers and administrators. Policy ethnographies have often relied on the Foucauldian idea of biopower and biopolitics to elucidate the governance practices in nation states with different rationalities. The present paper is an attempt to examine various policy measures adopted by the government of Odisha and how they have been affecting various institutions and everyday life. Using an ethnographical approach, the paper attempts to examine various policy initiatives and the way they get operationalized on the ground giving rise to a kind of governance practice indicative of affirmative biopolitics in the way power is exercised to direct human life and engage citizens for a secure future.

The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that the impact of a systemic crisis depends very much on the prevailing level of inequality in the society concerned. This paper shows how the affordability of food was reduced dramatically for millions of people due to income loss in the wake of the pandemic, and the consequences this had. An analysis of the political economy of crisis then illustrates how economic inequality acts as a massive amplifier of disaster impacts on disadvantaged individuals and populations. Environmental degradation, across a broad spectrum from climate change to biodiversity loss, acts similarly as an impact amplifier in this and most other crises. Economically disadvantaged people are more immediately exposed to the impact of ecological degradation or may be forced to disregard the need for nature protection, which means the two factors are also mutually reinforcing. Inequality literally kills people, the more so in this century of worsening multidimensional crises. The paper argues that inequality on this scale is not just immoral but undermines human security, even for relatively privileged population groups, as well as threatening the stability of international relations. Addressing inequality, and especially inequitable policies in the food producing rural sector which acted as a major safety net for the poor during lockdowns, is thus the best pathway to mitigate future crises and their impact on food security.

The term digital divide (digital social inequality, also a "first world problem") refers to the gap between demographics and regions that have access to modern information and communications technology and those that don't have access. The primary aim of the paper is to look at the very concept of the digital divide, as well as the possibility of bridging it in order to achieve the fundamental goal embodied in a more inclusive Europe, using the latest EUROSTAT data, for the years 2019 and COVID-19 2021. The paper performs a classical comparison of quantitative information of observed phenomena according to various criteria and from different time frames, specifically before the pandemic and during the pandemic. A more detailed review of the literature points to the persistence of the gap of both the first (material access), and the second (skills and uses) and the third level (outcomes of differentiated access and use) in the European Union, which is also evident in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic which has confirmed the need to turn to digital transformation which is accelerated and adequately managed. The digital divide is manifested between the EU Member States, with a particularly pronounced dividing line between northern and southern European countries. In order to narrow digital divide as much as possible, a strong commitment is needed, not only from policy makers at EU level, but also from Member States, primarily towards raising investment in research and innovation, the diffusion of ICT literacy and the deployment of smart technologies for society.

The crisis caused by the pandemic of the Covid-19 virus has affected all aspects of life, and therefore economic activity on both the micro and macro levels. The aim of the paper is to identify the negative consequences of the Pandemic crisis on the financial markets of the most developed economies in the world. Using the method of analyzing the key macroeconomic parameters of the selected countries, it is possible to compare the intensity of the impact of the aforementioned crisis. Also, by comparing the movement of the value of the gross domestic product during the Global Recession and the Pandemic Crisis, the author intends to compare which crisis had a greater impact on the decline in the value of the mentioned indicator. In addition, the paper also shows the key economic measures undertaken during 2020 and how these measures affected the movement of public debt in relation to the gross domestic product.

This paper is devoted to the analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on the increase in the rate of intimate partner violence identified during the pandemic. Partner violence can be explained as one way of establishing and securing control and power by men over women. To explain this phenomenon, the paper uses a feminist approach that is gender sensitive and focuses on the analysis of gender inequality in a society based on a male dominance of power over women. During the pandemic, countries introduced many measures against the spread of the infection, such as states of emergency and various forms of the lockdown. To shed light on this topic, data and experiences from different regions of the world were used and compared to indicate an increase in the rate of violence against women during the pandemic. Risk factors that led to the increase in violence are pointed out as well. It is concluded that an increase in violence against women has been evident in all countries, even in those countries that did not have strict measures such as the lockdown. Additionally, an increase in intimate partner violence in families where it was not present prior to the pandemic was noted.

This research paper presents a status analysis of the cost of Covid19 vaccines in India. The status analysis includes the cost of different vaccines and changes made by the Central government in the prices of vaccines during the pandemic. The ramping up of vaccine production and timely procurement from manufacturers was another remarkable effort by the Central government. The research paper further elaborates upon the challenges faced with respect to communication and making a larger population aware of the benefits of vaccination, commitment and responsibility of Government of India (about the vaccination program to save the lives of its citizens). Based on this research, it is concluded that India has vaccinated large part of the population, and caped the prices to an optimal level as compared to other economies, without forcing its citizens to pay for vaccines. It is also observed that even though awareness of vaccine availability, efficacy, and price among urban and semi-urban people of all age and gender was high. Moreover, the percentage of vaccination was initially low due to economic and social factors. Based on the analysis, it is suggested that the health sector (which is a part of state list) should be made a part of the concurrent list so that central government and state governments can share responsibility and fight future scenarios together more effectively.

