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To date, much of the work that uses Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to study human geographies applies a social science paradigm to quantitative data. There is a growing recognition of the need, however, to test whether GIS can be used to map out the qualitative 'data' provided by the articulation of subjective spatial experiences. This paper expands the conceptual possibilities opened up by the use of GIS technology through an exploration of the theoretical potentiality of literary GIS. Drawing on work carried out as part of an interdisciplinary project, 'Mapping the Lakes', the paper focuses on the ways in which GIS can be used to explore the spatial relationships between two textual accounts of tours of the English Lake District: the proto-Picturesque journey undertaken by the poet, Thomas Gray, in the autumn of 1769; and Samuel Taylor Coleridge's self-consciously post-Picturesque 'circumcursion' of August 1802. Alongside this text-specific focus, the paper also draws on recent spatial literary criticism to reflect, more generally, on the critical possibilities and problems associated with the digital mapping of space and place in literature. Ultimately, the paper seeks to open up methodological and critical space for the ongoing development of literary GIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of orographic precipitation in mixed-phase clouds depends on a complex interplay of processes. This article investigates the microphysical response of orographic precipitation to perturbations of temperature and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration. A case study for the 2015 Cumbria flood in northern England is performed with sensitivities using a realization of the "piggybacking" method implemented into a limited-area setup of the Icosahedral Nonhydrostatic (ICON) model. A 6 % K -1 enhancement of precipitation results for the highest altitudes, caused by a "mixed-phase seeder–feeder mechanism", i.e. the interplay of melting and accretion. Total 24 h precipitation is found to increase by only 2 % K -1 , significantly less than the 7 % K -1 increase in atmospheric water vapour. A rain budget analysis reveals that the negative temperature sensitivity of the condensation ratio and the increase in rain evaporation dampen the precipitation enhancement. Decreasing the CCN concentration speeds up the microphysical processing, which leads to an increase in total precipitation. At low CCN concentration the precipitation sensitivity to temperature is systematically smaller. It is shown that the CCN and temperature sensitivities are to a large extent independent (with a ±3 % relative error) and additive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate whether people''s knowledge of the past influences their preferences and values towards future landscape change. “Knowledge of the past” is one aspect of the information set held by individuals, and a well-established finding in economics is that changes in information can change preferences and values. The particular aspects of knowledge of the past we work with here are: (i) awareness of past landuse, as represented by woodland cover and (ii) awareness of differing and sometimes contradictory literary impressions of this past landscape. The case studies used here relate to prospective changes in woodland cover in two UK national parks, the Lake District and the Trossachs. We find that people who are made aware that the landscape has changed over time, or that perceptions of the landscape have changed over time, are more likely to favour changes to the current landscape (are less likely to favour the status quo). Knowledge of the past therefore seems to have an impact on preferences for future landscapes. We also investigate the impacts on preferences of how “special”, how “wild” and how “worked in” people perceive the landscapes of these two national parks to be. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article discusses the emergence of domestic tourism in the English Lake District from 1725 to 1787, focusing on the print trade. It particularly comments on the literary exchanges of coteries of landowning gentlemen. Several works are examined including "A Tour Thro’ the Whole Island of Great Britain," by Daniel Defoe. Travel writers Reverend John Dalton and Reverend John Brown are also explored.

