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This article traces the history of the relationship of papermaking and paper to libraries over time. Paper was first made in China and is traditionally considered one of that nation's four greatest inventions, along with gun powder, printing, and the compass. Papermaking was often associated with archives in its early development in China, as well as when it was introduced to Japan, where it came to be a part of some Shinto and Buddhist temples, and later governmental agencies. Under Islam, the availability of paper was linked to increased literacy and growth of libraries. In early modern Europe, before the widespread use of wood in the papermaking process, libraries and archives were part of an "economy of paper" with paper at times being in short supply. In the modern era, the world of papermaking did not intersect much with the world of the library, which made progress with the problem of brittle books, one of its greatest challenges, slow, though recent efforts of government, industry, scientists, and representatives of the library have produced positive results. The damage caused by wood-based paper in libraries was mirrored by the environmental damage caused by wood-based papermaking in communities. The history of papermaking and libraries demonstrates the importance of understanding the technologies which support the library, while also advocating effectively to the representatives of all its sources of support in ways which promote the values of the library and its associated community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What narratives can be fashioned by the historian from visual documents, and how might this relate to the narrative intention of those who created them? This paper explores the handful of surviving photographs recording the career of a British member of the Shanghai Municipal Police between 1929 and 1943. War and internment destroyed most of the visual records that former coalminer Frank Peasgood had collected during his police service, saving only those that had accompanied letters he had sent home to his family. The narrative he created with these can be clearly presented, and is discussed in the first part of the paper. Clearly, only visual documents could so powerfully demonstrate the transformation undergone by a man coming from his background, and provide the tools for showing that transformation. The photographs are then revisited and a further, complicating, layer of narrative is added, one which puts the policeman back into his place as a colonial subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the Bakunin family archives and the history of Russian social thought in Imperial Russia. Description of the genesis of scholarly interest in the Bakunin family and its papers; Examination of the making of the archive of the family; Description of the process by which the Bakunin family papers were integrated into national collections.

This paper is intended as an aid to those researching the history of Quaker involvement in industry and commerce, with a regional focus on Yorkshire .A selection of archives of businesses founded and run by Quakers, as well as of family and personal papers of Friends in business are surveyed here. Both the historical context and a summary of the surviving sources are given for each collection surveyed, with details of where the material is held. Examples have been chosen to represent the Quaker contribution to particular trades and industries, and in some cases, to promote collections which have recently been catalogued or are little known. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This commentary is organized into three parts. The first discusses the papers presented in this volume, notably divided into two themes: those that looked at past struggles and those that look at struggling in the present. The second part deals more critically with the unifying analytical theme of the papers: a dialectical approach to historical archaeology and how it can be implemented through the theory of internal relations. The final section of this commentary takes this idea and applies it to the archaeology of landscape and the production of social space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) has been recently adopted to solve constrained optimization problems. In this paper, a cultural-based constrained PSO is proposed to incorporate the information of the objective function and constraint violation into four sections of the belief space, specifically normative knowledge, spatial knowledge, situational knowledge, and temporal knowledge. The archived information facilitates communication among swarms in the population space and assists in selecting the leading particles in three different levels: personal, swarm, and global levels. Comprehensive comparison of the proposed heuristics over a number of benchmark problems with selected state-of-the-art constraint-handling techniques demonstrates that the proposed cultural framework helps the multiple-swarm PSO to perform competitively with respect to selected designs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Cambridge Mathematical Journal and its successors, the Cambridge and Dublin Mathematical Journal, and the Quarterly Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, were a vital link in the establishment of a research ethos in British mathematics in the period 1837–1870. From the beginning, the tension between academic objectives and economic viability shaped the often precarious existence of this line of communication between practitioners. Utilizing archival material, this paper presents episodes in the setting up and maintenance of these journals during their formative years. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Announces various historical issues. Details on the Lawrence Kinnaird Memorial; The James Jerome Hill Reference Library will award a number of grants of up to $2,000 to support research in the James J. Hill and Louis W. Hill Papers; The National Archives will host the first major scholarly conference on the role of the World War II intelligence agency; Announcements by the Naval Historical Center; More.

Drawing on her archival research skills, the author took the opportunity to dig into the American Society for Information Science records (1939-1990), a special collection housed at the University of Michigan. The exploration was prompted by ASIS&T's 75th anniversary and Special Interest Group/History and Foundations of Information Science (SIG/HFIS). The archives represent the evolution of the society, starting as the American Documentation Institute. The material retrieved on the author's first visit did not correspond to the online finding aid, but subsequent inquiry found a new finding aid, which was not online, describing the collection, including expanded holdings. The ASIS&T historical records collection is open for additional deposits, including documents, personal papers, presentations, oral histories and images, with the goal of placing all materials online. It is hoped this adventure will prompt ASIS&T to become an example for implementing best practices in organizational records preservation and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reflects on his task of regular publication of "Snippets From the Past" and publication of invited and unsorted papers for "Epidemiology in History" section of the American Journal of Epidemiology (AJE). He states that snippets section will work on the idea of revisiting the history of epidemiology through American Journal of Hygiene (AJH) and in AJE. He also mentions that the new section enriches the existing materials and documents available in the epidemiology related literature.