Given the great importance of innovation for economic development, each country strives to adapt its business environment to the continuous development of innovation. At the beginning of the Covid-19 health crisis, the question was what the impact on innovation would be. Investments in innovations have shown great resilience in the conditions of the pandemic, especially in the field of modern information and communication technologies and scientific research activities. North America and Europe continue to be ahead of other regions in terms of innovation. The aim of this paper is to point out the importance of innovation as a factor of economic development in the conditions of the Covid-19 health crisis. The first part of the paper points out the role of innovation as a factor of economic development. The second part of the paper is dedicated to the analysis of the Global Innovation Index for 2021 and the impact of the Covid-19 health crisis on innovation. The third part of the paper analyzes the innovation in the Republic of Serbia and gives recommendations for improving the innovativeness of the economy of the Republic of Serbia in the conditions of the Covid-19 health crisis. After a comprehensive analysis of the available literature, relevant conclusions are presented.

Evaluation is of a high importance in any format that has become widely present in educational process, at any level, starting from primary school education and finishing with higher institutional one. In the paper, it has been discussed on the Kirkpatrick's model of evaluation being applied under Covid-19 conditions, the condition that has never been present in the entire world before. It has been described and discussed the evaluation process under these circumstances and what is the satisfaction level of both students and tutors in it, and also all changes occurred during this pandemic. The discussion part of the paper has been researched in its several segments, where both pros and cons have been presented, where the focus is in the virtual classroom activities since the pandemic conditions. The examined sample has included both tutors and students at a university level, where the real outcomes of this process are seen through a prism of the main hypothesis of the paper and it is to examine why the evaluation process is also of importance to be present under Covid-19 conditions. A new element has also been discussed and applied here and it is related to time experience of both students and tutors and how they have perceived it in this virtual learning environment.

The Covid-19 pandemic has brought numerous economic challenges to countries around the world. The specificities of certain economy sectors determined the character and intensity of the impact of this health crisis on their results. The purpose of the paper is to analyse the impact that the Covid-19 pandemic has had on the economic results of agriculture in the European Union countries. Comparative analysis and cluster analysis are used in the research. The general conclusion of the paper is that the Covid-19 pandemic did not change the economic importance and role of agriculture in the individual European Union countries. In addition, the European Union countries differ significantly according to the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the contribution of agriculture to gross domestic product, while a significant difference between the countries has not been determined according to the impact of the pandemic on the contribution of agriculture to employment.

Global movements for the exchange of knowledge and skills such as makerspaces have led to the establishment of networks of local initiatives for learning communities. This paper aims to examine attitudes to the maker movement in the context of higher education during the Covid-19 crisis, as its informal structure, as well as the values that underpin it, can provide a faster and specific response to unpredictable situations. The paper reviews scholarly papers and news items about makerspaces at universities dealing with the higher education response to the Covid-19 pandemic. The results suggest that the study of learning communities' response to the crisis is significant from the perspective of learning how to overcome future crises. Experimenting with approaches using local resources as well as global knowledge and experience, which must be open and accessible, contributes to global initiatives and movements for the exchange, but also the creation of knowledge in communities, promoting community development through educational innovations.

The first COVID-19 case in the Republic of Serbia was registered on 6th March 2020. The World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 pandemic five days later. In the circumstances of the ongoing pandemic, the Republic of Serbia clearly faced, and is still facing, serious challenges. Once the infection began spreading, the state introduced various economic, legal, and medical measures to lessen the negative effects of the pandemic, constantly modifying them to adjust the rigidity of state response to the intensity of different waves of infection. Both individual and overall effects produced by the adopted measures are a highly interesting study topic. Yet, the available measures which were not introduced seem to be as interesting to research. This particularly refers to mandatory vaccination. In that con-text, two questions arise: what is the rationale for the authorities' decision not to introduce mandatory vaccination, and what it actually means from legal perspective. This paper focuses on the later question. Specifically, the paper aims to provide a possible interpretation of the recommended (non-mandatory) COVID-19 vaccination, and discuss the roles of participants and possible civil liability. In this pursuit, the author relies on the normative method and different analytical techniques, with due respect for theoretical achievements in medical law.

The subject matter of analysis in this paper is the current vaccination policy against COVID-19 in the Republic of Serbia, relevant legal acts related to the pandemic and vaccination, as well as the organizational structure and competence of the authorities in charge of designing and implementing this policy. The paper aims to critically review the legal framework and organization of competent authorities regarding pandemics and vaccination. The starting hypothesis is that the shortcomings of the vaccination policy in the Republic of Serbia are inter alia due to the poor organizational structure of the authorities responsible for the policy design and implementation, as well as the inconsistent compliance with applicable regulations. In addition, the authors examine the vaccination policies in some other countries, such as Croatia and Germany, in order to better understand the benefits and drawbacks of the vaccination policy in Serbia. Based on the analysis of the relevant legal framework, current research and comparative findings, we propose the general recommendation to the vaccination policymaker in Serbia, which should ensure stricter and more consistent implementation of applicable regulations in the field of health protection and reliance on scientifically based facts.