Pollen originating from small populations of Tilia cordata is largely deposited within a few hundred metres of the trees, so that their presence can only be detected by pollen analysis at sites within distances of this order. Pollen diagrams from such sites show a continuous curve for Tilia pollen extending to the present surface, although the values may be only about 1% of arboreal pollen. Pollen analysis shows that T. cordata was present in the Lake District by about 5000 to 4800 B.C.; it then became plentiful in the southern valleys and extended to reach its present north-western limit, or just beyond, by 3100 B.C., when migration ceased. While the tree was extending its range, it must have been able to produce frequent large crops of fertile seed but subsequently regeneration from seed ceased. After 3100 B.C., the proportion of its pollen initially may increase but then generally decreases. Although there are small recoveries at several horizons, these are not certain evidence of reproduction by seed. Failure to produce fertile seed renders the species particularly sensitive to woodland clearance and has resulted in a decrease in abundance within the Lake District and its virtual extinction in west Yorkshire and south Lancashire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the study of the use of tree girth and tree height of deciduous woodland particularly Meathop wood in estimating their tree dry weight. It is developed by the International Biological Program (I.B.P.) through the initiation of Dr. A. Carlisle. It analyzes deciduous woodlands namely ash tree, birch tree, oak tree, sycamore tree, and lime tree in English Lake District. It uses multiple regression analysis and equations in correlating tree dry weight and log girth. It shows that tree dry weight and log girth were higher than its log height.

The article cites the results of the cloning of Tabellaria flocculosa var. flocculosa isolated from a population epiphytic on Phragmites communis in Blelham Tarn in Lake District in England. The methods involve the use of a pyrex hard glassware cleansed with a concentrated solution of trisodium phosphate. The evidence from experiments conducted in several laboratories worldwide reveals that two of the best basic media for freshwater plankton diatoms are solutions that have been used as test solutions for measuring the growth of plankton algae. The test solutions have been added with soil extract, alkaline lake mud extract, ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA), and trace elements. It is found that the growth of plankton algae is very poor in solutions from experiments in laboratories.

The article presents the results of the chemical analysis on the ionic composition of bog and fen waters in Lake District, England. The process examines the acidity levels of the wetlands, its specific conductivity, calcium, sodium, potassium and bicarbonate content. The research aim to relate in a very general way the vegetation of the sites to the composition of the waters and provide information about the types of fresh water seldom examined chemically. Results of the analysis show that samples from different sites also produce different chemical contents.

The article focuses on the study which investigates the chemical properties of soils and vegetation of waterlogged habitats of various successional stages in Lake District, England. In the study, soil acids have increased, the base saturation declined as well as humus nitrogen while passing from inorganic lake muds through semi-aquatic soils to raise bog peats. The changes marked the transition from semi-aquatic to raise bog peats and it reflects in the nutrient status of the plants from underwater sites which has high amount of minerals and nitrogen.

The article reports on the study of soil properties in Lake District woodland in north-western England. It is stated that in the mull and mor soil series, the capability of the surface horizons to sorb cations grows in proportion to the amount of organic matter present. In the mulls, this increased capability is widely saturated by bases, while in the mor is by hydrogen. Moreover, as the humus content grows, the acidity and base saturation tends to keep an averagely constant level in the mulls while in the mors, there is a mount in acidity joined with a fall in base saturation.

The article discusses a preliminary account of mountain detritus vegetation of some non-calcareous British screes. The general characteristics of screes and scree vegetation in Great Britain are described. The relationship between the vegetation of screes and that of mountain-top detritus as indicated by the general resemblance that exists between the respective vegetation of the two habitats is examined. Information is presented on the Lake District on which the observations for the present account were based.

The article presents information on the distribution of diatom flora, Bacillariophyceae on some littoral sediments of the Lake District, England. The distribution of the species depends upon the type of the lakes that are divided according to the chemistry of the littoral sediments. The species that are found in the lakes having both low nutritional status and pH are Achnanthes flexella and Frustulia rhomboides. Lakes with higher nutritional status contains species like Gyrosigma acuminatum and Navicula pupula. Besides, there are some species like Melosira varians and Melosira distans, that are not found in the region as it is outside their normal habitat range.

The article describes the biological flora of the British Isles, with focus on Dryas octopetala. Dryas octopetala is restricted to a few sites in the north Pennines and the Lake District in England, but it has a wide distribution in North Korea, Japan, Alaska, the Yukon region and in the Swiss Alps. Described are Drays octopetala's geographical and altitudinal distribution, habitat, substratum, soil analysis, response to biotic factors, effect of frost and drought, physiological data and the growth of Mycorrhiza plants.