The coronavirus pandemic affects all segments of human life around the world. Due to the risk to people's health, personal communication has been completely changed and most professional activities and contacts must take place in a cyber environment, with the help of computers and mobile telephony. On-line communication and the use of social networks undoubtedly represent a conditio sine qua non in a situation when compliance with numerous preventive measures are required, including the work from home, online teaching in schools, a ban on gatherings etc. The positive aspects of this kind of communication are undoubtedly obvious and necessary, but they also created new forms of victimization due to insecure protocols for sending e-mails, inadequate level of privacy protection, insufficient information security, the existence of so-called security holes and the use of the same devices and digital services for professional and private purposes. Hacking phishing activities during the pandemic mostly endangered the security of confidential data collected within medical information systems, educational institutions, and in the field of banking, when the user is expected to compromise his/her digital identity and publish his/her data. The subject of this paper is the presentation of some of the most common phishing activities and identity theft in the field of health care, provision of health services, procurement of medicines and vaccines against coronavirus, which have been recorded in the world since the beginning of the pandemic. The phishing activities that will be presented in this paper significantly contribute to the further spread of panic from the misuse of medical data of infected persons and their contacts. The paper aims to point out the most common forms of victimization that have appeared around the world, as a consequence of cyber security violations due to hacker attacks during the COVID- 19 pandemic. Special emphasis in the paper is on these “pandemic” cyber dangers, as well as on the mechanisms for avoiding this type of victimization.

The current Covid-19 pandemic has completely changed the life of modern society and many of its segments. Undoubtedly, it influenced the entire education and the format of teaching so the online teaching and learning have become the most valuable tools in the emergency situation we are currently in. In this regard, the paper emphasizes, first of all, the explanation of online teaching and learning, the review of distance learning during the pandemic, as well as a brief overview of previous domestic and foreign researches on this topic. In order to research how the teachers coped in this situation, what are their experiences with online teaching, a research was conducted with foreign language teachers on the territory of Serbia. Therefore, in the second part of the paper, research methods are presented, as well as the results of a survey and interviews with foreign language teachers. The results showed that as the benefits of online teaching, teachers singled out the ease of preparation of classes, students' interest in teaching, increased quality of teaching materials, the possibility of faster and easier access to materials. On the other hand, the shortcomings of this type of teaching include insufficiently developed digital literacy of teachers, student workload, lack of time, technical equipment, poor internet connection and inability to control student work.

Although publications on the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic are widely available, papers on the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on commercial firms, particularly marketing firms, are scarce. The aim of this exploratory study is to examine the impact of COVID-19 on the marketing industry in Serbia. Based on the variables generated from critical topics on marketing and the pandemic from the papers presented in the Literature Review section, we created a seven-pointLikert-type research scale entitled "Pandemic Impact on Marketing". The sample (n = 157) in the quantitative survey we conducted in November and December 2021 was intentional and predetermined. After confirming the sample was normally distributed, we conducted a reliability study of our 14-item scale. The calculated Cronbach's Alpha was 0.791. Since the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy was 0.776 and the Bartlett'stest of sphericity was Sig = 0.000, we further reduced our scale and yielded two interpretable components, Internal Success Factors, and External Success Factors. Finally, we conducted a series of parametric tests. The assessment of marketing experts from our sample on how successfully they coped with the pandemic was above average. They gave the over all success of their activities during the pandemic a rating of 5.01 out of 7. The marketing industry of Serbia has successfully dealt with the risks posed by the coronavirus pandemic.

This paper looks at how the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca (the Hajj) adapted to the novel circumstances created by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021. The pandemic has been an entirely novel and, probably, dominant liminal situation which has significantly affected the behavior of the faithful and the way in which their individual identity has been transformed, at least in the psychological sense. Following an introductory overview, which provides a brief description of the ritual process of the Hajj, the author briefly looks at the various ways of travel to Saudi Arabia from a historical perspective, as well as at new technical and health aspects which entailed the adaptation of this global ritual to pandemic conditions. Rituals are, undoubtedly, deeply connected to human psychological, but also social needs and inclinations, and help preserve functionality in dysfunctional situations such as natural disasters or the spread of new diseases. Similarly, they provide a safe zone in conditions of drastic and unwanted change. The paper therefore points out the very specific type of ambivalence which accompanies the fact that the natural human reaction at times of crisis is to "close ranks", which became extremely difficult or practically unfeasible in conditions of social distancing implemented as a measure to prevent the spread of the coronavirus in 2020-21. The conclusion highlights the fact that the latest experience with COVID-19 has had medical, economic, social, political, psychological and religious implications with long-term consequences for the organization of the Hajj.

This paper analyzes internet memes pertaining to Covid-19. We analyzed more than 200 memes over nine months. By utilizing Blending Theory and Discourse Viewpoint, we attempt to explain the creative inner workings of memes as well as how meaning is negotiated on the internet. We were clearly able to detect memes synchronously following the actual development of Covid-19. We show that meme makers use visuals metonymically to address the current state of Covid-19 while the overall message of memes is driven by simile. As much as memes draw on the concept of Covid-19, they also feed back to it in a loop of self-reference. Along with their underlying metaphoric nature, memes convey a feels-like attitude with two main phases emerging from their usage, i.e., the Observer Phase and the Experiencer Phase. The former showed memes at a stage where Covid-19 was not yet a pandemic (but perceived through media coverage from elsewhere) while the latter, the Experiencer Phase, clearly showed that meme creators had experienced the virus themselves. As for the timeframe covered, however, we conclude that memes do not show full conceptual integration as Covid-19 was not yet fully entrenched.

Due to the health crisis caused by the COVID-19 virus pandemic, almost all levels of society's functioning have undergone enormous changes. The effects of the pandemic were inevitably reflected in the population, with the fact that vulnerable, sensitive and resistant individuals and families were additionally affected due to their vulnerability. The newly created circumstances in that contact, which included quarantine, lockdown, the closing of schools, transition to a distance learning model, and working from home, adversely affected both the family as a system, i.e., family functioning, and parenting itself. This paper presents the findings of research carried out to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on family functioning and the need for psychosocial support in the examined population of children and parents. The answers of 121 children and 219 parents from the territory of six municipalities of Belgrade and Pancevo were analyzed. Based on the analysis of the responses, it was determined that the majority of respondents recognize the adverse impact of the pandemic on the mental health of both children and parents, as well as the need for psychosocial support in order to improve individual and family functioning. The implications of these findings were discussed within the work, and recommendations were also defined for the creation of key activities and programs for building the capacity of family members in order to provide support in overcoming challenges in the field of family functioning, which were recognized to have arisen as a result of the pandemic and isolation.

At the beginning of 2020, the world as we knew it changed and it is quite certain that no one could have predicted the extent of those changes and how long they would last. The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed ad-hoc operations on business organizations in a challenging environment in all fields. The tasks of human resource management were to adapt and respond to radical changes that occurred both in the workplace and on the social level. On the other hand, the employees were worried about the uncertainty that was omnipresent. The aim of the conducted research and the results presented in the paper refer to the importance of flexibility in the choice and manner of working hours, as well as the willingness of employees to change jobs after the pandemic. An overview of the situation on the market in Serbia is given, all with the aim of adapting and benefiting employees in the current working environment.

In 2019, the world public was confronted with the disease Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) for the first time, when the new Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified in the Chinese city of Wuhan. The pandemic of this viral infection has led to the biggest public health crisis at the global level in the last hundred years, while a special challenge has been set for professionals dealing with mental health protection. Students were also particularly affected due to the movement restriction measures caused by the closure of higher education institutions. The disease COVID-19 is a systemic disease with pronounced problems of a respiratory nature, and SARS-CoV-2 is a virus from the family of RNA viruses. The incubation period of the viral infection is between two and fourteen days, and transmission by aerosol, respiratory droplets, and direct contact is very easy and fast. The most common symptom of this disease is fever. The COVID-19 disease pandemic had a negative effect on the mental health of the student population around the world, and female students rated their mental health worse than male students. The main problems with mental health can be classified above all the increased levels of depression, anxiety, and stress in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Depression is more common in students who care more about their health, in female students, and those with a lower socio-economic status. Also, persons who were, at some point, in contact with infected persons, without knowing about their illness, have more serious depressive reactions compared to those who haven't had such contact. Regarding anxiety reactions, students at the beginning of their studies experience anxiety reactions more often and those reactions are more intense compared to students in the last years of studies. The student population also showed high levels of stress reactions, which occur more often in female students, as well as in those students who come from urban areas. However, mental health problems can be overcome if the student population is provided with some form of social support or peer or expert consultation, depending on how much their mental health is impaired. The aim of this paper is to present the mental health of the student population around the world based on a review of the literature on the COVID-19 disease pandemic and to offer recommendations to reduce and prevent such reactions.

This paper aims to demonstrate the theoretical and empirical impact of the COVID-19 virus pandemic on profitability. The analysis was performed on a sample of 131 actively operating companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 2014 and 2020. Applying panel regression methodology, an empirical study was conducted. The assessment of fixed-effect model revealed the presence of a negative and statistically significant effect of the coronavirus pandemic on profitability as measured by return on total assets (ROA). The findings validated the curiosity of the construction sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina, suggesting that it is among several sectors with increased demand for its products - residential and non-residential buildings, throughout the pandemic crisis and recession at the beginning of 2020. The results of this study could help construction companies to develop operational performance and risk management in pandemic situations, and the flexibility of their actions in the face of future crises of a similar nature, given that the construction sector has played a crucial role in supplying construction of all types of residential buildings, buildings for industrial production, e.g. factories, workshops, assembly plants, parking garages, warehouses, schools, as well as, hospitals in challenging times and has met the increased demand.

Available statistical data at the global and national levels show how much tour-ism and hospitality suffered from the period of declaration of the worldwide pandemic of the Covid-19 virus (March 2020) until its "de facto" abolition (March/April 2022). However, the fact that tourism and travel became almost the primary need of people in periods of relaxation of measures is also evidenced by the available statistical data. Examples of countries in the world and in the region indicate that in that period there was a change in tourist movements, initiated by the changed needs and demands of tourists. For the purposes of this research, a survey questionnaire was formulated and distributed electronically to the e-mail addresses of numerous users in Serbia. The main goal of the paper is to indicate the utilization of hotel accommodation capacities in relation to private accommodation during the pandemic in Serbia. Investigate whether the role of hotels, which before the pandemic period were the most used form of accommodation, has declined (especially when it comes to leading tourist destinations in Serbia - city, mountain and spa centres), or whether the trend of choosing a "safer place to stay" has experienced an expansion in natural, non-urbanized environment. The obtained data can be useful, first of all, to managers of the tourism and hospitality industry, so that according to the summarized results of the research and the recommendations given in the work, they can adequately and timely correct and innovate their tourist offer.

The Pčinja District is located in the southeast of Serbia and represents an area with natural and anthropogenic tourist attractions as the basis of the tourist offer of the destination itself. However, in addition to tourist attractions and tourist infrastructure and superstructure as elements of tourist valorisation of the destination, the tourist staff is also a significant and indispensable factor of the tourist affirmation of the area. Tourism employees affect the entire tourist offer and thus affect the tourist traffic in the destination by virtue of how they operate, improve and conduct their business with the tourists. The aim of this paper is to present the degree of tourist satisfaction with the services of tourism employees during their stay in the Pčinja District. The degree of tourist satisfaction was determined by empirical research conducted in the area of the district in the second half of 2021, in which 526 respondents/tourists participated. The results were analysed using the IBM SPSS Statistic 20 software package. Partial (dis)satisfaction of respondents/tourists with the elements of tourist infrastructure and superstructure, as well as with the services of tourism employees, is shown by the obtained relatively low average scores of the analyzed variables. Using the T-test and ANOVA, it was concluded that the degree of (dis)satisfaction of tourists does not statistically significantly differ according to gender and age, that is, they generally have a uniform attitude when it comes to the development of the tourist infrastructure and superstructure and the features of the services of tourism employees in the Pčinjа District.

Introduction/Objective. More than three years have passed since the discovery of the new virus strain SARS-CoV-2, and the virus is still a challenge for all medical specialties. One of the most important characteristics is the tendency to develop thromboembolic complications, which are often lethal. The aim of this paper is to present the experience of the General Surgery Department of the Zemun Clinical Hospital Centar in the surgical treatment of patients with thromboembolic complications. Methods. The research was conceived as a retrospective study conducted in the period from March 2020 to March 2021. A total of 42 patients participated in the study and were divided into a group diagnosed with small and large bowel ischemia and a group diagnosed with acute limb ischemia. Results. In both groups, males were predominantly represented. The first group consisted of nine patients, all of whom had a clinical finding of acute abdomen and ileus, while seven of them also had a severe computed tomography image of bilateral pneumonia. In the second group, a smaller number of patients were initially candidates for thrombectomy, while in others, primary amputation treatment was approached. Mortality from the underlying disease in both groups was high. Conclusion. Moderate and severe forms of SARS-CoV-2 infection are associated with an inflammatory response leading to endothelial dysfunction accompanied by a high incidence of thromboembolic complications despite pharmacological prophylaxis. The current consensus supports the use of anticoagulants in all hospitalized patients with moderate to severe disease, as well as in critically ill patients.

Transition to online teaching is the best approach to coping and overcoming the difficult situation that universities all over the world are facing due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as it will have the least possible negative effects on students' education and the development of professional skills. Based on the above, the primary objective of the paper is to identify the factors that influence the effectiveness of acquiring professional skills in accounting subjects in online classes during the COVID-19 pandemic as well as factors that determine the success of online teaching based on students' views. The research was conducted on a sample of 373 students from universities in Kragujevac, Belgrade, Novi Sad and Niš. Students who attended online classes in at least one accounting subject were surveyed. In the methodological sense, the analysis of the collected data was based on the application of descriptive statistics, factor analysis, and multiple regression. The research results indicate that the factors determining the success of online teaching are the adequacy, availability, and autonomy of information and communication technologies (ICT); Internet connection, advantage and simplicity of ICT use; communication with the teacher; the readiness and competence of teachers; the impact of the pandemic; online teaching flexibility and student-perceived satisfaction. In addition, it was identified that student-perceived satisfaction has the greatest impact on the development of professional skills in the accounting subject, followed by the effects of the pandemic and the adaptability of online teaching

Due to the covid-19 pandemic, some of the most important human rights and freedoms were restricted in many countries, so the question of balance between guaranteed rights and public health protection arises. The paper consists of three parts. The first part discusses the doctrinal positions on the proportionality test, the second part is devoted to the proportionality test in the practice of the European Court of Human Rights, while the third part is devoted to the proportionality test in the decisions of the constitutional courts of Germany and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Due to the importance of rights and freedoms in every state, as a barrier to the arbitrariness of state power, the importance of considering this topic is obvious. Dogmatic and comparative law methods will be used to examine the following hypothesis: the limitation of human rights is justified only to the extent that it is necessary for the protection of public health.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused drastic changes in the telecommunications and information and communication technologies market. The telecommunications sector is becoming one of the key ones in combating the consequences caused by the pandemic. It appears that digitalization, right behind health care, is crucial for successfully overcoming the new situations and that its role will be even more dominant in the future. Access to the Internet has provided an opportunity for everyday life to unfold. However, due to the growing need for network access, congestion occurs and the availability of consumable resources is reduced. It was necessary to efficiently solve the new problems on the network and overcome all the challenges to make the digital infrastructure more ready and reliable for future emergencies. In this paper, the importance of the digital infrastructure and the availability of telecommunication services during the COVID-19 pandemic are analyzed. The effects of the growing Internet traffic volume on the availability and network performances are presented. Potential critical segments and limitations of the existing digital infrastructure, as well as the future development goals for telecommunication networks, are identified. In addition, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the digital divide and digital economies are observed.

Introduction. With the beginning of the pandemic caused by the COVID-19 virus, restrictions on movement, the so-called “lockdown” were applied by many governments. As a result of these actions taken against the transmission of the COVID-19 virus, the use of digital devices has increased, i.e. the time spent in front of screens has increased. Methods. This paper dealt with a bibliometric analysis of scientific publications on the topic of screen time in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Dimensions database was chosen as the data source. No time frame is given, but given the topic, publications from 2020-2023 are included in the analysis. The data were analyzed in the VOSviewer program, specified for bibliometric and visual data analysis. Results. Map of word co-occurrence show that there are three different clusters. In the red cluster, consisting of 53 terms, the most frequent terms are sleep (124), lifestyle (103) and restriction (83), while in the green cluster, consisting of 41 terms, family (126), education (88), relationship (86) are the most represented. The blue cluster consists of significantly fewer terms, 12 of them, of which anxiety (91), symptom (81), depression (58) are the most represented. Conclusion. Based on the bibliometric analysis, we can conclude that the scientists were mostly concerned with the impact of the screen time phenomenon on the physical health of children and adolescents. In addition, screen time has been linked to mental health, education and socio-emotional relationships.

In this paper, I reflect on the significance of ritual activity directed towards COVID-19 in Timor-Leste. What, if anything, it tells us about East Timorese beliefs and attitudes regarding infectious disease and why understanding the cultural dimensions of infectious disease is critical to public health responses. Timor-Leste recorded its first COVID-19 case on March 21st, 2020. Over the course of the following weeks elders held ritual ceremonies across the country to mobilise the ancestors and ask for their assistance to keep COVID-19 at bay. These ceremonies circulated widely on social media within Timor-Leste and among the East Timorese diaspora. In parallel to this initial flourishing of ritual activity the government swiftly enacted legislation to declare a state of emergency, closing international borders and establishing quarantine centres across the country. In many ways the health authorities’ response to COVID-19 has been exemplary, with low case numbers and 0 deaths throughout 2020. However, since February 2021 COVID-19 cases have increased exponentially, exposing social cleavages based on education, language and socio-economic position. With limited resources, the health authorities, and in particular the Centre for Integrated Crisis Management, have focused on prevention, contact tracing and testing, adhering to WHO guidelines and emphasising ‘best practices. Yet, the response has been criticized for being top-down and heavy handed. For example, certain public health measures, such as mandatory testing and burial protocols, have been poorly communicated to the broader community. The use of bio-medical language and introduction of new terms and concepts has been excessively didactic and lacks local contextualization. For the majority of the population of Timor-Leste, especially those living in rural areas, lived experiences of illness and disease are interpreted primarily through and by customary beliefs and practices. The rituals directed towards COVID-19 demonstrate a clear understanding of the nature of infection, contamination, disease, models of causality and fears around infection. They also reveal local capacities to contain epidemics and the ability to learn with the bio-medical response. The levels of participation observed in COVID-19 rituals online and local support for these initiatives expressed on social media suggests at the very least that health authorities should engage with local communities in a two-way dialogue to discuss beliefs and existing prevention strategies that can assist and support public health objectives and measures.

During the Covid-19 epidemic, Japanese and Chinese have overwhelmingly tended to wear face masks, while Americans have not. Why? In this paper, based on ethnographic interviews with members of these three societies as well as examination of mass media and scholarly reports, I provide a preliminary interpretation of this question. I first consider social psychologists’ large-scale analyses of collectivism versus individualism; China and Japan are both considered to be collectivistic societies, whereas the United States is considered to be individualistic. I also consider ethnic belonging to one’s nation in China and Japan, as opposed to civic belonging to one’s nation in the United States. These explications have value in understanding Covid-19 policies but seem of limited use in explaining mask-wearing. For such understanding, I turn to ethnographic interviews—some twenty in each society—as well as participant-observation in public sites. My findings are these: While in Japan social pressure is paramount in leading to mask wearing, with the state mostly absent, in China state pressure is paramount, with social pressure largely absent. In the United States, with social pressure absent beyond one’s sub-group and state pressure hotly contested, mask-wearing becomes a matter of politically-based individual choice. In these three societies, there have thus been different axes as to why mask-wearing is accepted or contested. This research is of too small a scale to fully explicate these factors; but it does show how anthropological analysis is essential in combining with the findings of other disciplines such as social psychology to arrive at a fuller understanding of contemporary social phenomena.

This paper aims at presenting the findings of the study on the position of street vendors in the District Srinagar, Kashmir, in India, including both men and women, during the COVID-19 lockdown. The purpose of the study was to explore various challenges street vendors faced during the COVID-19 lockdown and to highlight the vulnerability of this particular group of informal workers. The data was collected through face-to-face interviews with the use of a questionnaire, on a sample of 150 street vendors from the District Srinagar. In addition, a certain number of in-depth interviews with selected respondents from the sample was done. The study findings show that the majority of the respondents have lost their job during the peak period of COVID-19, i.e. from March to July 2020. The findings have also revealed that the lockdown directly impacted the socio-economic conditions of the workers which made it very difficult for them to survive during the peak of COVID-19. Additionally, workers were struggling very hard in order to fulfill the basic daily needs of their families. Therefore, it is suggested that the government of India should provide financial support to street vendors in order to compensate for the loss caused due to the COVID-19 lockdown.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has generated new challenges in the work of social welfare institutions, particularly in the area of providing support in alternative forms of care, such as foster care. The need for support during the pandemic was very significant and necessary because foster families fall into the category of vulnerable groups, especially because they provide care for children displaced from their primary (biological) family. In addition to insufficient institutional support during the pandemic, communication with primary families was aggravated, which has had a negative impact on foster children and their needs. The Faculty of Law in Osijek is a partner institution in the Project "Zajedno do doma" (Foster Home for Children), funded by the EU and organized by the World Youth Federation Croatia. For the project purposes, a survey on institutional support to foster families was conducted from August to October 2021. The collected data will be presented and analyzed in this paper, in order to identify the needs of foster families, the relevant forms of institutional support, and the difficulties that foster families experience in case of insufficient support. This pilot research on the attitudes of experts and foster careers is a quantitative basis for further qualitative research on foster care in direct contact with foster carers. Based on this research, the authors have developed foster care guidelines, with special emphasis on the challenges of providing support during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The appearance of the pandemic in the form of the new disease COVID-19 greatly influenced global trends and caused a wider economic recession. Due to unusual factors that generated the crisis, it is specific and different from all previous ones. As the crisis continues, estimates of future economic trends vary depending on the health situation in individual countries, as well as the measures applied by state authorities to mitigate it. Due to the topicality of the crisis and its extraordinary impact on global trends, this paper attempts to examine the effects of the pandemic on the economy of the European Union, as well as to answer the question of the scope of economic policy measures in overcoming recessionary effects.

Insurance, as a source of society's aspirations, represents the association of all those who are exposed to the same danger. The coronavirus pandemic has affected various aspects of life, including the insurance industry. Life insurance is one of the types of insurance where the obligations of insurance companies to policyholders have increased during the coronavirus pandemic. The paper analyzes the normative complex of the insurance premium with the specifics and characteristics of this topic. We consider it important to comprehensively explain the premium as an essential element of the life insurance contract. The analysis includes how the coronavirus pandemic is affecting life insurance premiums. This period of change could be a turning point and lead to transformational changes in the life insurance industry. Those who are able to adapt quickly to changes in the environment, who prioritize the insurance consumer and who see this crisis as an opportunity to start from scratch and fundamentally rethink the way they do business will quickly find their place when things calm down.

The operations of companies in the field of tourism and catering have changed to a significant extent with the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the work is to determine whether there have been changes in the income and expenses of hospitality companies in the Republic of Serbia with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The research in the paper was carried out on the example of 15 companies listed on the Belgrade Stock Exchange within Sector I-Accommodation and Food Services, where their income statements for 2019 and 2020 were used as a data source. For research purposes, horizontal analysis and ratio analysis were used. In the largest number of observed hospitality companies in 2020, a decrease in income and expenses was recorded compared to 2019. Also, it was determined that in the largest number of observed companies, there was an increase in the ratio of total expenses and total income during the observed period. The results of the work can be of importance primarily to the management and owners of catering companies, in order to see the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on financial performance, but they can also be useful to investors when making decisions about investing their funds, i.e. to economic policy makers when defining measures to overcome the consequences of the crisis.

The pandemic of the COVID-19 virus disease has resulted in significant changes in everyday life. As a result, two-thirds of the urban population has been forced to alter previously established travel habits. With this in mind, the international scientific community wonders if the newly formed travel habits could be maintained after the pandemic is over. This paper presents the findings of a survey conducted among students in Kragujevac prior to and during the COVID-19 virus pandemic. Furthermore, the citizens' expectations regarding the change in travel habits following the end of the pandemic are presented. For a period of five years, the survey was conducted once a year on students at the Faculty of Engineering in Kragujevac (Serbia). According to the survey results, during the pandemic, the car was considered a more comfortable mode of transportation than before. When compared to before the pandemic, the share of student families with two cars increased by 15%. The number of cyclists has also increased, making the lack of bike paths during the pandemic a more visible issue than previously. The students polled believe that once the pandemic is over, they will walk more and continue to rely on public transportation as before.

Article 8 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) protects individuals from the so-called involuntary medical treatments within the framework of the right to respect for private life. Given that the rights guaranteed under Article 8 are not absolute but qualified rights (which can be limited for the reasons enlisted in Article 8, paragraph 2), it is crucial to examine the necessity and proportionality of the measures adopted by the state when deciding on the admissibility of these limitations. In its jurisprudence, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) addressed the issue of involuntary medical treatment in a number of cases, but the issue of compulsory vaccination (of children) was addressed in only one case, Vavrička and others v the Czech Republic (2021). The decision was rendered in April 2021, at the peak of the fight against the pandemic caused by the COVID-19 disease. Having in mind the circumstances at the moment when the decision was made, the fact that the case was decided by the Grand Chamber, and the fact that applications against Greece and France had already been lodged with the Court concerning compulsory vaccination against the COVID-19 disease, it is difficult to avoid the impression that the Court had the aforesaid applications in mind when addressing the issue in Vavrička and others. The importance of the Court's decision in the case Vavrička and others and the criteria stated therein for determining the proportionality and necessity of the measure of compulsory vaccination, as well as the width of the margin of appreciation enjoyed by states, is therefore evident. The paper also presents the decisions of the Constitutional Court of Croatia on the issue of compulsory vaccination of children. For the purpose of projecting the direction in which the ECtHR will go when deciding on such cases, the author elaborates on the aforesaid applications before the Court, where the applicants claimed the violation of their Article 8 right due to the introduction of compulsory vaccination against the COVID-19 disease for certain categories of employees. Finally, although the status of compulsory vaccination against the COVID-19 disease has not been resolved before the Court yet, we may draw certain conclusions on the basis of the current direction of the Court's legal reasoning on the proportionality of the measure of compulsory vaccination of children. For this reason, great attention will be given to the doctrine of the margin of appreciation, the concept of "weighing" the rights of individuals against the protection of certain legitimate goals, and the examination of necessity and proportionality by the ECtHR.

Introduction A risk of transmission of infectious diseases has always been an inherent part of dental practice. Easily communicable respiratory and blood borne diseases have prompted dental communities to establish, evaluate, update and monitor infection prevention and control (IPAC) protocols and strategies (guidelines). The aim of this paper was to present Canadian standard protocols of infection prevention and control in dental offices, and compare them with similar guidelines available to dentists in Serbia. Method A detailed overview of the most current IPAC guidelines and protocols provided by the College of Dental Surgeons of British Columbia in Canada has been summarized. In addition, the effect of the most recent Covid-19 pandemic on the current infection prevention and control measures in dental offices and future perspectives has been reviewed. Conclusion Implementing infection prevention and control guidelines is essential part of practicing dentistry. Regulatory authorities have responsibility to establish and provide dentist with the most current IPAC protocols while dentists need to adopt up-to-date procedures and appropriately and consistently use them in everyday practice.

Rural tourism is seen as one of the aspects of sustainable economic growth and socio-cultural development of rural Serbia. During the Covid-19 pandemic, international tourist traffic declined, and tourism and hospitality as service activities suffered serious economic consequences. The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of pandemics on rural areas of Western Serbia, bearing in mind that the natural environment and rural areas have gained in importance as safer to live in. The research was conducted through an electronic questionnaire, by surveying the providers of catering services in this part of Serbia. The obtained results indicate a decline in the number of tourists (domestic and foreign) during the pandemic, but mostly positive attitudes of service providers regarding the prospects and sustainability of their business in the coming period. The data obtained in this research can be useful to local governments and tourism representatives in finding the best solutions to provide support to the bearers of the tourist offer of rural areas.

Introduction/Objective. World Health Organization in January 2020 declared a pandemic of the coronavirus disease named COVID-19. The state of emergency in the Republic of Serbia began on March 15 2020, which greatly influenced the treatment of those patients who were not affected by COVID-19. The aim of this paper is to compare the most common ophthalmic surgeries during quarantine with those performed in 2019 in the same period. Methods. This is a retrospective study. We collected data from the operating protocol of the main ophthalmic operating room. We have followed the changes related to surgical procedures during these two years. Results. During the state of emergency, significantly more operations were performed on male patients than on female patients compared to the same period in 2019 (p = 0.043). In the observed period, in 2019 significantly more patients older than 65 were surgically treated (p < 0.001). During 2019, there were 397 (64.3%) elective and 220 (35.7%) urgent procedures, while for the same period next year there were 9 (9.1%) elective and 90 (90.9%) urgent procedures. Significantly more urgent interventions were performed during 2020 compared to 2019 (p < 0.001). Conclusion. The coronavirus pandemic has led to numerous changes in the treatment of ophthalmic patients. Many patients did not have access to adequate treatment, which certainly led to the impairment of many ophthalmic diseases.

Introduction/Objective. Autopsy represents the gold standard for determining cause and mechanisms of death. With this paper, the authors wanted to acquaint colleagues with our experiences while performing autopsies of COVID-positive deceased patients. Method. The study included total of 12 autopsies related to COVID-19 infection, performed in our forensic pathology institution, from which one autopsy of suspected patient and 11 autopsies of confirmed COVID-positive patients. Confirmation of infection was obtained by antemortem polymerase chain reaction analysis of oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swabs and by postmortem swabs taken from upper airways and lungs. Results. In five cases, cause of death was directly attributed to COVID-19 infection. In two cases cause of death was due to heart attack, in two cases due to gastrointestinal hemorrhage, in one case due to multiple injuries, in one case due to trauma complications and in one case due to gunshot injury. Conclusion. Large number of autopsies in which cause of death has been established to be other than COVID, along with importance of these cases for litigation, strongly emphasizes the importance of forensic autopsy of COVID-positive deceased. If adequate personal protective equipment is used, there should be minimal exposure risk to virus remaining in body tissues.

Since early 2020, the anthropological community has investigated the cultural and social impact of the pandemic and the exceptional countermeasures of the Italian government. This paper contributes to the debate by exploring how the lockdown experience is linked to the sense of dwelling and the changed sense of place in one's residence and home. In particular, the processes of signification of urban and rural space and the relationship between these and the perception of one's home are explored.